浙江大学2006年考博试题附答案

二OO六（春）年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题

考试科目英语编号

注意：答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试卷或草稿纸上均无效。Section I Listening Comprehension (20marks, 1mark each)

Part A

Directions: You will hear an interview with Jason Donovan,an Australian actor and pop singer. Listen and complete the sentences in questions 1-5 with the information you‟ve heard .Write not more than 3 words in each numbered box. You will hear the recording twice.

Part B

Directions: You will hear a conversation between two speakers, David and Mary. Answer questions 6-10 while you listen. Use not more than 5 words for each answer. You will hear the recording twice. You now have 25 seconds to read the questions.

7. Where is Mary from?

Part C

Directions: Questions 11-13 are based on the following conversation between Carlos and his sister Jean. You now have 15 seconds to read choices for questions 11-13.

11. What arrangement had Carlos and Sandra made for tonight ?

A. Meet around the underground station.

B. Stay at home.

C. See the evening performance.

D. Walk in the rain.

12. Why is Carlos angry with Jean?

A. Because she did not tell Carlos about Sandra‟s phone call as soon as he got home.

B. Because she forgot to tell Sandra that Carlos couldn‟t get the tickets.

C. Because she did not stay at home and wait for Carlos‟ phone.

D. Because she kept Carlos waiting for half an hour.

13. What will Carlos finally do?

A. Wait at home for Sandra‟s phone.

B. Hurry up and try to get to the theater before Sandra does.

C. Buy tickets for the performance of Romeo and Juliet tonight.

D. Phone Sandra to tell her that he will be late.

Directions: Questions 14-16 are based on the following Interview. You now have 15 seconds to read questions 14-16.

14. According to the woman, how will rival gangs benefit from the Leisure Center?

A. They can express aggression in sports.

B. Their athletic skills can be improved.

C. They can find something to do in their leisure time.

D. They can find employment in the Center.

15. What is the man‟s attitude towards the new scheme?

A. He believes the scheme might help to solve the problem of gang warfare.

B. He doubts whether rival gangs will be interested in the scheme.

C. He doesn‟t think the scheme could work because of lack of funds.

D. He is afraid that there might be fights between rival groups in the Leisure Center16. Which of the following is true of the scheme promoted by the woman?

A. It has received much support from the local people.

B. It is aimed primarily at rival gangs.

C. It has been in operation for years.

D. There have been many reports on it in newspapers.

Directions: Questions 17-20 are based on the following talk introducing the success of Coca-Cola. You now have 20 seconds to read choices for questions 17-20.

17. Who invented Coca-Cola and when?

A. Frank Robinson, in 1888.

B. Asa G.. Candler, in 1879.

C. Dr. Pemberton, in 1886.

D. Jacob, in 15.

18. What has played the most important role in Coca-Cola‟s success?

A. A catchy name.

B. Advertising.

C. Its taste.

D. Competition.

19. Which of the following is true of Coca-Cola in World War II?

A. Every American soldier could have a bottle of Coca-Cola for free.

B. The company made a lot of money by selling Coca-cola to soldiers.

C. About five billion bottles of Coke were sold in America.

D. The company tried to open up its foreign markets for Coca-Cola.

20. What do doctors say about Coca-Cola?

A. It is both delicious and nutritious.

B. It contains too much sugar.

C. It does you no good.

D. It may be harmful to your health.

Section II V ocabulary (15marks, 1mark each)

Directions: There are 15 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the center.

21. You will only be allowed to leave early in _______ circumstances.

A. exceptional

B. coincidental

C. peculiar

D. imperative

22. His latest ________ was buying a second-hand car which turned out to have a faulty engine.

A. agony

B. stigma

C. wrath

D. folly

23. The champagnes had caused his face to _______ and his eyes were bright.

A. flourish

B. fresh

C. flesh

D. flush

24. He needs a hobby to keep him busy and stop him from getting into _______ .

A. mischief

B. nuisance

C. hostility

D. bustle25. Poor sight and hearing are common _______ of old age.

A. presentations

B. afflictions

C. outcome

D. relevance

26. The dream of many scientists has been to create a ________ motion machine – one that would always continue moving once it had been started.

A. transient

B. temporary

C. perpetual

D. periodic

27. Only a small _______ of those attending the convention came from outside the state.

A. fracture

B. fragment

C. fraction

D. fragrance

28. Chemicals from the factory up the river ________ the water, killing many fish and making the water totally unfit for human use.

