动词的含义
动词是表示动作或状态的词，在句子中做谓语。动词的基本形式： 动词原形、 过去式、 现在分词和过去分词。
动词的种类:
| 类别 | 特点 | 举例 |
| 及物动词（vt） | 跟宾语 | I like music. |
| 不及物动词（vi） | 不跟宾语 | It rained last night. |
| 系动词 | 跟表语 | I am a doctor. She is a nurse. We are very happy. |
| 助动词 | 跟动词原形或分词 | I don’t like playing basketball. I have seen this movie before. |
| 情态动词 | 跟动词原形 | She can speak Japanese. |
一般现在时 （3种结构）
表示经常性、习惯性的动作；或普遍真理、客观事实；或某种状态。
“主·谓·（宾）”结构
Peter always spends too much time playing computer games.
Alice usually goes to school by bus in the morning.
I like listening to classical music.
“There· be”结构
There is a map on the wall.
There are some birds in the sky.
“主·系·表”结构
It’s very cold today.
The earth is bigger than the moon.
My father is a teacher.
动词第三人称单数
| 动词特征 | 构成 | 例词 |
| 一般动词 | 词尾加s | like-likes |
| 以ch,sh,s,o,x结尾 记忆技巧：吃（ch）蛇(sh,s)后喝XO | 词尾加es | teach-teaches do-does go-goes wash-washes pass-passes mix-mixes fax-faxes(发送传真) |
| 以y结尾 | 辅音字母+y,变y为i，再加es | study-studies carry-carries try-tries |
| 元音字母+y,直接加s | play-plays stay-stays say-says |
一般过去时 （3种结构）
表示发生在过去的动作。在一般过去时的句子中, 动词必须用过去式.
动词过去式 及 过去分词的构成
规则变化
| 构成法 | 词例 |
| (1) 一般情况下加 ed | work -- worked -- worked play -- played -- played |
| (2) 以 e 结尾的，加 d | live -- lived -- lived like -- liked -- liked |
| (3) 以“辅音字母 + y” 结尾的，改 y为i， 再加 ed. | study -- studied -- studied cry -- cried -- cried |
| (4) 以重读闭音节 或 r音节 结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母的词，要双写这个辅音字母，再加 ed. | stop -- stopped -- stopped prefer -- preferred -- preferred refer-referred-referred occur-occurred-occurred |
一般过去时常见的提示: yesterday; the day before yesterday; last（week/ month/ year/Sunday --）
this ---；just now； --- ago; after ---; when --- 等等。
注：当谓语动词是行为动词时，肯定句用动词的过去式表达，构成疑问句或否定句时，需借助did或didn’t构成，谓语动词要还原成原形。例如：
I went to the zoo yesterday.
My mother didn’t go to the park last weekend.
Did Jim come to see you last night?
.
现在进行时
表示目前正在发生或进行的动作。 （只有延续性动词有进行时； 非延续性动词没有进行时 ）
主语 + 系动词（am / is / are ）+ 现在分词
现在分词的构成
| 构成法 | 词例 |
| (1) 一般情况下加 ing. | work -- working； learn -- learning |
| (2) 以 e 结尾的，去掉e，再加 ing. | live -- living； take -- taking |
| (3) 以重读闭音节 或 r 音节 结尾，且末尾只有一个 辅音字母的词，要双写这个辅音字母，再加 ing. | sit -- sitting； stop -- stopping chat -- chatting； refer -- referring |
| (4) 以 ie 结尾的，要改ie 为y，再加 ing. | tie -- tying； lie -- lying |
Look. Alice is reading a magazine over there.
Listen. Peter is singing a Chinese song.
Alice is talking to Peter now.
I’m learning Japanese at the moment.
特殊情况： 非延续性动词 没有进行时，它们的现在分词形式 表示 将来时。
主语 + ( am / is / are ) + 非延续性动词的现在分词：表示将来时。
I’m going to school now.
Mary is leaving for New York soon.
Spring Festival is coming.
I’m arriving in Beijing.
过去进行时
表示在过去的某时正在发生或进行的动作。
主语 + 系动词（was / were ）+ 现在分词
David was doing his homework at 8 o’clock yesterday.
I was doing my homework at his time yesterday.
Tom was having breakfast when Mary called him.
一般将来时
表示将要发生的动作，或计划或打算作某事。
主语 + will + 动词原形
主语 + ( am / is / are ) + going to + 动词原形
主语 + ( am / is / are ) + 非延续性动词的 现在分词：
例如：
I will tell you the good news.
John is going to visit Hangzhou next week.
My father is coming to Qingdao tomorrow.
