适用专业: 英语口译(MTI)、英语笔译(MTI)
(试题共13页)
(注意:答案必须写在答题纸上,写在试题上不给分)
I. Vocabulary and grammar (30’)
Multiple choice
Directions: Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence. Mark your answers on your answer sheet.
1. Tom is the most ___________ pupil in the class.
A. industrious B. indulgent C. industrialist D. industrial
2. The mayor of the city is a ________old man.
A. respective B. respectful C. respecting D. respectable
3. I believe reserves of coal here __________ to last for fifty years.
A. efficient B. sufficient C. proficient D. effective
4. Mr. Smith complained about the __________air-conditioner he had bought from the company.
A. infectious B. deficient C. ineffective D. defective
5. All the students were excited at the __________of a weekend sports competition.
A. opinion B. view C. thought D. idea
6. The traveler’s passport established his ___________.
A. proof B. evidence C. identity D. case
7. When we credit the successful people with intelligence, physical strength or great luck, we are making excuses for ourselves because we fall________ in all three.
A. rare B. short C. lacking D. scarce
8. My sister is quite __________ and plans to get an M.A degree within one year.
A. aggressive B. enthusiastic C. considerate D. ambitious
9. The twins are so much __________ that it is difficult to tell one from the other.
A. similar B. same C. like D. alike
10. His eyes were injured in a traffic accident, but after a __________ operation, he quickly recovered his sight.
A. considerate B. delicate C. precise D. sensitive
11. The chief foods eaten in any country depend largely on _________ best in its climate and soil.
A. it grown B. does it grown
C. what grows D. what does it grow
12. The fragrances of many natural substances come from oils, __________ these oils may be used in manufacturing perfumes.
A. of B. whether C. from D. and
13. If only our team ___________ one more point!
A. scores B. had scored C. scored D. have scored
14. ___________, he could not lift the weight.
A. Strong while he was B. However strong as he was
C. Strong as he was D. Strong although he was
15. Tom is one of the top students who __________ by the headmaster.
A. have been praised B. has been praised d
C. have praised D. are praised
16. You could do it, if you _________ try hard enough.
A. might B. should C. could D. would
17. The chairman requested that ___________.
A. the members studies the problem more carefully
B. the problem would be more carefully studied
C. the members had studied the problem with more care
D. the problem be studied with more care
18. George would certainly have attended the proceedings__________.
A. if he didn’t get a flat tire B. if the flat tire hadn’t happened
C. had he not had a flat tire D. had the tire not flattened itself
19. I would appreciate _________ it a secret.
A. you to keep B. that you would keep
C. your keeping D. that you are keeping
20. We _________ the letter yesterday, but it didn’t arrive
A. must receive B. must have received
C. ought to receive D. ought to have received
II. Reading comprehension (40’)
Section 1 Multiple choice (20’)
Directions: In this section there are reading passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.
Passage A
This year some twenty-three hundred teen-agers from all over the world will spend about ten months in U.S. homes. They will attend U.S. schools, meet U.S. teen-agers, and form lifelong impressions of the real America. At the same time, about thirteen hundred American teen-agers will go abroad to learn new languages and gain a new understanding of world problems. On returning home they, like others who have participated in the exchange program, will pass along their fresh impressions to the youth groups in which they are active.
What have the visiting students discovered? A German boy says, “We often think of America only in terms of skyscrapers, Cadillacs, and gangsters. Americans think of Germany only in terms of Hitler and concentration camps. You can’t realize how wrong you are until you see for yourself.”
A Los Angeles girl says, “It’s the leaders of the countries who are unable to get along. The people get along just fine.”
Observe a two-way student exchange in action. Fred Herschbach, nineteen, spent last year in Germany at the home of George Pfafflin. In turn, Mr. Pfafflin’s son Michael spent a year in the Herschbach home in Texas.
Fred, lanky and lively, knew little German when he arrived, but after two months’ study the language began to come to him. School was totally different from what he had expected--much more formal, much harder. Students rose respectfully when the teacher entered the room. They took fourteen subjects instead of the six that are usual in the United States. There were almost no outside activities.
