
1.常用词汇与短语
差别:gaps between, differentiate between, discrepancies,no intergroup difference
存在,出现:occurred, occurrence ,existed, existence, presence, present
多数,少数:the overwhelming majority of, in the majority of cases ,a marked majority, handful
方法:approaches, avenues, methods, techniques, means, tools
发生率:Incidence, frequency, prevalence
发现,阐明,报道,证实:verify, confirm, elucidate, identify, define, characterize, clarify, establish, ascertain, explain, observe, illuminate, illustrate,demonstrate, show, indicate, exhibit, presented, reveal, display, manifest,suggest, propose, estimate, prove, imply, disclose,report, describe,facilitate the identification of ,screening ,isolation
改变:change, alteration,
高,增加:high, enhanced, elevated, increased, forced
各种,多种:in multiple types of, in various types of, in a variety of
关系,相关,参与:closely involved in, associated,
广泛的:in an extensive survey
执行:perform, carry out
降,少,缺:decrease, reduction, reduced, diminish, loss, suppression, deficient, low, weak, faint, light, absence, absent, undetectable, lack ,defective, negative,poor,impaired, greatly reduced or completely absent, frequently lost or down-expressed
角色,起作用:role, part (limited, potential, early, possible role)
可能性:feasibility
密切地:intimately
难理解的,似谜的:enigmatic (x remains enigmatic)
潜在假定的:potential, candidate, putative,
缩写:abbreviations
识别,辨别:discernment
提供,帮助:provide, supply, help (to), contribute to, offer, allow, dedicate, devote, assist in
调节(失调,上调,下调):dis-regulation, dys-regulation, up-regulation, up-expression, over-expression, down-expression, down-regulation,
推测: presume,speculate ,confer, conjecture ,guess, deduce,deduction显著,优先的:prominent, pronounced, obvious, marked, predominant, strong, striking ,notable, Conspicuously, remarkably,significant, preferential, prevalence, prevalent,
相同,同等并列:with a similar pattern to
协同,加强:synergize with
研究:analysis, survey, study, research, investigation, experiments, trial, observations, assessment, inquiry, examinations ,pursue investigation into, analyze, detect, determinate, be focused on, measure, examine, test, assess, evaluate, explore,
一致:which is in accord with the results,which corroborated the results
which supported the results
优缺点:merits and drawbacks,beneficial and detrimental
异常:aberration, abnormality
重要:crucial, key, important, major, be of critical importance
相反:On the contrary, In contrary,but quite on the contrary,in sharp contrast,
contrary to what would be expected,Contrary to the expectation that,
与一起:in combination with, coupled with
由于、鉴于:In light of,In view that
2.常用句型
Beginning
1. In this paper, we focus on the need for
2. This paper proceeds as follow.
3. The structure of the paper is as follows.
4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts
5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the
Introduction
1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.
2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.
3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.
Review
1. This review is followed by an introduction.
2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.
3. In the next section, a brief review of the … is given.
4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...
5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.
6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.
Body
1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.
2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.
3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx
4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window
6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...
7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.
8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.
9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.
10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.
11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules
12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.
13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.
14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.
15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.
16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.
17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.
18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.
19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..
20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.
21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.
22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.
23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system
24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.
25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.
26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.
27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...
Section
1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.
2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section
2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.
3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.
4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.
5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.
6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx
Summary
1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.
2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.
3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.
4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.
5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized
6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.
7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.
Abstract
1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.
2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.
3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.
4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.
5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.
6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.
7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.
8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.
9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.
10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.
11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.
12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.
13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.
14. This paper analyses problems in
15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...
16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...
17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching
18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.
19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx
20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.
21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx
22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.
23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure
Chapter 1. Introduction
Time
1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive
2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world
3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the
4. The development of ... is explored
5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions
6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years
7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...
8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...
9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.
10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx
11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method
has yet to be developed.
12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].
13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.
Objective / Goal / Purpose
1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:
2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.
3. The paper concerns the development of a xx
4. The scope of this research lies in
5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.
6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...
7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:
8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of
9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide
10. The main objective of such a ... system is to
11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.
12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:
13. In order to take advantage of their similarity
14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed
15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...
16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues
17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.
18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.
19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods
20. This illustration points out the need to specify
21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.
22. Chapter 2. Literature Review
23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx
24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade
25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.
26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning
27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.
28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in
methodological aspects as in concrete applications.
29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.
30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.
31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of
32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.
33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.
34. The central issue in all these studies is to
35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.
36. Applied ... techniques to
37. Characterized the ... system as
38. Developed an algorithm to
39. Developed a system called ... which
40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce
41. Emphasized the need to
42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology
43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken
44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed
45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/
Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights
46. Point out that the problem of
47. A study on ...was done / developed by []
48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with
49. The approach taken by [] is
50. The system developed by [] consists
51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []
52. []'s model requires consideration of...
