
09/23/2011
概要:
条件句由两部分组成: if从句+主句:If it rains I shall stay at home.
If it rains是 if从句, I shall stay at home是主句。
条件句有三种,每种所含的一对时态都不一样。每种条件句内还可能有某些变化,但初学条件句者可不必理会这些变化,而把注意力放在条件句的基本形式上。
=================条件句类型1==================
if从句中的动词是一般现在时,主句的动词是一般将来时。主句和从句的先后次序无关紧要。
If he runs he’ll get there in time.如果他跑步去就会及时赶到那里。
The cat will scratch you if you pull her tail.如果你拉猫的尾巴,它会抓你。
这种类型的句子意味着if从句中的动作很可能发生。
注意:这里的含义是现在或将来,但if从句中的动词是一般现在时而不是一般将来时。
=================条件句类型2==================
I. if从句中的动词用一般过去时,主句中的动词用条件时态(would/should+动词原形):
If I had a map I would lend it to you.
我要有地图就借给你。(但我没有地图。句子的含义是指现在。)
If someone tried to blackmail me I would tell the police.
如果有人企图敲诈我,我就向告发。(但我想不会有人敲诈我。句子的含义是指将来。)
第一类和第二类条件句之间并不存在时间上的差别。像第一类条件句一样,第二类指的是现在或将来; if从句中的过去时不是真正的过去时,只是一种虚拟语气,表示不真实(如上述第一个例子)或不大可能(如上述第二个例子)。
II. 类型2有以下用法:
1 所假设的事与已知的事实相反时:
If I lived near my office I’d be in time for work.
要是我住的离办公楼近,我上班就不会迟到。(但我不住在办公楼附近。)
If I were you I’d plant some trees round the house.
如果我是你的话,我就会在房子周围种一些树。(但我不是你。)
2 说话人认为从句中的动作不会发生时:
If a burglar came into my room at night I’d scream.
要是半夜三更窃贼闯进我的房间,我就会拼命叫喊。(但我不认为会有窃贼闯入我的房间。)
III. 对比下列例子:
例一:Sue丢了她的手表,她觉得可能丢在Ann的家里了。
Sue: I think I left my watch at your house. Have you seen it?
Ann: No, but I'll have a look when I get home. If I find it, I'll tell you.
在这个例子中,Ann觉得她有可能找到那个手表。所以她说: If I find it, I'll tell you.
例二:Ann says: If I found a wallet in the street, I'd take it to the police.
这里是完全不同的情况了。在这里,Ann并不真的期待这件事情会发生。她只是在想像这种情况,并不觉得她真会在街上捡到钱包。所以她说:If I found..., I'd (= I would)...(而不是'If I find..., I'll...').
What would you do if you won a million dollars?(并不期待这事会真实发生)
IV. wish 类似的用法
类似用法也可用于wish后(I wish I knew/ I wish you were...). wish常用于表示懊悔某事,某事不如我们期待的那样。
I wish I knew Paul's phone number. (= I don't know it and I regret this.)
It rains a lot here. I wish it didn't rain so often.
I wish I didn't have to work.(but I have to work)
V. Were 与 was
在if与wish之后,可用were替换was(if I were / I wish it were...).
If I were you, I wouldn't buy that coat. 或者 If I was you...
I'd go out if it weren't raining. 或者 ...if it wasn't raining.
I wish it were possible. 或者 I wish it was possible.
==================条件句类型3=================
I. if从句中的动词用过去完成时,主句中的动词用条件完成时(would/should + 完成式)。这种句子所指的时间是过去;所提出的条件 是不可能实现的,因为if从句中的动作 在过去并未发生。
If I had known that you were coming I would have met you at the airport.
要是我早知道你要来的话,我就会在机场接你了。(但我不知道,所以我也没去。)
If he had tried to leave the country he would have been stopped at the frontier.
要是他当时试图离开这个国家,他就会在边界被阻拦。(但他并未这样做。)
II. 背景例子:
上个月Gary住院做手术,Amy当时并不知道,所以她那时没去医院看望Gary。几天前见面了。Amy said:
If I had known you were in hospital, I would have gone to visit you.
