Clock jitter is a colloquialism for what engineers would readily call
time-domain distortion. Clock jitter does not actually change the
physical content of the information being transmitted, only the time
at which it is delivered. Depending on circumstance, this may or may
not affect the ultimate decoded output.
Let's look at this a little more closely. Digital audio is sent as a
set of binary digits....1's and 0's. But that is only a logical
construct. In order to transmit binary math electrically, we use
square waves. Realize that although we have two mathematical states,
we have to transmit such a construct using control voltages and
comparators.
All digital audio systems start with a crystal controlled oscillator
producing a square wave signal that is used to synchronize the entire
digital audio sampling and playback processes. Now, for a clock, we
don't really care about the fact that the clock might be at state 1 or
state 0 at any given moment. That doesn't give us any information.
As a computer, I can't tell if my clock has just gotten to state 1, or
if it's been sitting there for a microsecond. Thus it isn't the
states we care about. Instead, we care about the state
*changes*....when the clock shifts from one state to the other.
Now, in a perfect square wave (no such thing exists), the change of
state would be instantaneous. BOOM...it's done. But in reality, it
doesn't work this way. Square waves contain high orders of harmonics.
Fourier teaches us that all complex waveforms are made up of simpler
waveforms. Thus, as we run through noisy electronics, long cables,
inadvertent filtering circuits, we begin to lose some of our
harmonics. When this happens, our square wave begins to lose form.
The result of this is that our nice sharp corners become rounded. So
our state changes are no longer precisely at the edge anymore, because
there is no more edge. The pointy edge is now all fuzzy. It now
depends on design of the electronic comparator circuit as to when the
clock state will change, as the stage change has shifted. The clock
is, essentially, jittering.
People love to bark out "Bits is bits. A copy of a computer file
works as well as the original." Yes, this is true. But these
jittering bits can create audible distortion during the digital-to-
analog conversion, and the industry is working hard to reduce the
amount of jitter present in digital systems.
Furthermore, emerging research is suggesting that certain types of
jitter may produce digital copies with eccentricities that result in
more jittery output on playback. The jury is still out on the
specifics however. Stay tuned. [Gabe]