
科技文章的语言结构特色在翻译过程中如何处理,这是进行英汉科技翻译时需要探讨的问题。现分述如下:
一、大量使用名词化结构
大量使用名词化结构(Nominalization)是科技英语的特点之一。因为科技文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实。而非某一行为。
Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.
阿基米德最先发现了固体排水的原理。
句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化结构,一方面简化了同位语从句,另一方强调displacement 这一事实。
The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.
地球绕轴自转,引起昼夜的变化。
名词化结构the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简单句,而且使表达的概念更加确切严密。
If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss, can be considerably reduced.
炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。
科技英语所表述的是客观规律,因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称;此外,要使主要的信息置于句首。
Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.
电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象。
名词化结构the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实,而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力。
二、广泛使用被动语句
根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的统计,科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态。这是因为科技文章侧重叙事推理,强调客观准确。第一、二人称使用过多,会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述,采用被动语态,例如:Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。而很少说:You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度。此外,如前所述,科技文章将主要信息前置,放在主语部份。这也是广泛使用被动态的主要原因。
1. Most primary highways are built and cared for by state governments.
大部分主要的公路都是由联邦建造和管理。
这里…are built and cared for 就是被动语态
2. The proportion of the various ingredients which go into concrete , the way it is mixed , and even the water which is used are very important to the finished material.
制作混凝土所用的各种配料的比例,搅拌的方法,乃至所用的水,对成品材料来说都是十分重要的。
此句有两处是被动语态。
三、非限定动词
如前所述,科技文章要求行文简练,结构紧凑,为此,往往使用分词短语代替定语从句或状语从句;使用分词结构代替状语从句或并列分句;使用不定式短语代替各种从句;介词十动名词短语代替定语从句或状语从句。这样可缩短句子,又比较醒目。试比较下列各组句子。
A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.
A direct current is a current which、that is always flowing in the same direction.
直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。
Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise.
Heat is radiated from the earth, and that causes air currents to rise.
热量由地球辐射出来时,使得气流上升。
A body can more uniformly and in a straight line,there being no cause to change that motion.
If there is no cause to change the motion, a body can more uniformly and in a straight line.
如果没有改变物体运动的原因,那么物体将作匀速直线运动。
Vibrating objects produce sound waves ,each vibration producing one sound wave.
Vibrating objects produce sound waves ,and each vibration produces one sound wave.
振动着的物体产生声波,每一次振动产生一个声波。
In communications, the problem of electronics is how to convey information from one place to another.
在通讯系统中,电子学要解决的问题是如何把信息从一个地方传递到另一个地方。
Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions.
结构材料的选择应使其在外界条件中保持其弹性。
There are different ways of changing energy from one form into another.
将能量从一种形式转变成另一种形式有各种不同的方法。
In making the radio waves correspond to each sound in turn, messages are carried from a broadcasting station to a receiving set.
使无线电波依次对每一个声音作出相应变化时,信息就由广播电台传递到接收机。
四、后置定语
大量使用后置定语也是科技文章的特点之一。常见的结构不以下五种:
1、介词短语
The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.
由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力。
A call for paper is now being issued .
征集论文的通知现正陆续发出。
2、形容词及形容词短语。
In this factory the only fuel available is coal.
该厂唯一可用的燃料是煤。
In radiation, thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy ,similar in nature to light.
热能在辐射时,转换成性质与光相似的辐射能。
3、副词
The air outside pressed the side in .
外面的空气将桶壁压得凹进去了。
The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.
向上的力与向下的力相等,所以气球就保持在这一高度。
4、单个分词,但仍保持较强的动词意义。
The results obtained must be cheeked .
获得的结果必须加以校核
The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted.
产生的热量等于浪费了的电能。
5、定语从句
During construction, problems often arise which require design changes.
在施工过程中,常会出现需要改变设计的问题。
The molecules exert forces upon each other, which depend upon the distance between them.
分子相互间都存在着力的作用,该力的大小取决于它们之间的距离。
Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day to which we pay little attention.
(定语从句to which we pay little attention 修饰的是changes,这是一种分隔定语从句。)
我们几乎没有注意的很奇异的物质变化每天都在眼前发生。
To make an atomic bomb we have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms are available for fission.
制造原子弹,我们必须用铀235,因为轴的所有原子都会裂变。
五、常用句型
科技文章中经常使用若干特定的句型,从而形成科技文体区别于其他文体的标志。例如It---that---结构句型;被动态结构句型;结构句型,分词短语结构句型,省略句结构句型等。举例如下:
It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry one.
显然,润滑好的轴承,比不润滑的轴承容易转动。
It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting.
看来这两个科学分支是相互依存,相互作用的。
It has been proved that induced voltage causes a current to flow in opposition to the force producing it.