A. corrupted

B. infected

C. contaminated

D. stained

29. It is strictly illegal to _______ a gun, knife, or any other weapon when boarding an airplane.

A. shelter

B. disguise

C. conceal

D. veil

30. To _______ the boredom of studying, it is a good idea to take frequent breaks.

A. intensify

B. aggravate

C. illuminate

D. alleviate

31. Although we felt _______ for the child who had lost his parents, there was really not much we could do to comfort him

A. compassion

B. compass

C. companion

D. compartment

32. The police were ________ by the crime and were never able to solve it.

A. hindered

B. enlightened

C. baffled

D. detained

33. _______ for the top-of-the-range car include a compact disc player, electric windows and

a sunroof.

A. accessories

B. components

C. decorations

D. colleagues

34. The author uses the ________ of bees when describing the workers at the bakery.

A. correlation

B. equivalent

C. analogy

D. parallel

35. The books will be ________ from our warehouse tomorrow to your address.

A. dispatched

B. disputed

C. dismissed

D.dispersed

Section III Close Test (20marks, 1mark each)

Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.

Almost all of us believe that we live in an age of uncouth manners, that things were better in some previous era. For example, the 18th century in England is __36__ as a period of high refinement in social intercourse. We look back __37__ nostalgia to the soft candle-light, the __38__ courtesies, the hand-kissing-unwilling to confront the brutal reality of a century in which dueling to the death was __39__ and gentlemen were expected to drink themselves under the table.

Manners __40__. In our day, it is considered good manners to be clean-indeed we spend billions of dollars on __41__ designed to keep us “fresh.” In the 18th century, __42__, most doctors and church authorities frowned on bathing, and women‟s elegant hairdos were often full of lice.

The changeability of manners makes the whole subject difficult to __43__. To take one example: It was not considered bad manners in the 18th century for a man to wear his hat __44__. You would take it off to __45__ a lady, but then you ‟d put it right back on your head. The reason __46__ this is perfectly plain. In the first place, the hat served as a __47__ of rank throughout most of history, a __48__ mark of status; in the second place, you couldn ‟t draw a sword easily if you were __49__ a hat in your hand.

There is a __50__ to be learned from this. For the most part, manners are merely self-protective __51__ appropriate to the customs of a particular age. These customs sometimes become __52__ and symbolic, but they invariably __53__ from some practical need. Thus, on meeting somebody, we commonly shake right hands----a formal custom of no present-day __54__. But in an age when everybody carried weapons, it was a demonstration everybody carried weapons, it was a demonstration that one was prepared to converse without a weapon in one ‟s hand, a sigh of __55__. What we think of as “good manners ” was merely a way of saying, “I mean you no immediate violence, if you can show that your intention is the same.”

Section IV Reading Comprehension (20marks, 1mark each)

Directions : There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through the centre.

Passage 1

36.A. renowned 37. A. by 38. A. elaborate 39. A. general 40. A. vary 41. A. output 42. A. by contrast 43. A. approach 44. A. outdoors 45. A. face 46. A. for 47. A. sign 48. A. visual 49. A. taking 50. A. letter 51. A. instruments 52. A. familiarized 53. A. derive 54. A. emphasis 55. A. understanding B. considered B. on B. detailed B. familiar B. change B. produce B. by the way B. attack B. indoors B. greet B. why B. signature B. valuable B. holding B. lecture B. tools B. formalized B. originate B. sense B. friendship C. known C. in C. exquisite C. commonplace C. fluctuate C. goods C. on the contrary C. access C. externally C. confront C. behind C. signal C. visible C. pulling C. legacy C. devices C. legalized C. obtain C. significance C. unity

D. famous D. with D. exotic D. cruel D. turn D. products D. on the way D. accommodate D. internally D. meet D. because D. symbol D. victorious D. putting D. lesson D. equipments D. modernized D. acquire D. use D. peace

We may not know what squids think about beauty, but there is no question what popular Western culture thinks about it. Watch any TV show; open any magazine; go to any movie. You can‟t avoid the obvious conclusion: Popular Western culture thinks beauty is a very, very big deal, especially feminine beauty. This is one of the two big reasons why I‟m glad I‟m a man.