Family life, too, was different. The father’s word was law, and all activities revolved around the closely knit family unit rather than the individual. Fred found the food--mostly starches—monotonous at first. Also, he missed having a car.
“At home, you pick up some kids in a car and go out and have a good time. In Germany, you walk, but you soon get used to it.”
A warm-natured boy, Fred began to make friends as soon as he had mastered enough German to communicate. “I didn’t feel as if I were with foreigners. I felt as I did at home with my own people.” Eventually he was invited to stay at the homes of friends in many of Germany’s major cities. “One’s viewpoint is broadened,” he says, “by living with people who have different habits and backgrounds. You come to appreciate their points of view and realize that it is possible for all people in the world to come closer together. I wouldn’t trade this year for anything.”
Meanwhile, in Texas, Mike Pfafflin, a friendly German boy, was also forming independent opinions. “I suppose I should criticize the schools,” he says. “It was far too easy by our standards. But I have to admit that I liked it enormously. In Germany we do nothing but study. I think that maybe your schools are better training for citizenship. There ought to be some middle ground between the two.” He took part in many outside activities, including the dramatic group.
Mike picked up a favorite adjective of American youth; southern fried chicken was “fabulous.” When expressing a regional point of view, he used the phrase “we Texans.” Summing up his year, he says with feeling, “America is a second home for me from now on. I will love it the rest of my life.”
This exciting exchange program was government sponsored at first; now it is in the hands of private agencies, including the American Field Service and the International Christian Youth Exchange. Screening committees make a careful check on exchange students and host homes. To qualify, students must be intelligent, adaptable, outgoing-potential leaders. Each student is matched, as closely as possible, with a young person in another country whose family has the same economic, cultural, and religious background.
After their years abroad, all students gather to discuss what they observed. For visiting students to accept and approve of all they saw would be a defeat for the exchange program. They are supposed to observe, evaluate, and come to fair conclusions. Nearly all who visited the United States agreed that they had gained faith in American ideals and deep respect for the U.S brand of democracy. All had made friendships that they were sure would last a life-time. Almost all were struck by the freedom permitted American youth. Many were critical, though, of the indifference to study in American schools, and of Americans’ lack of knowledge about other countries.
The opinions of Americans abroad were just as vigorous. A U.S. girl in Vienna: “At home, all we talk about is dating, movies, and clothes. Here we talk about religion, philosophy, and political problems. I am going to miss that.”
A U.S boy in Sweden: “I learned to sit at home, read a good book, and gain some knowledge. It I told them this back home, they would think I was a square.”
An American girl in Stuttgart, however, was very critical of the German school. “Over here the teacher is king, and you are somewhere far below. Instead of being friend and counselor, as in America the teacher is regarded as a foe—and behaves like it too!”
It costs a sponsoring group about a thousand dollars to give an exchange student a year in the United States. Transportation is the major expense, for bed, board, and pocket money are provided by volunteer families. There is also a small amount of federal support for the program.
For some time now, attempts have been made to include students from iron curtain countries. But so far the Communists have not allowed their young people to take part in this program which could open their eyes to a different world.
In Europe, however, about ten students apply for every place available, in Japan, the ratio is fifty to one. The student exchange program is helping these eager younger citizens of tomorrow learn a lot about the world today.
1. Exchange students are generally placed in homes that are
A. very similar to their own homes.
B. typical of homes in the land they are visiting.
C. as different from their own homes as is possible.
D. None of the above.
2. The greatest value of the program is that each visiting student
A. has a chance to travel in foreign countries.
B. shares what he learned with others.
C. learns a new language.
D. gains a new understanding of world problems.
3. Fred Herschbach and Mike Pfafflin agreed that
A. Americans are friendlier than Germans.
B. German food is more monotonous than American food..
C. German schools are harder than American schools.
D. The teacher in German is king.
4. The major expense that a group sponsoring an exchange student must meet is
A. bed and board.
B. pocket money and incidentals.
C. transportation.
D. transportation, bed board and pocket money.
5. It is reasonable to suppose that the author wishes that
A. American schools provided fewer outside activities.
B. more money were available to finance the exchange program.
C. the program were government sponsored.
D. visiting foreign students will completely accept the culture of America.
Passage B
“How many copies do you want printed, Mr. Greeley?”
