I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.
3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.
4. in the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and the checked against the observed facts.
5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.
6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.
7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.
8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.
9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.
10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.
11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.
12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.
13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.
14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.
15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.
16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.
17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.
18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.
19 Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the oral language.
20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.
21. if a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be ______________.
A. prescriptive B. analytic
C. descriptive D. linguistic
22. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?
A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement
C. Duality D. Meaningfulness
23. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.
A. primary B. correct
C. secondary D. stable
24. in modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because ___________.
A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing
B. Speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.
C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue
D. All of the above
25. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.
A. synchronic B. diachronic
C. prescriptive D. comparative
26. Saussure took a (n)__________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.
A. sociological…psychological B. psychological…sociological
C. applied… pragmatic D. semantics and linguistic
27. according to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
A. parole B. performance
C. langue D. Language
28. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _________ and meanings.
A. sense B. sounds
C. objects D. ideas
29. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,
A. displacement B. duality
C. flexibility D. cultural transmission
30. the details of any language system are passed on from one generation to the next through ____, rather than by instinct.
A. learning B. teaching
C. books D. both a and B
III. Match the following sentences to the onomatopoeia that describes them.
A plate being dropped on the floor. TWINKLE
A balloon being burst. BANG
A gun being shot. SMASH
Someone eating crisps. GROWL
A light being switched on. POP
A fierce dog. CRUNCH
A small bell being rung. CLICK
IV. Put each of the onomatopoeias into a sentence
V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary.
1. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?
2.How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?
3.Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?
4.What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?
5.How do you understand competence and performance?
6.Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?
7. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?
Phonetics & Phonology
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:
7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.
8. the articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.
9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.
10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.
11. according to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.
12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.
13. according to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.
15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.
16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
21．A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.
22．A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.
23．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e. They are all b_______ sounds.
24．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.
25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.
26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.
29．The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.
32．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.
III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
35．Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.
A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords
36．The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.
A. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal
37．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.
A. /z/ B. /d/ C. /k/ D./b/
40．The sound /f/ is _________________.
A. voiced palatal affricate B. voiced alveolar stop
C. voiceless velar fricative D. voiceless labiodental fricative
41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.
A. back B. central C. front D. middle
43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.
. A. phone B. sound C. allophone D. phoneme
V. Give the description of the following sound segments in English.
1. [ ] 2. [ ] 3. [ ] 4. [d] 5. [p] 6. [k] 7. [l] 8. [i]] 9. [u:] 10. [ ]
VI. Give the IPA symbols for the sounds that correspond to the descriptions below.
1. voiceless labiodental fricative 2. voiced postalveolar fricative 3. palatal approximant
4. voiceless glottal fricative 5. voiceless alveolar stop 6. high-mid front unrounded vowel 7. high central unrounded vowel 8. low front rounded vowel
9. low-mid back rounded vowel 10. high back rounded tense vowel
V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:
57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?
58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?
59. How the description of consonants are different from that of vowels.
III．Morphology
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:
1.Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.
3.Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.
4.The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.
5.Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.
6.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.
7.The existing form to which a inflectional affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.
8.Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.
9.Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.
II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:
10.M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.
11.B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
12.Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.
13.D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.
14.A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.
15.C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.
17. In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______________ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.
18.A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
21.The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.
A. bound morpheme B. bound form
C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme
22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.
A. is the sum total of the meaning of its components
B. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemes
C. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.
D. None of the above.
23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.
A. the first element
B. the second element
C. either the first or the second element
D. both the first and the second elements.
24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.
A. Free morphemes B. Bound morphemes
C. Bound words D. Words
25. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.
A. Syntax B. Grammar
C. Morphology D. Morpheme
26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.
A. lexical B. morphemic
C. grammatical D. semantic
27. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.
A. have to be used independently
B. can not be combined with other morphemes
C. can either be free or bound
D. have to be combined with other morphemes.
28. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.
A. Prefixes B. Suffixes
C. Roots D. Affixes
29. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.
A. Words B. Morphemes C. Phonemes D. Sentences
30. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.
A. a derivative affix B. a stem
C. an inflectional affix D. a root
V. Answer the following questions:
43. What are the main features of the English compounds?
44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.
Semantics
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:
1. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.
2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.
7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.
8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.
9. “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.
10. in grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
11. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.
12. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.
13. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
14. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.
15. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.
16. R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.
17. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.
19. An a________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.
20. According to the n ____ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.
III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
21. The naming theory is advanced by ________.
A. Plato B. Bloomfield
C. Geoffrey Leech D. Firth
23. Which of the following is not true?
A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.
C. Sense is abstract and de-contextualized.
D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.
24. “Can I borrow your bike?” _______ “You have a bike.”
A. is synonymous with B. is inconsistent with
C. entails D. presupposes
25. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.
A. Predication analysis B. Componential analysis
C. Phonemic analysis D. Grammatical analysis
26. “Alive” and “dead” are ______________.
A. gradable antonyms B. relational opposites
C. complementary antonyms D. None of the above
27. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
A. Reference B. Concept
C. Semantics D. Sense
28. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.
A. Polysemy B. Synonymy
C. Homonymy D. Hyponymy
29. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.
A. homonyms B. polysemy
C. hyponyms D. synonyms
30. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.
A. grammatical rules
B. selectional restrictions
C. semantic rules
D. semantic features
IV. Define the following terms:
31. morphology
32. inflectional morphology
33. derivational morphology
34. morpheme
35. free morpheme
36. bound morpheme
37. root
38. affix
39. prefix
40. suffix
41. derivation
42. Compounding
31. semantics
32. sense 33 . reference
34. synonymy 35. Polysemy
36. homonymy 37. homophones
38. Homographs
39. complete homonyms
40. hyponymy 41.antonymy
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