Men definitely get more slack in the beauty department. A man can be bald, or carry a few dozen extra pounds, or have bad skin or a big nose, and still be considered attractive. Granted, there‟s a definite “beauty” standard for males: the square-jawed male models with rippling abdominals; Tom Cruise; and of course John F. Kennedy Jr. These men are considered beautiful. And regular men cannot hope to look like them. But regular men CAN look at, say, Tom Hanks, or Sean Connery without his wig, or Al Pacino ---- who is a Registered Sex Object ---- and say: “Hey, I don‟t look THAT different.”

Regular women can‟t look at female romantic-lead movie stars, or supermodels, and say this. More and more, it seems, the women who are certified as beautiful look less and less like the vast majority of women. It is not enough for a woman to have the right cheekbones, the right eyes, the right mouth, the right nose and flawless skin: Beautiful women, it has been decided, must also be extraordinarily tall, and they must have no more body fat than a Bic pen. If you don‟t meet these criteria, then…sorry! You‟re the ugly squid!

56. What is the author‟s purpose of mentioning squids in the first paragraph?

A. To prove that squids have a lot in common with human beings.

B. To show that appearance is the common concern of all species.

C. To show that males squids care about female squids more than vice versa.

D. To show that the concern for appearance is more psychological than physical.

57. Why does the author consider being a man a lucky thing?

A. Because he can avoid the public attention as much as he wants.

B. Because he does not have to care too much about his appearance.

C. Because popular Western culture favors masculinity more than femininity.

D. Because men do not have to appear on TV or magazines as often as women.

58. What is the main idea of the third paragraph?

A. Men visit the beauty department less often than women.

B. Men are considered beautiful if they look different from others.

C. There are different standards for male beauty and female beauty.

D. Men do not have to be perfect in order to be considered attractive.

59. What is true of a certified beautiful woman?

A. She is thin, tall and had perfect skin.

B. She is different from the majority of women.

C. She has the right cheekbones, the right eyes and the right mouth.

D. She has many of the characteristics of a movie star or supermodel.

60. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?

A. Standards of Beauty

B. Beauty: Men vs. Women

C. Concern for Appearance: a Universal Truth

D. Who Cares More about Beauty: Men or Squids?

Passage 2

Try ordering a medium coffee at most coffee bars. They look at you as though you asked for a flagon of mead.

The word medium, especially in food and beverages, is going the way of the “cup” of coffee. Drink sizes have become a free-for-all of image building, divorced from any real description of quantity.

The move away from medium is partly attributable to economic ---- companies trying to squeeze out a few more cents by exaggerating sizes.

To be sure, medium hasn‟t died altogether. There are medium olives and medium garbage bags. There are medium eggs: they are often the smallest. Bigger eggs are classified as large, extra-large and jumbo. Paper towels now come in large an jumbo too.

Small products are flourishing, but they aren‟t called small. For example, cereal, aspirin and shampoo are sold in tiny packages. “But they‟re never called tiny,” says Loma Opatow, president of the marketing research firm of Opatow Associate. “They‟re called individual or one-time or disposable.”

When it comes to sizing, the masters are fast-food restaurants. At McDonald‟s the soft-drink sizes are regular, medium, large and, on occasion, super-size. “Nobody wants a small drink anymore,” says McDonald‟s spokesman Chuck Ebeling. “We live in an era when people carry a liter bottle of water as though it were a pencil over their ear.”

At Burger King there are still small, medium and large drinks. But what do those words mean? In 1954, when the chain started, it called a 12-ounce regular and a 16-ounce large. Today the small is 16 ounces and the large is 32 ounces,

The king of more is 7-Eleven, which boasts that it makes America‟s biggest drink, the -ounce Double Gulp. Karen Raskopf, a 7-Eleven spokeswoman, says no other country gulps as America does: the chain‟s international stores don‟t sell the Double Gulp. Indeed in Europe and Japan a small size is often equated with luxury --- the 61/2-ounce Perrier bottle, for example.

Behind the size inflation in beverages is a simple fact: the actual cost of the additional beverage is a minute portion of the price. “The packaging and handling costs for a drink are a substantial part of the cost,” says Ebeling of McDonald‟s. “If we package it in a large size, that‟s more efficient for us.”

Amazingly, Pasqua Coffee, a national chain based in San Francisco, is sticking with small, medium and large. “We want to offer quick service,” says Robert Mann, vice president of operations. “We don‟t want to waste time correcting customers‟ coffee grammar.”