一般将来时常见的提示:
tomorrow; the day after tomorrow; next week; in the future; in three days; this evening, soon, at the end of this term
一般将来时的用法
1.表示将来的动作或状态。例如：
We will get to Shanghai tomorrow.
2.在“祈使句+and/or+句子”这个结构中，“句子”用一般将来时。例如：
Get up early, and you will catch the early bus.
Hurry up, or you will be late for school.
“be going to+动词原形 ” 与“will+动词原形”
be going to和will在一般情况下可以互换，但是在下列情况下将来时要用will。
| 说明 | 例句 |
| 带有意愿色彩 | I will help you later. |
| 问对方是否愿意或客气的邀请或命令 | Will you please close the door? Will you go with me? |
| 在时间、条件状语从句中，如果主句是一般将来时，用will | Mr. Wang will come if it doesn’t rain. He will call us as soon as he gets to Hong Kong. |
过去将来时
表示在过去的某时计划或打算作某事。 ( 间接引语 / 宾语从句 )
主语 + would + 动词原形
主语 + ( was / were ) + going to + 动词原形
主语 + ( was / were ) +非延续动词的动名词
例如：
I thought you would help the old man.
Mary was going to take part in this meeting.
He said he was leaving for Hong Kong.
现在完成时
含义：现在完成时表示“过去的动作对现在所造成的结果或影响”.
汉语译文中经常含有“已经”、“曾经”、“还没有”等词语.
构成：主语 + have / has + 过去分词 例如：
I have seen this movie before. (结果：我了解这部影片的内容 )
He has had a good education. (结果：他的知识水平很高 )
现在完成时常见的标志 :
so far / up to now ; recently ; in recent years ; before ;
in the past … / in the last … / over the past … / over the last …
since / for: 既可以用于 “现在完成时”, 也可以用于“现在完成进行时”.
already / yet / ever / never / before: 既可以用于“现在完成时”, 也可以用于“过去完成时”.
I have already finished the work. / I have just finished the work.
Have you finished the work yet ?
I haven’t finished my work yet.
延续性动词与非延续性动词
延续性动词可以接一段时间；
非延续性动词后面不能接一段时间, 如果要接一段时间, 就必须把 非延续性动词 替换成相应的延续性动词.
come -- be here He came here two hours ago.
He has been here for two hours.
go -- be out/ be away They went out an hour ago.
They have been out for an hour.
leave --- be away Tom left ten minutes ago.
Tom has been away for ten minutes.
buy --- have I bought this dictionary 10 years ago.
I have had this dictionary for 10 years.
begin---be on The film began five minutes ago.
The film has been on for five minutes.
某些延续性动词（如：look for, watch, wait for, live, work, develop, teach, learn, study,rain等）与 since 或 for 连用时， 表示“从过去的某一时刻起,一直持续到现在的动作”，它们的“现在完成时”可以与“现在完成进行时”互相替换。
He has lived here for 20 years.
He has been living here for 20 years.
▲ have been to 表示“曾经去过 ---” : I have been to Beijing before.
▲ have gone to 表示“已经去了 ---” : They have gone to Japan.
过去完成时 主语 + had + 过去分词
表示在过去的某个动作之前发生的动作 -- “过去的过去”.
By the end of last month, we had learned 12 English songs.
By the time he got home, all the guests had left.
When they arrived at the railway station，the train had already left.
Before I went to bed，I had finished reading that book.
After I had finished reading the book，I went to bed.
“by the end of last ---” 只能用于“过去完成时”
By the end of last month, we had learned 5000 English words.
现在完成进行时 主语 + have / has + been + 现在分词
表示从过去的某一时刻起到现在，一直在做某事。
I have been waiting for your reply since I sent you a letter
I have been living here for 20 years
It has been raining since last night
Since 19, Wang Gang has been working in this company.
He has been learning English for 10 years.
专项练习
动词时态专项训练
1． He often to the park with some friends on Sundays.
A. go B. goes C. is going D. has gone
2． Tom’s father listening to classical music.
A. like B. don’t like C. likes D. is liking
3． your mother up early in the morning.
A. Do / get B. Do / gets C. Does / gets D. Does / get
4． Look, the boys football on the playground.
A. play B. playing C. are playing D. is play
5． Peter went swimming with Mike yesterday, he ?
A. did B. does C. didn’t D. doesn’t
6． I a UFO in the sky while I was talking a walk in the street just now.
A. saw B. have seen C. will see D. was seeing
7． Fred a model plane when I went to see him.
A. makes B. is making C. was making D. made
8． I’ll tell her to call you back when she back.