53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development
54. []'s model focuses on...
55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to
56. The published information that is relevant to this research...
57. This study further shows that
58. Their work is based on the principle of
59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].
60. Studies have been completed to established
61. The ...studies indicated that
62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.
Problem / Issue / Question
63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.
. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems
67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved
68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed
69. An unanswered question
70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.
71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....
72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed
73. The three prime issues can be summarized:
74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...
75. There have been many attempts to
76. It is expected to be serious barrier to
77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex
graph show
78.The software life cycle is shown in Figure 6-1.
79.Figure 1.3 illustrates the steps involved in a data transfer …
80.As is vividly depicted in the picture….
81.Set up the experiment as shown in the picture above.
82.A wave that repeats, like the one above, is called …
83.As shown below…
84.as shown above…
3.摘要书写规范与常用句型
3.1英文摘要撰写规范
1)时态:英文摘要的时态,英文摘要时态的运用常用一般现在时、 一般过去时。一般现在时用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议或讨论等;涉及到公认事实自然规律永恒真理等,也要用一般现在时。一般过去时用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程 (实验、 观察、 调查、 医疗等过程)。用一般过去时描述的发现、 现象,往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、 永恒真理, 只是当时情况; 所描述的研究过程也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。描述作者工作一般用过去时态(因为工作是过去做的) ,但在陈述由这些工作所得出的结论时,应该用现在时态。现在完成时和过去完成时少用,但不是不用。现在完成时把过去发生的或过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来,而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完成的事情, 或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。
2)英文摘要的语态。采用何种语态, 既要考虑摘要的特点,又要满足表达的需要。一篇摘要很短, 尽量不要随便混合使用语态, 更不要在一个句子里混用。现在主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态,如: The au t hor i ntroduces . . . .
3)英文摘要的人称。原来摘要的首句多用第三人称 This paper . . . 等开头,现在倾向于用原形动词开头, 如: To descri be . . . , To investigate . . . , Tostudy . . .等,行文时最好不用第一人称,以方便文摘刊物的编辑刊用。
4)冠词: 主要是定冠词 the易被漏用。The用于表示整个群体、 分类、 时间、 地名以及独一无二的事物、 形容词最高级等较易掌握, 用于特指时常被漏用。这里有一个原则,即当我们用 the时, 听者或读者已经明确我们所指的是什么。
5)数词: 避免用阿拉伯数字作首词。
6)尽量使用短句, 长句容易造成语义不清, 但要避免单调和重复。
3.2英文摘要常用句式
3.2.1“目的”部分
●介绍目的常用句型
1)直接用 to do 短语表达
举例:To determine if use of omeprazole protects against the gastric mucosal injury
2)The purpose/aim/objective/goal(of present study is)was to
举例:The aim of this study was to determine the protective function of omeprazole
on gastric mucosal injury
3)The present study is /was designed/devised/intended to
举例:The present study was designed to establish whether there might be a genetic
predisposition to an altered pattern of anti-inflammatory cytokine produced in patients with irritable bowel syndrome
4)This study was performed/conducted/carried out/undertaken to
举例:An experimental study was conducted using a canine mode to elucidate...
5)We aimed/sought to/attempted to
举例:We sought to assess whether there is an increased risk of tuberculosis among
individuals who work in certain industries occupations.
●介绍目的常用动词
1)研究:study, investigate, examine, observe, explore
2)评价:evaluate, validate
3)确定:determine, decide, confirm, support, define, characterize
4)证实:prove, demonstrate, document, test, support, testify, verify
5)阐明、搞清:explain, elucidate, clarify, illustrate, delineate, find out, contribute to
the knowledge of
6)介绍:describe, present, report
7)建立:establish, develop, set out
8)寻找:search for, look for, seek, find
9)识别、区分:identify, differentiate, discriminate
10)优选:optimize
11)比较:compare
12)回顾:review
13)相关:correlate A with B
14)回顾:review, summarize, present, outline, describe
15)目的:purpose, attempt, aim
16)重点:focus, emphasize, emphasis, attention
●例句
1) We review evidence for this view of addiction and discuss its implications for
understanding the psychology and neurobiology of addiction.
2) This paper outlines some of the basic methods and strategies and discusses some
related theoretical and practical issues.
3) We also summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as Higgs bosons, heavy neutrinos, and supersymmetric particles.
4) We present estimators for several population-genetic parameters (gene and
genotype frequencies, within- and between-population heterozygosities, degree of
inbreeding and population subdivision, and degree of individual relatedness) along with expressions for their sampling variances.
5) We also describe the conceptual background and development of a self-report
measure of these dimensions, the Temperament and Character Inventory.
