2.在主动转运过程中，钠离子等物质能够 against their concentration gradients.from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration.This process requires energy and is facilitated by specific carrier proteins。3.主动转运可以分为原发性主动转运和继发性主动转运两种类型。原发性主动转运直接利用ATP提供能量，而继发性主动转运则是通过ATP间接供能。4.主动转运具有选择性、饱和性和竞争性等特点，这对于维持细胞内的正常生命活动、神经冲动的传递以及细胞渗透平衡至关重要。