“Five thousand!” The answer was snapped back without hesitation.
“But, sir,” the press foreman protested, “we have subscriptions for only five hundred newspapers.”
“We’ll sell them or give them away.”
The presses started rolling, sending a thundering noise out over the sleeping streets of New York City. The New York Tribune was born.
The newspaper’s founder, owner, and editor, Horace Greeley, anxiously snatched the first copy as it came sliding off the press. This was his dream of many years that he held in his hand. It was as precious as a child. Its birth was the result of years of poverty, hard work, and disappointments.
Hard luck and misfortune had followed Horace all his life. He was born of poor parents on February 3, 1811, on a small farm in New Hampshire. During his early childhood, the Greeley family rarely had enough to eat. They moved from one farm to another because they could not pay their debts. Young Horace’s only boyhood fun was reading—when he could snatch a few moments during a long working day.
The printed word always fascinated Horace. When he was only ten years old, he applied for a job as an apprentice in a printing shop. But he didn’t get the job because he was too young.
Four years later, Horace walked eleven miles to East Poultney in Vermont to answer an ad. A paper called the Northern Spectator had a job for a boy. The editor asked him why he wanted to be a printer. Horace spoke up boldly: “Because, sir, I want to learn all I can about newspapers.”
The editor looked at the oddly dressed boy. Finally he said, “You’ve got the job, son.”
For the first six months, room and board would be the only pay for his work. After that, he would get room and board and forty dollars a year.
Horace hurried home to shout the good news to his family. When he got there, he learned that his family was about to move again—this time to Pennsylvania. Horace decided to stay and work. Mrs. Greeley hated leaving her son behind, but gave her consent. Twice during his apprenticeship Horace walked six hundred miles to visit his family. Each time, he took all the money he had saved and gave it to his father.
The Spectator failed after Horace had spent four years working for it. He joined his family in Eric, Pennsylvania, and got a job on the Erie Gazette. Half the money he earned he gave to his family. The other half he saved to go to New York.
When he was twenty, Horance arrived in New York with ten dollars in his pocket. He was turned down twice when he asked for a job. Finally he became a typesetter for John T West’s Printery. The only reason Horace got the job was that it was so difficult other printers wouldn’t take it. His job was to set a very small edition of the Bible. Horace almost ruined his eyes at that job.
As young Greeley’s skill grew, better jobs came his way. He could have bought better clothes and moved out of his dingy room. But he was used to being poor, and his habits did not change. He spent practically nothing on himself. Even after his Tribune became a success, he lived as if he hadn’t enough money for his next meal.
The Tribune grew and thrived. It was unlike any newspaper ever printed before in the United States. Greeley started a new type of journalism. His news stories were truthful and accurate. His editorials attacked as well as praised. Many people disagreed with what he wrote, but still they read it. The Tribune became America’s first nationwide newspaper. It was read as eagerly in the Midwest and Far West as it was in the East. Greeley’s thundering editorials became the most powerful voice in the land.
Greeley and his Tribune fought for many causes. He was the first to come out for the right of women to vote. His Tribune was the leader in demanding protection for homesteads in the West. He aroused the north in the fight against slavery. During a depression in the East, jobless men asked what they could do to support themselves. Said Greeley: “Go West, young man, go West!”
As the Tribune gained more and more power, Greeley became more interested in politics. He led in forming and naming the Republican party. He, more than any other man, was responsible for Abraham Lincoln’s being named to run for President.
Horace Greeley was first of all a successful newspaperman. He was also a powerful political leader. But he was not a popular man. In 1872 he ran for President against Ulysses S Grant. Grant was re-elected by an overwhelming margin.