6) We attempt to recover a function of unknown smoothness from noisy sampled data.
7) To investigate the mechanism of Bcl-2’s effect, we examined whether Bcl-2
interacted with other proteins.
8) For comparison purposes we present some opacity tables for the Ross-Aller and
Cox-Tabor metal abundances.
9) With the aim to provide observational constraints on the evolution of the galactic
disk, we have derived abundances of Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Ti, Fe, Ni, Y, Zr, Ba and Nd, as well as individual photometric ages, for 1 nearby field F and G disk dwarfs.
10) In addition to presenting technical details of the pseudopotential method, the
article aims to heighten awareness of the capabilities of the method in order to stimulate its application to as wide a range of problems in as many scientific disciplines as possible.
11) Here we study the dependence of apoptosis on p53 expression in cells from
the thymus cortex.
12) This article includes a brief review of the physics underlying HERWIG, followed by a description of the program itself.
13) This paper presents a detailed analysis of several hundred plant carbon exchange rate (CER) and dry weight (DW) responses to atmospheric CO2 enrichment
determined over the past 10 years.
14) This paper presents basic methodology of MCMC, emphasizing the Bayesian
paradigm, conditional probability and the intimate relationship with Markov random fields in spatial statistics.
15) This paper focuses on the promise of artificial neural networks in the realm of
modeling, identification and control of nonlinear systems.
3.2.2“方法/过程”部分
●常用词汇
1) 介绍研究或试验过程,常用词汇有: test, study, investigate, examine, experiment,
discuss, consider, analyze, analysis 等。
2) 说明研究或试验方法,常用词汇有: measure, estimate, calculate 等。
3) 介绍应用、用途,常用词汇有: use, apply, application 等.
●例句
1) We use N-body simulations to investigate the structure of dark halos in the standard cold dark matter cosmogony.
2) We present an analysis of atmospheric neutrino data from a 33.0 kton yr (535-day)
exposure of the Super-Kamiokande detector.
3) We tested this hypothesis in various human T cells: (1) malignant Jurkat cells, (2) an alloreactive T-cell clone (S13), and (3) peripheral ATC.
4) We study objects with masses ranging from those of dwarf galaxy halos to those of
rich galaxy clusters.
5) This paper examines how the molecular shapes of covalent organosilanes, quaternary ammonium surfactants, and mixed surfactants in various reaction conditions can be used to synthesize silica-based mesophase configurations,…
6) Numerical experiments indicate also that the new variant, named Bi-CGSTAB, is
often much more efficient than CG-S.
7) This paper discusses a class of models for the marginal expectations of each response and for pairwise associations.
8) This article considers the role of the hippocampus in memory function.
9) We have developed a global model to estimate emissions of volatile organic
10) This study presents estimates of lifetime and 12-month prevalence of 14 DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders from the National Comorbidity Survey
11) To calibrate our maps, we assume a standard reddening law and use the colors of elliptical galaxies to measure the reddening per unit flux density of 100 mm emission.
12) We also provide a step-by-step analytic procedure, based on the Press-Schechter
formalism, that allows accurate equilibrium profiles to be calculated as a function of mass in any hierarchical model.
13) Our program uses a maximum likelihood approach and is based on version 3.3 of Felsenstein's dnaml program.
14) As an application, we implement a compact image coding algorithm that selects
important edges and compresses the image data by factors over 30.
15) We used RELEASE for data summary and goodness-of-fit tests and SURGE for
iterative model fitting and the computation of likelihood ratio tests.
16) Using the phoA gene and phoA fusions to monitor expression in these vectors, we
show that the ratio of induction/repression can be 1,200-fold, compared with 50-fold for P-TAC-based vectors.
17) We apply the network to the source separation (or cocktail party) problem,
successfully separating unknown mixtures of up to 10 speakers.
3.2.3 “结果”部分
●常用词汇
1) 展示研究结果,常用词汇有: show, result, present 等.
2) 介绍结论,常用词汇有: summary, introduce, conclude 等.
●例句
1) We show this cell death to be dependent upon expression of c-myc protein and to
occur by apoptosis.
2) Our results suggest a widespread role for the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate system in the nervous system.
3) Recent research had shown that orally administered resveratrol lowered lipid levels
in the liver of rats.
4) Our results show that p53 exerts a significant and dose-dependent effect in the
initiation of apoptosis, but only when it is induced by agents that cause DNA-strand.
5) The results we obtained demonstrate that this technique will contribute to our
understanding of the genetic diversity of uncharacterized microbial populations.
6) We present the results of two exploratory parsimony analyses of DNA sequences
from 475 and 499 species of seed plants, respectively, representing all major taxonomic groups.
7) We present a simple derivation of a simple GGA, in which all parameters (other
than those in LSD) are fundamental constants.
