S
λsatisfaction; content
satisfaction“满足”,为名词,指达到希望时所感觉到的较强的满足感,其形容词为satisfactory(指事物,不可用人作主语)或satisfied(可用人作主语)。例如:
His success gave me great satisfaction. 他的成功令我非常满意。
Your work is satisfactory. 你的工作令人满意。
I am satisfied at your success. 我对你的成功感到满意。
content“满足”,为普通用语,语气较弱,其要求值不高,一般的事情只要过得去或没有什么不满就算content,可作名词或形容词(可用人作主语)。例如:
He takes content in nothing. 他这人从不知足。
He takes content in everything. 他这人容易满足。
He is content to live in the countryside. 他满足于住在乡下。
λsearch;search for; search…for;in search of
search vt.search sb.搜某人的身;search a place 搜某个地方。如:
The policeman is searching a thief.那正在搜小偷的身。
search for sb./sth.搜寻、寻找某人、某物。如:
They searched for that man everywhere.他们到处寻找那个人。
search…for sb./sth.搜……寻找某人、某物。如:
They searched the woods for a lost child.他们在树林里搜寻一个丢失的孩子。
insearch of中的search为名词,意为“寻找;寻求”。如:
They went to Australia in search of gold.他们去澳大利亚寻找金子。
λsearch; search for; look for
search用作及物动词,后跟“人”时,意为“搜身”;后跟地点名词时,表示“对某地进行搜查”。也可在宾语后加for短语,表示搜查具体目标。如:
The policemen searched everyone at the party. 对参加聚会的每个人都进行了搜身。
The enemy searched the mountain for the Red Army, but they failed. 敌人在山上搜寻红军,但没找到。
search for意为“寻找”,可视为是search...for的省略式,此时search为不及物动词。如:
She searched for her lost cat everywhere,but failed. 她到处寻找走失的猫,但没找到。
另外,search用作名词,常构成短语:in one’s search for相当于in search of, 后者search前不用冠词或人称代词。如:
They went out in their search for food.=They went out in search of food.他们外出寻找食物。
look for意为“寻找”,但没有search for注意力集中,地点名词不可直接跟在look后作宾语,其前需加介词。如:
What are you looking for on the playground﹖ 你在操场上找什么呢?
λset up;set out;set off;set about
set up 建立政权、组织、国家等。如:
The government has set up a working party to look into the problem of drug abuse.
已成立工作组调查毒品泛滥问题。
set out 出发;动身。如:
They set out for Beijing yesterday.他们昨天动身去北京。(此种情况下out可用off替换)。
set out to do sth.开始做某事。如:
She set out to break the world land speed record.她决心打破陆上速度的世界纪录。
set off使(地雷、)等爆炸。如:
Do be careful with those fireworks; the slightest spark could set them off.
要格外小心这些烟火,稍有火星就会引起爆炸。
set sb.off doing sth.使某人开始干某事。如:
Her imitations always set us off laughing.她模仿别人的动作,每次都把我们逗笑。
set about用于set about sth./doing sth.结构中,表示开始做某事,着手干某事。如:
The new government must set about finding solutions to the country's economic problems.
新必须立即找出解决国家经济问题的办法。
λso/such
两者都可以表示“如此”、“这样”。so是副词,用来修饰形容词或副词;such是形容词,用来修饰名词,如果修饰单数可数名词(名词前常有形容词修饰),其后需加不定冠词a或an,即把不定冠词置于such的后面,形容词的前面。
例如:He writes so well.他字写得这么好。
He told us such a funny story.他给我们讲了一个很有趣的故事。
另外,当名词前有many,much,few,little等词修饰时,用so,不用such;当单数可数名词前有形容词修饰时,也可以用so,但要调整冠词的位置,即冠词置于形容词之后,单数可数名词前。例如:
They made so much noise,our teacher got angry.他们吵得这么历害,老师生气了。
It's so cold a day to day.(=It's such a cold day today.)今天是这么寒冷的一天。
λso as to; in order to; so…as to
so as to与in order to二者均表示“以便;为了”,后接动词不定式作目的状语,可以换用;但so as to引导的目的状语不能置于句首,而in order to则可以。如:
He stopped working in order to/so as to take a rest.他停止工作以便休息。
In order to make a living, he had to work day and night.为了谋生,他不得不日夜工作。
“so+形容词/副词+as to”的意思是“如此的……以致于”,引导表示结果的状语。如:
He ran so fast as to get a pain in his side.他跑得太快,结果导致腹侧疼痛。
λsometimes/sometime/some time
sometimes是个频度副词,意为“有时”,表示动作发生的不经常性,常与一般现在时或一般过去时连用。如:
Sometimes I have lunch at school.有时我在学校吃午饭。
sometime是个副词,意为“某时”,指时间上不确定的某一点,常用于过去时或将来时。如:
I saw him sometime in July.七月有一天我曾见到过他。
some time是个名词短语,意思是“一段时间”,在句中常与for,take等词连用。如:
I'll stay here for some time. 我将在这儿呆一段时间。
λsow;plant;grow
sow意为“播、撒、播种、种”,其后跟(the)seeds或“植物(结成种状的)”。如:
It’s time to sow wheat now. 现在该种小麦了。
Don’t sow the seeds of hatred. 请不要撒下仇恨的种子。(比喻用法)
plant意为“栽、插、移植”,其后跟作物(多为苗状的)。如:
He plants rice fastest in the village. 他在那个村子里插秧的速度最快。
The garden was planted with Chinese roses. 园子里栽上了月季。
grow作及物动词时,意为“种植、培植”,后接宾语(不表明种状还是苗状,强调种植后的栽培及管理过程);作不及物动词时,意为“生长、发育”;作系动词时,意为“变得”。如:
They can only grow potatoes in the fields. 他们只能在地里种土豆。
It grows up straight and thin. 它长得又直又细。
It began to grow dark. 天渐渐黑了。
λspend/take/pay
spend“花费”常用于 Sb.spend(s)some money(time)on sth.或 Sb.spend(s)some money(time)(in)doing sth.其主语一般是人。
如:He spent 20 yuan on the pen.他花了20元钱买了这支钢笔。
I spent a week(in)finishing reading the book.我花了一周时间读完这本书。
take常用于占用或花费“时间”,其句型为:Sth.takes sb.time 或 It takes sb.time to do sth.
如:The work will take us two hours.这项工作将花费我们两小时。
It took me three days to travel to Beijing.我在北京旅游了三天。
pay“付款、给……报酬”,它可作及物动词也可作不及物动词。pay常用于以下几种句型:
①Sb.pay(s)sb.money意为“某人付款给另一个人或某人给另一个人多少报酬”。
如:He pays me fifty yuan a week.他每周给我五十元的报酬。
②pay for sth.意为“付……款、给……报酬”。
如:He has paid for the meal.他已付了那顿饭的钱。
③pay money for sth.意为“花多少钱买某物”。
如:My father paid 40 pounds for the desk.我父亲花了40英磅买了这张书桌。
λstep/walk
这两个词都与“走、步行”有关,它们都可以作动词或名词。step多用来指“短步,台步或急步”,而walk多用来表示“漫步,散步或稳步”。
如:作动词The young man stepped into the house.那位年轻人走进房子里。(表示走的动作短、急)
The young man walked into the house.那位年轻人走进房子里。(表示走的动作慢、稳)
作名词 We heard his steps of coming home.我们听到了他回家的脚步声。(表示脚步声)
Let's have(take)a walk,shall we?咱们散散步,好吗?(表示四处走动走动)
λsteady;firm
firm常译为“坚固的”,“坚决的”,表示具体的事物地位牢固不易动摇;也可表示意志、信仰的“坚定”。如:
We must stop people walking on this floor until it is firm.
我们一定不能让人在这地板上走动,要等地板牢固了才行。
Our friendship is as firm as a rock. 我们的友谊坚如磐石。
steady则意为“稳固的”,“扎实的”,强调保持平衡不动摇,如指有形物,则指根基的稳固;也可用于指运动中的平稳。如:
It is hard to hold a steady position on the beam. 在平衡木上保持平衡是很困难的。
He is making steady progress.他正取得稳步的进步。
λstop/pause/end
三者都表示“停止”,都可作动词用。
stop后跟to do时,表示停下来去做另一件事;后跟doing时,表示停止正在做的事情。如:
He stopped to greet us. 他停下来向我们打招呼。
I have stopped smoking. 我已戒烟了。
pause含有“休、止”之义,强调“中止”。如:
end多指“自然的结束”。如:
The book ends on page 3. 该书在第3页结束。
λstruggle; fight
fight意为“打仗,战斗,和……作斗争”。常构成词组:fight for为……而战;fight against为反对……而斗争;fight with和……一起战斗。如:
Lincoln fought hard for freedom of all people.林肯为全民的自由而奋斗。
Some countries who fought with each other in World War II fought against each other in the Cold War.
有些在二战中并肩作战的国家在冷战中却互相进行争斗。
struggle意为“挣扎”,也可指“斗争”,与fight相比,斗争更为费力,处境更难。
struggle against和(同)……斗争; struggle for为……斗争。如:
The Canadians struggled all through the years with us against the Japanese.
那些加拿大人那些年一直和我们一起同日本人斗争。
The book is about their struggle for liberation. 这本书写的是他们为而作的斗争。
λsupply; provide
两者均可表示“供应;供给”,指对于缺乏或不足的事物进行补充或供给,用法如下:
supply常与to/for或with连用,其结构是:supply sth.to/for sb.或supply sb.with sth.。例如:
They supply food to/for the survivors.=They supply the survivors with food.