Amy说If I had known you were in hospital...但真实的情况是那时她并不知道Gary住院了。
对比下面两个例句:
I'm not hungry. If I was hungry, I would eat something. (现在)
I wasn't hungry. If I had been hungry, I would have eaten something. (过去)
III. 基本形式可能的变化形式
1 可以用could或might而不用would:【】
If we had found him earlier we could have saved his life.
要是我们那时早点找到他的话,我们会把他救活的。(能力)
If we had found him earlier we might have saved his life.
要是我们那时早点找到他的话,我们可能会把他救活的。(可能性)
If our documents had been in order we could have left at once.
要是我们的证明文件都齐备的话,我们那时就能够马上走。(能力或允许)
2* 可以在主句用条件完成进行时:
At the time of the accident I was sitting in the back of the car,because Tom’s little boy was sitting beside him in front.If Tom’s boy had not been there I would have been sitting in front.
事故发生的时候,我坐在车子的后座,因为汤姆的小儿子坐在前边他的身旁。要是汤姆的孩子没坐在那里的话,我就会坐在前面了。
3* 可以在if从句中用过去完成进行时:
I was wearing a seat belt.If I hadn’t been wearing one I’d have been seriously injured.
我当时系了安全带。要是没有系上的话,我就会受重伤了。
4* 可以把类型2和类型3结合起来:
The plane I intended to catch crashed and everyone was killed.If I had caught that plane I would be dead now/I would have been killed.
我原想赶乘的那架飞机坠毁了,所有乘客都遇难身亡。要是我赶上了那架飞机,我也就没命了/我就会摔死了。(类型 3)
If I had worked harder at school I would be sitting in a comfortable office now;I wouldn’t be sweeping the streets.
要是在上学时学习再努力一些,我现在就会坐在舒适的办公室里,而不会是在扫大街了。(但我上学时不努力,因而我现在在扫大街。)
IV. 对比would (do)与would have (done):
If I had gone to the party last night, I would be tired now. (I am not tired now-现在)
If I had gone to the party last night, I would have met lots of people. (I didn't meet lots of people-过去 )
对比would have, could have 与 might have:
If the weather hadn't been so bad, we would have gone out.
If the weather hadn't been so bad, we could have gone out.(=we would have been able to go out)
If the weather hadn't been so bad, we might have gone out. (=perhaps we would have gone out.)
运用与练习
I. 用括号中动词的适当形式填空。
1. If you took more exercise, you _______________better. (feel)
2. If I was offered the job, I think I ________________ it. (take)
3. I'm sure Amy will lend you the money. I'd be very surprised if she ____________.(refuse)
4. What would happen if I ___________________that red button? (press)
5. If I _________ his number, I would phone him. (know)
6. I _________________that coat if I were you. (not/buy)
7. If we had the choice, we _____________________in the country. (live)
8. The soup isn't very good. It ________________better if it wasn't so salty. (taste)
9. Ken got to the station in time to catch his train. If _________(he/miss) it, _________(he/be)late for his interview.
10. I'm not tired. If ____________(I/be) tired, I'd go home now.
11. I wasn't tired last night. If _______________(I/be) tired, I would have gone home earlier.
12. A: How was your holiday? Did you have a nice time?
B: It was OK, but ________________(we/enjoy) it more if ______________(the weather/be) better.
II. 用If...分别为下列情境写一个句子。
1. We don't visit you very often because you live so far away.
If you didn't live so far away, we'd visit you more often.
2. It's raining, so we can't have lunch in the garden.
_______________________________________________.
3. The book is too expensive, so I'm not going to buy it.
If the book______________________, I __________________________________.
4. I have to work tomorrow evening, so I can't meet you.
________________________________________________________.
5. I wasn't hungry, so I didn't eat anything.
________________________________________________________.
6. The accident happened because the driver in front stopped so suddenly.
If the driver in front ___________________________________________________.
7. You didn't have any breakfast -- that's why you're hungry now.
________________________________________________________.
8. I didn't get a taxi because I didn't have any money on me.
________________________________________________________.
III. 假如你处于下列情形中,用I wsih...给每种情形写一个句子。
1. You've eaten too much and now you feel sick.
You say: I wish I hadn't eaten so much.
2. You've painted the gate red. Now you think that it doesn't look very nice.
You say: _____________________________________________________.
3. When you were younger, you didn't learn to play a musical instrument. Now you regret this.
You say: _____________________________________________________.