Greeley was then in deep mourning over the recent death of his wife. He was heart broken over losing the election. He never recovered from the double blow. Only weeks after his defeat, he died in New York City. His beloved Tribune lived on after him as the monument he wanted. Just before he died, he wrote:
“I cherish the hope that the journal I projected and established will live and flourish long after I shall have mouldered into forgotten dust, and that the stone that covers my ashes may bear to future eyes the still intelligible inscription, Founder of the New York Tribune.”
6. Horace gladly accepted his first job
A. because of the kind of work it was.
B. because of the high salary offered.
C. because of the location of the office.
D. because he couldn’t find any other job.
7. When Horace founded the Tribune he was
A. already a rich and famous newspaperman.
B. poor, but skilled in newspaper work.
C. poor, but eager to learn newspaper work.
D. rich and skilled in newspaper work.
8. The Tribune was different from all other American papers because it was
A. available by subscription only.
B. printed in New York city.
C. distributed throughout the nation.
D. it offered the editor’s personal opinions only.
9. Before the Tribune was founded, news reporting was
A. honest but uninteresting.
B. distorted or dishonest.
C. almost unknown.
D. interesting but distorted.
10. Greeley probably felt that his greatest accomplishment was
A. rising from poverty to wealth.
B. becoming a popular political leader.
C. founding the New York Tribune.
D. All of the above.
Section 2 Answering questions (20’)
Directions: Read the following passages and then answer IN COMPLETE SENTENCES the questions which follow each passage. Use only information from the passage you have just read and write your answer in the corresponding space in your answer sheet.
Questions 1~3
At seven o’clock each morning a bell sounds in the red brick buildings on the steep bank of the Hudson River at Ossining, New York. As it rings, an entire, separate town of some 2300 persons comes to life. It is the prison town of Sing Sing, a world of men who are confined but also living, working, playing—and hoping. Sing Sing is a town that lives on hope.
The seven o’clock bell is the signal for Sing Sing’s 1748 inmates and 514 man staff to begin another round of duties. The prisoners rise, wash and dress. They make up their narrow beds army-style and make certain that the objects on their dressers are regulation neat. By 7:15, when guards come along the runways to unlock the individual cells, the men are ready. They file slowly to the mess hall, falling into step along the way with friends and acquaintances. Each man grabs a tray and gets a breakfast of oatmeal with milk and sugar, bread, and coffee; he takes his seat at one of the long rows of eating benches, places the tray before him, and begins his breakfast. So starts the day in Sing Sing.
Breakfast over, the men file from the mess hall and under the watchful eyes of guards, drop their eating utensils into boxes provided at the doors. At five minutes to eight they go outside in a long, chattering line down to the cluster of prison workshops.
The prison has a dual function: it has its own permanent population, but it also serves as a receiving station for the great flow of prisoners from New York City. Here they come to be examined, screened, and eventually transferred to upstate institutions.
For the first two weeks, the new arrival is put through a series of mental, physical, and psychological examinations and given courses to prepare him for prison life. In each batch of new prisoners there are hardened men for whom prison can serve just one function—to remove them form society and keep them from doing further harm. But in each batch there are also those who can be helped and encouraged and turned into law-abiding citizens. It is toward these that most of the effort at the prison is directed.
Sing Sing is a school, hospital, and factory as well as a prison. If initial tests show that a man is illiterate, he goes to the prison school to receive the equivalent of an eighth-grade education. If he needs medical treatment, he is sent to the prison hospital. If he shows some special aptitude, or appears capable of learning a trade, he is assigned to a regular job in one of the shops.
The shops cover a wide range of activities. A man may be assigned to the printshop to learn the printer’s trade, or to the neighboring machine shop, where a twelve-month course turns raw trainees into good auto mechanics. Many of the prisons “graduates,” incapable of earning an honest living before, now support themselves on the good wages they make as skilled workers.