他们供应食物给幸存者。
provide常与for或with连用,其结构是:provide sth.for sb.或provide sb.with sth.。例如:
He provides food and clothes for his family.=He provides his family with food and clothes.
他给家人提供衣食。
T
λtake along; take care of; take place; take out
1)Miss Wang ___ a handkerchief and blew her nose.
2)Mr Zhang ___ some of his pictures in the hope of getting a job there.
3)Since 1996, great changes ___ in our school.
4)My grandmother was ill.I must stay at home to ___ her.
析: ①took out。表示“拿出;掏出”。
②took along。表示“携带;随身带着”,其中along是副词。
③have taken place。表示“发生”,相当于一不及物动词,无被动语态。
④take care of。表示“照料;照管;照顾”。
λtell ... from; tell ... between
二者均为习惯用法:tell A from B意为“区分A和B”,也可以说成tell the difference between A and B。如:
Can you tell American English from British English﹖ 你能分辨出美国英语和英国英语吗?
To tell the truth, I really can’t tell the differences between the Maori and American Indians.
老实说,我真的分不清毛利人和印第安人。
λthe same as;the same that
the same as是表示“相似或同一类的人和事”之意。例如:
Many of the sports were the same as they are now. 过去的很多体育项目和现在的一样。
This is the same book as Mr Wang lost. 这本书跟王先生丢失的那本一模一样。
而the same that作“同一个人或同一件事”解。例如:
This is the same book that Mr Wang lost. 这本书就是王先生丢失的那本书。
That is the same bike that I lost. 那辆自行车就是我丢失的那辆。
λthink of/think about/think over
这三个词组都与“想”有关,但所表达的含义有所不同。
think of多用来指“想起,认为”。
如:Last night,before I went to bed,I thought of my parents.昨晚我睡觉前,想起了我的父母。
What do you think of that book?你认为那本书怎么样?
think about 多用来指“考虑某事情或对某事进行思考”。
如:Think about what you have done!想想你所做的这一切吧!
think over意思是“仔细考虑,认真思考”。
如:Before you answer this question,please think it over.在回答这个问题之前,请认真考虑一下。
λthis kind of, of this kind
二者都表示“这种……”,但“this kind of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的数常与kind保持一致;“名词+of this kind”作主语时,谓语动词的数常与该名词保持一致。如:
This kind of actress is easy to find but directors of this kind are scarce.
这种女演员不难找,可是这种导演却不多见。
λthough;although;as
这三个词都可以表示“虽然”、“尽管”。though和although引导让步状语从句时,常可互换,只是although的语气更强一些。如:
Though/Although it was late,the farmers kept on harvesting the crops by the lights of the tractors.
此外,though可以用于省略句,although很少这样用 though引导的从句可以部分倒装,although引导的从句不用倒装语序。如:
Though poor, he is always neatly dressed.
Poor though I am, I can afford it.
as表示“虽然”、“尽管”引导让步状语从句时,从句要用倒装语序,将表语、状语等置于句首。
Tired as he was, he went on working with his workmates.
Child as he is, he knows a lot about the computer.
注意:as引导让步状语从句时,若充当表语的名词位于句首,则该名词前面不用冠词。
λthrough; over; across; into
1)The PLA man jumped ___ the water to save the boy.
2)The highway goes under the river ___ the tunnel.
3)There is a bridge ___ the river.
4)The ship sailed ___ the Atlantic.
5)The students walked ___ the gate with Mr Liu.
析: ①into。意为“进入;到……里”,含动作方向为由外向里之意。
⑤through。意为“通过;穿过”,侧重于指从物体的中间穿过。
③over。此处意为“(位置)横跨;在……上面”,表示动作时为“越过……”之意。
④across。意为“横过;穿过”,一般指从房间、原野、海洋等一端横越到另一端或两个动作方向成十字交叉状。
λtrip;journey;travel;tour
trip是非正式用语,指短时间内往返的商业旅行或观光旅行。如:
We went on a pleasant trip to the nearest seaside during our vacation.