已经证明,感应电压使电流的方向与产生电流的磁场力方向相反。
It was not until the 19th century that heat was considered as a form of energy.
直到十九世纪人们才认识到热是能量的一种形式。
Computers may be classified as analog and digital.
计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。
The switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened three times.
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了三分之二。(或---缩短为三分之一。)
This steel alloy is believed to be the best available here .
人们认为这种合金钢是这里能提供的最好的合金钢。
Electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed as light.
电磁波传送的速度和光速相同。
Microcomputers are very small in size ,as is shown in Fig.5.
如图5所示,微型计算机体积很小。
In water sound travels nearly five times as fast as in air.
声音在水中的传播速度几乎是在空气中传播速度的五倍。
Compared with hydrogen, oxygen is nearly 16 times as heavy.
氧与氢比较,重量大约是它的十六倍。
The resistance being very high, the current in the circuit was low.
由于电阻很大,电路中通过的电流就小。
Ice keeps the same temperature while melting.
冰在溶化时,其温度保持不变。
An object, once in motion, will keep on moving because of its inertia.
物体一旦运动,就会因惯性而持续运动。
All substances, whether gaseous, liquid or solid ,are made of atoms .
一切物质,不论是气态、液态,还是固态,都由原子组成。
六、长句
为了表述一个复杂概念,使之逻辑严密,结构紧凑,科技文章中往往出现许多长句。有的长句多达七八个词,以下即是一例。
The efforts that have been made to explain optical phenomena by means of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic solid body led, in the first instance, to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit transverse vibrations, and at a later stage to the definite conclusion that there is no luminiferous medium having the physical character assumed in the hypothesis.
为了解释光学现象,人们曾试图假定有一种具有与弹性固体相同的物理性质的介质。这种子尝试的结果,最初曾使人们了解到一种能传输横向振动的具有上述假定所以认为的那种物理性质的发光介质。
七、复合词与缩略词
大量使用复合词与缩略词是科技文章的特点之一,复合词从过去的双词组合发展到多词组合;缩略词趋向于任意构词,例如某一篇论文的作者可以就仅在该文中使用的术语组成缩略词,这给翻译工作带来一定的困难。例如:
full-enclosed 全封闭的(双词合成形容词)
feed-back反馈(双词合成名词)
work-harden 加工硬化(双词合成词)
criss-cross交*着(双词合成副词)
on-and-off-the-road路面越野两用的(多词合成形容词)
anti-armoured-fighting-vehicle-missile反装甲车导弹(多词合成名词)
radiophotography无线电传真(无连字符复合词)
colorimeter色度计(无连字符复合词)
maths (mathematics)数学(裁减式缩略词)
lab (laboratory)实验室
ft (foot/feet)英尺
cpd (compound)化合物
FM(frequency modulation)调频(用首字母组成的缩略词)
P.S.I. (pounds per square inch)磅/英寸
SCR(silicon controlled rectifier )可控硅整流器
TELESAT(telecommunications satellite )通信卫星(混成法构成的缩略词)
根据上述的科技文章的物占,在翻译过程中就要注意各种不同的翻译技巧与方法。例如被动态的译法、长句的处理方法、倍数的译法等等。
英语表示倍数增减或倍数对比的句型多种多样,其中有 一些(如下文中的句型②、⑤、⑥、⑧、(12) 等, 见圈码)很容易译错——其主要原因在于:英汉两语在表述或对比倍数方面存在着语言与思维差异。现将常 用的英语倍数句型及其正确译法归纳如下:
倍数增加
(一) A is n times as great(long,much,…)as B.(①)
A is n times greater (longer, more,…)than B.(②)
A is n times the size (length, amount,…)of B.(③)
以上三句都应译为;A的大小(长度,数量,……)是B的n倍[或A比B大(长,多,……)n-1倍].
Eg. This book is three times as long as (three times longer than,three times the length of )that one.
这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。
(二)increase to n times(④)
increase n times/n-fold(⑤)
increase by n times(⑥)
increase by a factor of n(⑦)
以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-1倍)。
Eg. The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year.
集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。
Eg. The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986.
化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。
Eg. That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.
那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提高1倍或2倍)。
Eg. The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.
漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。
注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。
(三)There is a n-fold increase/growth…(⑧)
应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式:
Eg. A record high increase in value of four times was reported.
据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。
(四)double (增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。(⑨)
Eg. The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled.
这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。
(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如:
A is as much (large,long,…)again as B.(= A is twice as much (large,long,…)as B.(⑩)
应译为:A比B多(大,长,……)1倍。
A is half as much (large, 1ong,…)again as B.