The shops are busy until 11:40 a.m., when the men straggle up the slope to the mess hall for dinner. In the afternoons some men go back to the shops. Others may meet and talk with relatives in the prison’s visiting room. Athletes may spend hours running and drilling on the basketball court.
The day’s work ends at 3:30, giving the men more than an hour of relative freedom before the supper whistle sounds at 4:40. With the evening meal, the day ends. The men go directly from the mess hall to their cell blocks and are locked in for the night. Each cell is equipped with a set of radio headphones tuned into programs sent over the prison circuit. A prisoner may read one of the well-thumbed volumes from the prison library, which circulates about 36,000 volumes a year, or he may work, as many inmates do, on a correspondence course to improve his chances of making a living when he gets out. Lights go out at ten o’clock. This routine does not vary greatly for any of Sing Sing’s inmates.
“We run the prison like a city of eighteen hundred people, only of course with a lot more police,” says Warden Wilfred I. Denno. “Anything you couldn’t do on the outside, you can’t do on the inside. You can’t fight, you can’t abuse an officer, you can’t steal. If you do, you’ll be punished. We hold court twice a week and try to make the punishment fit the crime.”
This code is impressed on the prisoner from the start; it underlies his every move on every day he spends in Sing Sing. He is faced with clear alternatives. If he misbehaves, he received punishment in the form of restricted privileges or even strict confinement. In one typical week there were only five infractions of prison rules, most of which were minor. One man was reprimanded for not reporting to work on time, one for creating a disturbance by trying to shove his way into the mess-hall line ahead of those already waiting. In three weeks of reports there was only one case of serious, outright rebellion against prison discipline. An inmate who was to be released in a month suddenly refused to follow an officer’s order. He was promptly placed in segregation for the rest of his prison term. There are no dark holes or bread-and-water routines at Sing Sing—in segregation, the cells and the food are the same as in the rest of the prison. But a man’s movements are restricted. He is kept locked in his cell, isolated from his fellows, and cannot go to the movies or to the commissary.
If a prisoner behaves, he accumulates “good time,” an important source of hope for most prisoners. Good time is the time by which, through his own good conduct, a prisoner may reduce his minimum sentence. Good behavior earns a man ten days good time a month. So a prisoner facing a three-to-six-year term would be able to appear before the parole board for possible release at the end of two years.
Release then is not automatic. The parole board must consider many other factors. All that good time does is to guarantee a prisoner the right to appear before the parole board earlier than he otherwise could.
The real importance of good time is that it gives a prisoner the one hope that stirs all Sing Sing—the hope of earlier parole, the hope of freedom. A prisoner has to hope, “Once you take away a man’s hope, you make a bitter man,” Warden Denno says. That is the problem of Sing Sing: to punish and yet avoid the deprivation of hope that can make an imprisoned man more desperate, more vengeful, and a greater menace to society.
1. What is Sing Sing? Describe in your own words the functions of Sing Sing.
2. Why would Warden Wilfred I. Denno compare running the prison to running a city?
3. What does “good time” refer to? Does it have any importance to the prisoners?
Questions 4~5
To all the world, nothing seems more completely American than the cowboy. Yet the truth is that the cowboy’s horse, clothes, and trade are all part of the rich heritage contributed by Mexico to her northern neighbor.
Even the word cowboy is a translation of the Mexican term vaquero. The word cowboy was unknown to the American settlers who first headed west to Texas in the 1820’s. These people thought of themselves as farmers. In fact, the only cattle most of them brought were a cow or two for milk and a yoke of oxen to draw their plows. It was their Mexican neighbors—the Tejanos whose herds had roamed the open ranges since the early 1700’s—who introduced them to cattle raising, taught them to use the lariat, the branding iron, and the horned saddle, and showed them how to break the wild mustangs and round up the free-ranging longhorns. So well did the new Texans take to Tejano ways that soon you spoke fighin’ words if you referred to them as anything as ordinary as mere “farmers.” They had been changed into saddle-proud ranchers.