在假期里我们到最近的海滨作了一次愉快的旅行。
journey常指由某一地点到另一地点的旅行,也指旅行的路程,是比较正式的用语。如:
He made a long journey from Beijing to London. 他从北京到伦敦做了一次长途旅行。
travel泛指旅行、游历,是最为普通的用语,但无路程的含义。如:
He came home after five years of travel. 五年的旅行后,他回到家中。
tour常指访问多处的观光旅行,常指周游后回到原出发地之意。如:
Confucius began to make his tour among the states. 孔夫子开始周游列国。
λtry on; try out
try on指“试穿(衣服、鞋子)”及“试戴(帽子)”等,其中的on为副词,当宾语是代词时,该宾语要放在on之前;如果宾语是名词,该宾语放在on之前或之后均可。例如:
try on a coat=try a coat on 试穿衣服
The new hat is for you.Please try it on. 这新帽子是给你的,请试试看。
try out指“试验或试用”某种机器、理论或方法,其中的out为副词,当宾语是代词时,try out要分开用。例如:
We tried out this new crop on a large area last year. 去年我们大面积试种这种新庄稼。
I'll try it out and see if it works. 我来试试看能否行得通。
U
λused to; be used to; get used to
used to意为“过去常常(做某事)”,后接动词原形。常用来表示今昔对比,含“(现在)已不那样做了”之意。如:
She used to work hard.她过去工作很努力。(暗指现在工作不努力了。)
be used to 有两个含义:①“被用来做某事”,后接动词原形。②“习惯于;适应”,后接名词、代词或v-ing,表示一种状态。如:
Computers are used to do many things for people now. 现在计算机被用来做许多事情。
He is used to hard work. 他现在习惯于艰苦的工作。
She isn’t used to living in the countryside now. 她不习惯在乡下生活。
get used to 意为“习惯于”,表示一个动作,含“由不适应向适应的转变”,其后接名词、代词或v-ing。
如: You’ll soon get used to the weather here.你很快就会适应这儿的天气。
V
λvast; huge
两者都是形容词,意思是“巨大的、庞大的”。 在强调面积和范围的宽广或博大时,用vast;指体积或容量等方面“巨大、超过一般标准”时,用huge。如:
This area is covered in vast forests. 这个地区被一片广阔无垠的森林覆盖。
That’s a huge ship. 那艘船好大。
λvery; right; just 三者都含有“正好;就是”之意,
very是形容词,用来修饰名词,位于the, this,my等限定词后;
right和just作副词,用来修饰谓语(常为动词be)或作状语的介词短语等,须放在the, this,my等限定词之前。如:
At the very beginning of this term, they took an exam. 就在学期开始的时候,他们举行了一次考试。
He is just the actor I want.他正是我所想要的演员。
The police looked at the thief right in the eye.目不转睛地盯着小偷。
W
λwash/wash away
wash表示“洗(手、衣服等)”,既可作及物动词,又可作不及物动词;
wash away表示“冲走”、“冲垮”、“洗掉”,作及物动词短语用。
[EXERCISES]
①The flood some of the houses in the village.
②He his face and hands,then went downstairs.
③You must before dinner.
(Keys: ①washed away ②washed ③wash)
λwear;have on;put on;dress;(be)in+颜色(服装、眼镜等)
wear主要用于穿衣服、戴眼镜(手套、首饰、帽)等,以强调“穿(戴)着”的状态。例如:
Mr Wu always wears a blue coat in winter. 吴老师冬天总是穿着一件蓝色大衣。
have on作“穿(戴)着”解,同wear一样,也表状态,但不用于进行时态。例如:
Xiao Wang has on a white shirt today.(=Xiao Wang is wearing a white shirt today.)
小王今天穿着一件白衬衫。
put on着重强调“穿(戴)上”的动作。例如:
I like to put on my hat when I go out in winter. 冬天,我喜欢外出时戴上帽子。
dress既可作及物动词,又可作不及物动词,所接宾语是人而不是衣、帽等物。例如:
1)Her mother is dressing her. 她母亲正在给她穿衣服。
2)The nurses are dressed in white. 护士穿着白衣服。
“(be)in+颜色或服装、眼镜等”也表示“穿着”的状态,在句中作表语或定语。例如:
He is in uniform today. 他今天穿着制服。
λwork on/work at
work on表示“从事”、“创作”、“进行”,后面接名词、代词或V-ing,强调做具体的事;还可表示“继续工作”、“努力说服”,既可作及物动词短语用,又可作不及物动词短语用。例如:
Miss Liu is working on a new book.刘老师正在写一部新书。
We'll work on till midnight.我们将继续工作到午夜。
work at表示“致力于”、“从事于”、“研究”、“学习”,后面接名词、代词或V-ing,强调把时间和精力等用在某一方面的事情上,侧重于说明所从事的工作性质。例如:
Mr.Zhang is working at a new invention.张先生正从事于一项新的发明。
He has worked at this subject for many years.他研究这门学科已经好多年了。
λwould do sth.; used to do sth.
这两个短语都可以表示“过去经常做某事”,但区别是:
would do sth.表示过去某一段时间内习惯性的行为、活动;
used to do sth.在时间上主要是同现在对比,暗含“现在已不这样了”的意思;其后既可接表示动作的动词,也可接表示认知或状态的动词。