61. What is the major reason for “size inflation” in the United States?

A. Small products mean higher cost in packaging.B. The number of overweight Americans is increasing.

C. People think they can save money by buying in bulk.

D. Things in large size sell more quickly than things in small size.

62. Why aren‟t enormous sizes popular in Europe or Japan?

A. Because Japan and European countries are much smaller in size.

B. Because Europeans and the Japanese do not drink as much as the Americans.

C. Because Europeans and the Japanese are more money-minded than the Americans.

D. Because things in smaller size are considered more luxurious in Europe and Japan.

63. The expression “a pencil over their ear” (Para 6) most probably means _______.

A. something normal

B. something peculiar

C. something extra-large

D. something extraordinary

. Why dose Pasqua Coffee still offer “small, medium, and large” sizes?

A. Because fixing extra-large coffees takes more time.

B. Because they want to provide more efficient service.

C. Because they don‟t want to hear the customers‟ ungrammatical sentences.

D. Because people in the west prefer small-sized coffees more than people in the east.

65. What is the author‟s point of view toward large sizes?

A. This is a trend that will go on and on.

B. He reserves his judgment on this trend.

C. Profit is the real motive behind this trend.

D. This trend should be inhibited as far as possible.

Passage 3

Each year more than 500,000 people in the U.S. are victims of some form of identity fraud, according to the National Notary Association (NNA). The growth of Internet commerce is putting the personal security of consumers at even greater risk. High-tech identity fraud could become a more serious problem in the future through the misuse of digital signatures.

The U.S. Congress and several dozen state governments have enacted legislation that gives electronic signatures the same status as hand-written ones in commercial use and in executing a variety of “acknowledgements, verifications, and oaths.” But these measures do not elaborate on the role of the notary, an impartial third party who verifies the identity of people who sign important documents.

The notary makes sure that an individual signing a document is indeed the person he or she purports to be. The notary also observes the person‟s willingness to sign a document and the signer‟s awareness of what the document entails. Without being in the same room with the signer, a notary cannot make these determinations.

The mandatory physical presence of the document signer before a notary has long been recognized under U.S. law. In 1995, a Texas court said, “A notary can no more perform by telephone those notarial acts which require a personal appearance than a dentist can pull a tooth by telephone,” according to the NNA.

Some states now permit notaries to use electronic signatures. Some state legislatures have also passed laws that allow any person to unilaterally create so-called “notarized”electronic signatures without a notary. Meanwhile, companies are streamlining the processes for e-business and legal transactions; some claim to provide “electronic notarization”for online transactions.

“These may still fall short of true notarization because they try to circumvent the …personal appearance‟aspect of notarization and really do nothing to certify the signer‟s awareness and willingness,” writes Milton G..Valera, president of the notary association.

Valera insists that the basic notary principles and process remain the same despite technological changes. Fraud deterrence still depends on face-to-face interaction between a notary and the signer of a document. The arrival of complex digital signature technology, with its new potential for fraud, could increase the importance of notaries in the future.

Notaries for the digital age may need to undergo technical training, testing, and certification programs to supplement their traditional functions. “The National Notary Association does not foreclose on the possibility that future communications technology may allow interactive audiovisual linkups between a notary and a signer that may prove to be a reliable alternative to personal presence,” says Valera.

66. The growth of Internet Commerce has resulted in ________.

A. the decline of identity fraud

B. frequent use of digital signature

C. the disappearance of the notary

D. the inferiority of handwritten signatures

67. What the Texas court said in 1995 shows that ________.

A. the notary is outdated when telephone records are available

B. to find a notary is as painful as to pull a tooth

C. a notary is extremely important in the process of verification

D. a notary is useless without the required physical presence

68. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.

A. an electronic signature without a notary is invalid in the business world

B. some companies managed to certify the signer‟s awareness and willingness through

“electronic notarization”

C. the identity fraud becomes impossible in e-business and online-transactions

D. the present “electronic notarization”has twisted the basic principles of traditional

notaries

69. The phrase “foreclose on” in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to “________”.

A. look forward to

B. interfere with

C. take possession of

D. believe in

70. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?

A. Alternatives to the Notaries

B. Notaries in the Digital Age

C. E-documents in the Digital Time

D. Deterrence to Identity FraudPassage 4

Ironically, one great unsolved problem in Darwin‟s master work, On the Origin of Species, was just that: How and why do species originate? Darwin and his later followers were faced with a seeming paradox. They described evolution as a continuous and gradual change over time, but species are distinct from each other, suggesting that some process has created a discontinuity, or gap, between them.