【= A is one and a half times as much (large, 1ong,…)as B.】(11)
应译为:A比B多(大,长……)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。
倍数减少
(一)A is n times as small (light,slow,…)as B.(12)
A is n times smaller (lighter, slower,…) than B.(13)
以上两句均应译为:A的大小(重量,速度,……)是B的1/n[或A比B小(轻,慢,……)(n-1)/n]。
Eg. The hydrogen atom is near1y l6 times as light as the oxygen atom.
氢原子的重量约为氧原子的1/16(即比氧原子约轻15/16)。
Eg. This sort of membrane is twice thinner than ordinary paper.
这种薄膜比普通纸张要薄一半(即是普通纸厚度的1/2)。
注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than/as B常被省去。
(二)decrease n times/n--fold (14)
decrease by n times(15)
decrease by a factor of n(16)
以上三式均译为:减少到1/n[或:减少(n-1)/n]。
decrease常被reduce, shorten, go/slow down等词替代。
Eg. Switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened 3 times.
新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了1/3(即缩短到2/3)。
Eg. When the voltage is stepped up by ten times, the strength of the current is stepped down by ten times.
电压升高9倍,电流强度便降低9/10(即90%)。
Eg. The equipment reduced the error probability by a factor of 5.
该设备误差概率降低了4/5。
(三)There is a n-fold decrease/reduction…
应译为:减至1/n [或:减少(n一1)/n]。(17)
这个句型还有其它一些形式,
Eg. A rapid decrease by a factor of 7 was observed.
发现迅速减少到1/7。
Eg. The principal advantage of the products is a two-fold reduction in weight.
这些产品的主要优点是重量减轻了1/2。
从上列倍数增减句型及其译法中不难看出:与汉语不 同的是,英语在表述或比较倍数时,无论使用什么句 型(除了不含倍数词的again句型外)都包括基础倍
数在内,因此都不是净增或净减n倍,而是净增或 净减n-1倍。所以句型⑤、③表示的倍数增量=句型④; 句型(13)表示的倍数比差=句型12,且decrease(by)3 times应译为“减少2/3”,而不是“减少3/4”。
八、 名词化结构在各类科技文章中的大量使用
科技英语,在科技文体中随着科学技术发展形成一种实用正式的文体,它的名词化倾向越来越突出。翻译时可以看出它是由及物动词加-ment , -tion , -sion , -ence等后缀派生的名词。这样的表达可以语言简洁、行文自然、造句灵活、叙述准确、表达客观,符合科技文体的要求。例如:
The construction of such bridges has now been realized ;its realization being supported with all the achieuements of modern science .
这种桥梁的结构现在已经实现,它的实现是现代科学的伟大成就。
这里construction和realization都是名词化结构
九、 在翻译时应注意词义引申
翻译时,有时会碰到某些词在词典上找不到适当的词义,如任意硬套或逐词死译,译文则会生硬晦涩,难以确切表达愿意,甚至造成误解。所以,应根据上下文和逻辑关系,从其基本含义出发,进一步加以引申,选择适当的词来表达。
例:The choice of material in construction of bridges is basically between steel or concrete, and main trouble with concrete is that its tensile strength is very small .
桥梁建筑材料基本上仍在钢材和混凝土之间选择,而混凝土的主要缺点是抗拉强度低。
十、在翻译时采用增词法和重复法
增词法就是在翻译时根据句法上,意义上或修辞上的需要增加一些词,以便能更加忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。当然,增词不是随意的,而是基于英汉两种语言表达方式的差异,增加原文中虽无其词但内含其意的一些词,以使译文忠信流畅,这种情况在科技英语文献翻译时比较常见。
1.根据句法上的需要:由于英汉两种语言表达方式存在差别,在英语中需要省略的成分而在汉语中需要补出才能符合汉语的习惯。
2根据意义上的需要:(1)英语复数名词的增译:复数名词前后增译“许多”、“一些”等,使其复数意义更明确;(2)英语中表示动作名词的增译:翻译时可根据上下文语境,补充一些表示动作意义的名词:“作用”、“现象”、“方案”等;(3)在英语名词或动名词前后增译汉语动词:(4)增译解说性词:英语中常因惯用法或上下文关系。省去了不影响理解全句意义的词句。为了使译文清晰起见,翻译时必须增译一些词。
3.根据修辞上的需要:英译汉时,有时需要在译文中增加一些起连贯作用的词,主要是连词、副词和代词,以达到使句子连贯、行文流畅的修辞目的。
重复法实际上也是一种增词法,只不过所增添的词是上文出现过的词。重复法是指译文中重复原文中重要的或关键的词,以期达到两个目的;一是清楚,二是强调。从而使译文生动有力,清晰流畅。