Later, as the cattle industry spread all over the West, its Mexican origins were largely forgotten. But even today the language of the rangeland clearly shows how great were the cowboy’s borrowings. Corral, pinto, palomino, mesquite, bronco, rodeo, mesa, canyon, arroyo, loco, plaza, fiesta, pronto—by the hundreds Mexican words slipped into English with only a change in accent. Borrowed “by ear,” other words underwent weird alterations. From sabe came savvy, jàquima turned into hackamore, chaparajos was shortened to chaps, estampida was converted into stampede, vamos emerged as vamoose, and the juzgado gave birth to hoosegow. Even the famed ten-gallon hat got its name not from some Texan’s tall tale but from a Mexican song about a gaily decorated hat, or sombrero galoneado.
In countless other ways the people of the United States are indebted to the Mexicans who once lived in the old Southwest. There were only seventy-five thousand of them when Mexico ceded the region to the United States, and these were scattered from the Gulf Coast in the east to the shores of the Pacific in the west. They had lived in the borderlands since 1598, more than twenty years before the Pilgrims sailed for the New World. In the course of more than 250 years they had left their mark on the land. Many of the western states in the United States still bear the lovely lyrical names the Mexican settlers first wrote upon their maps. So do countless rivers and mountains, and thousands of cities and towns—from Corpus Christi in Texas to all the Sans and Santas along the Pacific shore.
Through trial and error, the rugged Mexicans had learned to survive and prosper in the dry, half-desert land, When English-speaking people poured into the region, the Spanish-speaking people shared their knowledge with the new settlers, making things much easier for them. Settlers in other parts of the United States did not have this advantage.
In all the rest of the country, pioneers had to break their own trails. But those who headed west in gold rush days could follow the Santa Fe Trail from the Missouri to the Rockies. In the old settlements of New Mexico, the wagon trains could rest their oxen and replenish their supplies before moving on down the Old Spanish Trail on the Tucson-Yuma route.
In the 1850’s, army engineers were sent west to survey the railroad routes that would link East with West. The northern parties had to find their own way through vast stretches of little-explored territory, but in the Southwest the surveyors merely remapped the trails that had been packed hard over the years by Mexican mule trains. Two major railroads—the Southern Pacific and the Santa Fe—and many main highways were built along the routes made by the early Spanish settlers when they first spread out into the new land.
Early migrants from the East thought of the Southwest as a great desert, a land that had to be passed through, but was hardly to be settled upon. However, they changed their minds when they saw the rich green fields along the Rio Grande, fields that had been irrigated since the early 1600’s. In time the newcomers were able to turn even desert into some of the most fertile farmland in all the nation.
Water laws gave the new settlers some trouble at first. They tried to use a system under which the landowners along the banks of a stream controlled its waters. This system worked well in the water-rich East, but in the dry lands of the Southwest it gave the lucky more water than they needed, while others on higher ground got none at all. In time all the western states had to switch over to the Mexican way—sharing water rights among all the owners whose land could be irrigated.
Western sheep farmers, too, owe a great debt to their forerunners. For the small flocks that the early Mexican settlers had brought to Santa Fe had multiplied into large herds by the time the United States took over the Southwest. New Mexico supplied sheep to ranges all over the country. With the sheep went pastores, who still form a large percentage of the herdsmen in North America. Until the recent introduction of sheep clipping machines, sheepshearing was to a large extent a Mexican skill for which sheep ranchers in the States would bid eagerly.
Mexicans have played an important part not only in cattle and sheep farming, but in mining as well. It was a Mexican who discovered the great Santa Rita copper deposit in New Mexico. Today, miners of Mexican descent still form a major part of the work force in most of the copper mines of the Southwest. In industry, farming, and countless other fields, the United States owes a great deal to her neighbor.
4. What is the purpose of this article, to demonstrate what Mexicans gave to the United States or how languages change and grow? Why?
5. What does the fact that Easterners borrowed words such as corral, bronco, and canyon suggest?
III. Writing (30’)
Write an essay of about 400 words to comment on the very short story below:
Failed SAT. Lost scholarship. Invented rocket.