关于改革开放的一些看法

1978年，以十一届三中全会为标志，共和国作出了决定国家前途命运的关键抉择，改革开放大幕拉开，古老的中国发生了历史性的变化。 到2008年，改革开放步入而立之年，回眸这30个年头，中国经济社会实现了巨大变化；思想不断，观念不断更新。

但是，外国人对中国改革开放往往有自己的理解和看法，在美国，对中国的改革开放不理解甚至反对的人早有之。当然这和不同国家的意识形态密切相关，例如很多外国人一般就不理解中国的一些和思想。例如，在中国一般规定，少数服从多数、下级服从上级、局部服从全体、全党服从。

他们认为改革开发给中国带来了巨大的变化，人民得到了好处，但是也出现了很多问题，有的问题还很严重。这里仅讨论其中一个问题，就是中国改革开放后的迁徙自由问题。

几乎所有外国人都坚定地认为，迁徙自由是公民的一项基本权利。但是，在中国由于法律的缺席使得这一权利的实现无法得到相应的保护。建国以来，在计划经济下所形成的户籍制度及与其相关联的一系列配套制度对公民的迁徙自由进行了实质上的。中国对迁徙自由的认识经历了一个由肯定到否定再到一定程度的默认的过程。改革开放所带来的巨大社会变化要求中国人应该重新认识迁徙自由的重大意义。

外国人一般赞同以下几点：第一，公民以生活为目的离开原居住地到外地这一行为本身不受他人或国家的非法约束；第二，公民为达到“生活的目的”（包括择居、择业、受教育、旅行等）所应平等获得的机会和条件不受他人或国家的非法控制，同时必须保证公民的身份平等和机会平等。最后，与其它任何一项自由权一样，迁徙自由也必然是相对的、有限度的。中国的老百姓也是可以体谅这一点的。例如，在中国，没有人要求实行迁徙自由的，即居民有在特别行政区境内迁徙的自由，有移居其他国家和地区的自由。

中国必须努力建立统一、开放、竞争、有序的劳动力市场，改革城镇户籍管理制度，逐步调整大中城市户口迁移，保障公民正常迁移和择业权利，促进人口在城乡、区域间合理流动和分布。

Some Viewpoints on the Reform and Opening-up Policy

In 1978 China reached a decision for the key choice of national prospect destiny. A curtain of the reform and opening-up policy was opened. Ancient China took place historic variety. Thirty years have passed by now. The Chinese economy society carried out unprecedented great change. The thought relieves continuously; the idea renews continuously.

But the foreigners usually have own comprehension and

viewpoint to the Chinese reform. At the United States, there are some people against the reform policy. Certainly those viewpoints are closely related with ideology. Many foreigners generally understand some Chinese policies and thought. For example，there is a common policy. The minority is subordinate to the majority ,the lower level to the higher level, the part to the whole and the entire membership of the Party to the Central Committee.

They agreed that the reform bringed huge variety to China. The people have got an advantage from the policy. But a lot of problems also appeared. Some problem are still very serious. Now we only talk about one of the issues. It is the problem of the freedom of migration since the reform and opening-up policy was performed in China.

There is a standpoint identified by all the foreigners: The freedom of migration is a basic right to the citizens. For the absence of the corresponding law in China, the right has not be protected yet. After the foundation of the state, the household registration systems formed under planned economic system and a series of related systems have substantially restricted citizen's freedom of migration. People’s knowledge about the freedom of migration in China has experienced the change from positive to negative and then to some degree of toleration. Enormous social changes brought by the reform and opening-up policy led citizen realize the importance of the freedom of migration.

The foreigners all agree that the intension of freedom includes several aspects. Firstly, citizen's behavior of migration should not be illegally restrained from others or the state. Secondly, the citizen’s equal chance to realize the purpose of life should not be illegally controlled from others or the state. At the same time the citizen’s equality including the equality of person and the equality of chance must be ensured. Finally, the freedom of migration is relatively and has its legal limitation. Then the author introduces several situations to limit the freedom of migration in the law. The common people are considerate of it in China. For example, Chinese are not impossible to call for the migration policy of Hong Kong. Hong Kong residents have freedom of movement within the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and freedom of emigration to other countries and regions.

In china efforts should be made to set up a unified, open, competitive, and orderly labor market; reform the residence registration policy in cities and towns, and gradually change the policy concerning change in residency in large and medium-sized cities, so that the rights of people to move and chose jobs freely can be guaranteed and the redistribution of human resources between cities and countryside and among various regions can be realized;