A. will come B. comes C. has come D. is coming
9． My father cigarettes, he thinks it is harmful for health.
A. didn’t smoke B. don’t smoke
C. doesn’t smokes D. doesn’t smoke
10．I 2000 English words by the end of last term.
A. had learned B. have learned
C. would learn D. was learning
11．How long you the mobile phone ?
A. have bought B. have / had C. did / buy D. do / buy
12．My brother to London many times, so he knows London very well.
A. was going B. went C. has been D. has gone
13．I want to know if you free tomorrow evening. If you free, I’d like to invite you to dinner.
A. will be / are B. are / will be
C. are / are D. will be / will be
14．Listen, the music very nice.
A. is sounding B. sound C. sounds D. is sounded
15．I my best to learn English well from now on.
A. tried B. have tried C. am trying D. will try
16．Our teacher told us that light faster than sound.
A. travelled B. travels C. had travelled D. is travelled
17．Mr Brown isn’t at home now. He to his office.
A. had gone B. had been C. has gone D. has been
18．He said he would go to the movies with us if he free.
A. will be B. would be C. is D. was
19．Jenny to visit her grandma three days ago.
A. went B. goes C. has gone D. had gone
20．The Greens China for five years.
A. has been in B. have been in
C. has come to D. have gone to
21．There a basketball match in our school the day after tomorrow.
A. will have B. will be C. would be D. is going to have
22．I to Hainan for vacation in three days.
A. went B. go C. will go D. was going
23．How long you French before you went to Paris ?
A. had / studied B. have / studied
C. do / study D. would / study
24．Hi, Peter. I you were here.
A. don’t know B. haven’t known
C. hadn’t known D. didn’t know
25．We will get everything ready before she here.
A. will come B. comes C. would come D. came
26．Tom his coat and then went out.
A. put on B. puts on C. had put on D. would put on
27．Neither of us interested in folk songs.
A. were B. am C. is D. are
28．I heard her in the next room when I got home.
A. play B. playing C. to play D. played
29．Linda TV since 6 o’clock this morning.
A. was watching B. has been watched
C. had watched D. has been watching
30．He to work in a factory at the age of 17.
A. began B. has begun C. would begin D. had begun
31．One day while I along the street, I someone calling me.
A. walked / heard B. was walking / was hearing
C. was walking / heard D. walked / was hearing
32．Neither I nor he in physics.
A. are interesting B. are interested
C. is interesting D. is interested
33．I in the bar for an hour before she .
A. had waited / arrived B. waited / had arrived
C. was waiting / had arrived D. have waited / arrive
34．He he me before.
A. said / has met B. said / had met
C. says / had met D. is saying / has met
35．Tina said that she a party at home the next Saturday evening.
A. had held B. will hold C. would hold D. is holding
36．When he arrived at the cinema, the film already .
A. was / starting B. would / start
C. has / started D. had / started
37．-- Where’s Mr Green ?
-- He Japan on business. He back in two weeks.
A. has gone to / is B. has been to / will be
C. has been to / comes D. has gone to / will be
38．He has never seen such a wonderful movie before, ?
A. hasn’t he B. didn’t C. has he D. did he
39．Jean me whether I to London before.
A. asked / had been B. asked / would go
C. asked / has been D. asked / went
40．I her since 2007.
A. didn’t see B. hadn’t seen C. haven’t seen D. haven’t been seeing
41．I late in the morning in the past, but now I early.
A. used to get up / am used to get up
B. am used to getting / used to get up
C. used to get up / am used to getting up
D. am used for getting / used to get up
42．I the computer for three years.
A. have bought B. have had C. had bought D. bought
43．I the movie before. I ten years ago.
A. have seen / saw B. had seen / saw
C. saw / have seen D. had seen / have seen
44．Frank to Qingdao five years ago, and he here for five years.
A. has come / lived B. had come / lived
C. came / had lived D. came / has lived
45．I don’t know when he . When he , I’ll let you know.
A. arrives / will arrive B. will arrive / will arrive
C. will arrive / arrives D. arrives / arrives
46．When you to learn English ?
A. do / begin B. did / begin C. have / begun D. had / begun
47．Linda went to the party last Saturday, and .
A. so was I B. so I was C. so did I D. so I did
48．-- What the weather like tomorrow ?
-- It very cold.
A. is / going to be / is B. will / be / will
C. is / going to be / is going D. will / be / will be
49．-- Excuse me. Look at the sign: No Smoking.
-- Sorry. I it.
A. don’t see B. didn’t see C. haven’t seen D. won’t see
50．When Jack arrived, he learned that Mary for almost an hour.
A. had gone B. had set off C. had left D. had been away
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