8) We introduce a procedure, SureShrink, that suppresses noise by thresholding the
empirical wavelet coefficients.
9) By means of informal mathematical arguments, simulations and a series of worked
examples, we conclude that PQL is of practical value for approximate inference on
parameters and realizations of random effects in the hierarchical model.
10) We give a summary of the main physics component of the current versions, PYTHIA 5.7 and JETSET 7.4: hard-scattering matrix elements, parton distributions, initial- and final-state radiation, multiple interactions, beam remnants. fragmentation and decays.
3.2.4 “结论”部分
● “结论”部分常用句型
1) 结果提示:These results suggest that...
举例:These data confirm the presence of at least two major HCV genotypes in Nigeria.
2) 结果支持或反对某种观点:These results support the idea that;These results
fail to support the idea that
举例:These results do not support the idea that treatment to lower cholesterol concentration cause mood disturbance.
3) 表示观点的确定或不确定性:There is no evidence that;It is likely/unlikely
that…
举例:There is no evidence that NIDDM produce any change in bone metabolism or
mass.
4)具有…意义:Be of great (some/little/no) clinical significance in...to ...
举例:The detection of p53 gene is of great clinical significance in tumor diagnosis.
5)前瞻性说明:...remain to be further studied;It is remains to be proved that ...
举例:However, the relation of insulin resistance to hypertension remains to be
further studied.
6)插入语:This is the first case of pancreas divisum.
举例:This is the first case, to our knowledge, of pancreas divisum.
●常用词汇
1)陈述论文的论点和作者的观点,常用词汇有: suggest, report, present, explain,
expect, describe 等.
2)阐明论证,常用词汇有: support, provide, indicate, identify, find, demonstrate,
confirm, clarify 等.
3)推荐和建议,常用词汇有: suggest, suggestion, recommend, recommendation,
propose, necessity, necessary, expect 等.
●例句
1) The results suggest that abnormalities in male sex development induced by
p,p'-DDE and related environmental chemicals may be mediated at the level of the androgen receptor.
2) In this study, we describe a psychobiological model of the structure and development of personality that accounts for dimensions of both temperament and
character.
3) We report here that immature thymocytes lacking p53 die normally when exposed
to compounds that may mimic T-cell receptor engagement and to glucocorticoids but are resistant to the lethal effects of ionizing radiation.
4) We present the derivation of a new molecular mechanical force field for simulating
the structures, conformational energies, and interaction energies of proteins, nucleic acids, and many related organic molecules in condensed phases.
5) Exciting new research has elaborated several important and unexpected findings
that explain mechanisms involved in the activation of NF-kappa B.
6) We expect the uncertainties in the relative ages to be about 25%, although the absolute errors may be larger.
7) We showed that it is possible to identify constituents which represent only 1% of
the total population. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 1993, 59(3): 695-700
8) These results demonstrate that p53 is required for radiation-induced cell death in
the thymus but is not necessary for all forms of apoptosis.
9) Our conclusions are supported by a rigorous statistical analysis of hundreds of
millions of high quality Ethernet traffic measurements collected between 19 and 1992, coupled with a discussion of the underlying mathematical and statistical properties of
self-similarity and their relationship with actual network behavior.
10) Here we provide evidence from direct experimental manipulation of diversity by
over an order of magnitude, using multi-trophic level communities and simultaneous
measures of several ecosystem processes, that reduced biodiversity may indeed alter the performance of ecosystems.
11) Hybridization with human DNA and RNA indicates a high degree of conservation of these genes in other vertebrates.
12) Our studies indicate that major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes are activated in response to newly synthesized antigens, leading to destruction of virus infected cells and loss of transgene expression.
13) We find consistent calibration using the B-R color distribution of a sample of the
106 brightest cluster ellipticals, as well as a sample of 384 ellipticals with B-V and Mg line strength measurements.
14) We find that p21 inhibits the activity of each member of the cyclin/CDK family.
15) Finally, we demonstrate that deregulated c-myc expression induces apoptosis in
cells growth arrested by a variety of means and at various points in the cell cycle.
16) Here we present records of sea surface temperature from North Atlantic sediments
spanning the past 90 kyr which contain a series of rapid temperature oscillations closely matching those in the ice-core record, confirming predictions that the ocean must bear the imprint of the Dansgaard-Oeschger events2,3.
17) We clarify how this trade-off is intimately involved in the evolution of secondary
sexual characteristics and how it may explain some of the equivocal empirical results that have surfaced in attempts to quantify parasite’s effect on sexual selection.
18) The authors suggest that the most promising route to effective strategies for the
prevention of adolescent alcohol and other drug problems is through a risk-focused
approach.
20) We propose two algorithms to estimate the significance level for a test of HWP.