Credit for doing the most to crack this puzzle goes to Ernst Mayr, perhaps the greatest evolutionary scientist of the twentieth century. Along with Theodosius Dobzhansky, George Gaylord Simpson, and others, Mayr achieved the “modern synthesis” in the 1930s and 1940s that integrated Mendel‟s theory of heredity with Darwin‟s theory of evolution and natural selection.

Born in 1904 in Germany, Mayr trained as a medical student but realized he had a greater passion for studying birds and biology. Emigrating to the United States, he became a curator at the American Museum of Natural History, working on bird classification while formulating his key ideas about evolution. In 1942 he published his most important work, Systematics and the Origin of Species. Mayr moved to Harvard University in 1953 and served as director of the school‟s Museum of Comparative Zoology from 1961 to 1970. Since then, he has published a number of books and chapters and received the prestigious Japan Prize for Biology in 1983.

In his landmark 1942 book, Mayr proposed that Darwin‟s theory of natural selection could explain all of evolution, including why genes evolve at the molecular level. On the stubborn question of how species originate, Mayr proposed that when a population of organisms becomes separated from the main group by time or geography, they eventually evolve different traits and can no longer interbreed.

It‟s this isolation or separation that creates new species, said Mayr. The traits that evolve during the period of isolation are called “isolating mechanisms,” and they discourage the two populations from interbreeding.

Moreover, Mayr declared that the development of many new species is what leads to evolutionary progress. “Without speciation, there would be no diversification of the organic world, no adaptive radiation, and very little evolutionary progress. The species, then , is the keystone of evolution.”

71. What do we learn about Ernst Mayr?

A. He was the first man to reject Darwin‟s theory of evolution.

B. He began his career as a medical doctor in Germany.

C. He failed to explain how and why species originate.

D. He helped define the modern synthesis of evolutionary theory.

72. Mayr‟s work on species and species and speciation helped scientists understand _______.

A. evolution as a continuous change over time

B. the evolution from one‟s species to another

C. Darwin‟s theory of natural selection

D. the evolution of genes at the molecular level73. According to Mayr, what leads to the formation of new species?

A. Geographic isolation

B. Species interbreeding

C. Heredity

D. Natural selection

74. What is Paragraph3 mainly about?

A. A biographical account of Mayr‟s life

B. Mayr‟s contributions to the field of evolutionary biology

C. Awards and honors Mayr has received

D. Mayr‟s passion for bird-watching and biology

75. The word “crack” in Paragraph 2 most probably means _______.

A. analyze

B. locate

C. present

D. solve

Section V Translation (25marks)

Directions: Translate the following into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet II.

遗传与环境究竟哪一个影响更大？从某种程度上讲，一个人生来具有的潜力将决定他一生的作为。因此遗传是命运，是命中注定的东西。然而，基因并不是在真空中发挥作用的，一旦我们开始认识到基因在个人发展中所起的作用，我们就会明白，没有与其相互作用的环境，就不可能有任何个人的发展。没有一个特点是完全由环境或者完全由基因造成的。

遗传和环境的相对影响在同卵双胞胎中最易观察到。大多数的同卵双胞胎是在一起抚养长大的，因而无论在外表还是行为上都惊人地相像。这些实例证明，具有相同基因的个体，若在同样的环境中成长，就会以几乎同样的方式对环境作出反应。但这些例子并不能说明如果把这些同卵双胞胎分开抚养会发生什么情况。

对分开抚养的同卵双胞胎已经行了许多研究。被研究的这些双胞胎都生活在美国，成长的自然环境几乎相同，并且具有几乎相同的营养史。因而，正如所料，他们在外表、身高和体重上极其相似。也有例外，一对双胞胎中的一个患了相当严重的疾病而另一个却没生病，但是总体而言，同卵双胞胎之间，甚至从婴儿时就分离的同卵双胞胎之间，在心理和身体上会如此相似，给每个人留下了深刻的印象。

2006年（春）浙江大学考博英语试题参Section 1 Listening

PART A:

1、bad breath

2、Beatles

3、the beach

4、casual clothes

5、hardly watch TV

PART B

6、her stay in England

7、Mexico

8、the man‟s house

9、no more than a minute

10、the airport

PART C

11-20 CACCDCCBDD

Section II V ocabulary

21-25 ACDAB 26-30 CCCAD 31-35 ACACA

Section III Cloze Test

36-40 CDACB 41-45 DCABB 46-50 AACBD 51-55 CBACD Section IV Reading Comprehension

56-60 BBDBC 61-65 ADABC 66-70 BDDCB 71-75 DBAAD