三级笔译真题

笔译综合能力

Section1: vocabulary and grammar

Part1 vocabulary selection

1. We have had to raise the prices of our products because of the increase in the cost of ___materials.

A primitive B .rough C original D raw

2. With an eight-hour week and little enjoyment, life must have been very ___for the students.

　　A hostile B anxious C tedious D obscure

3. Whenever the government increases public services, ___because more workers are needed to carry out these services.

A employment to rise B employment rises C which rising employment D the rise of employment

4. Our flight to Guangzhou was___ by a bad fog and we had to stay much longer in the hotel than we had expected.

A delayed B adjourned C cancelled D preserved

5. Container-grown plants can be planted at any time of the year, but___ in winter.

A should be B would be C preferred D preferably

6. Both longitude and latitude___ in degrees, minutes and seconds.

A measuring B measured C are measured D being measured

7. Most comets have two kinds of tails, one made up of dust, ___ made up of electrically charged particles called plasma.

A one another B the other C other ones D each other

8. Good pencil erasers are soft enough not___ paper but hard enough so tat they crumble gradually when used.

A by damaging B so that they damaging C to damage D damaging

9. The magician picked several persons___ from the audience and asked tem to help him with the performance.

A by accident B at random C on occasion D on average

10. On turning the corner, they saw the path___ steeply.

A departing B descending C decreasing D degenerating

11. English language publications in China are growing in volume and___.

A circulation B rotation C circumstance D appreciating

12. Hydroponics___ the cultivation of plants without soil.

A does B is C do D .are

13. To impose computer technology___ teachers is to create an environment that is not conducive to learning.

A with B to C in D on

14. Marketing is___ just distributing goods from the manufacturer to the final customer.

A rather than B other than C bigger than D more than

15. ___ a language family is a group of languages with a common origin and similar vocabulary, grammar, and sound system.

A What linguists call B It is called by linguists C Linguists call it D What do linguists call

16. In the eighteenth century, the town of Bennington, Vermont, was famous for___ pottery.

A it made B its C the making D where its

17. ___ get older, the games they play become increasingly complex.

A Children B Children, when they C As children D For children to

18. ___ of his childhood home in Hannibal, Missouri, provided Mark Twain with the insp

iration for two of his most popular novels.

A Remembering B Memories C It was the memories D He remembered

19. Dust storms most often occur in areas where the ground has little vegetation to protect___ of the wind.

A From the effects B it the effects C it from the effects D the effects from it

20. Most nurses are women, but in the higher ranks of the medical profession women are a___.

A scarcity B minority C minimum D shortage

Part2 vocabulary replacement

21. Shellfish give the deceptive appearance of enjoying a peaceful existence, although in fact life is a constant struggle for them.

A misleading B calm C understandable D initial

22. The most striking technological success in the 20th century is probably the computer revolution.

A profitable B productive C prominent D prompt

23. Scientific evidence from different disciplines demonstrates that in most humans the left hemisphere of the brain controls language.

A. groups of follows B years C countries D fields of study

24. Public relations practice is the deliberate, planned and sustained effort to establish and maintain mutual understanding between an organization and its public

A complete B related C intentional D active

25. The use of the new technology will have a profound effect on schools.

A negative B positive C strong D useful

26. If we look at the Chinese and British concepts of hospitality, we find one major similarity but a number of important differences.

A hostility B friendliness C manner D culture

27. In just three years, the Net has gone from a playground for the local people to a vast communications and trading center where millions swap information or do deals around the world.

A business B shopping C chatting D meeting

28. Most species of this plant thrive in ordinary well-drained garden soil and they are best planted 8cm deep and 5cm apart.

A develop well B grow taller C mature D bear fruit

29. Motivation is the driving force within individuals that impels them to action.

A impedes B interferes C holds D pushes

30. The ultimate cause of the Civil War was the bombardment of Fort Sumter.

A. only B final C true D special

31. No hero of ancient or modern days can surpass the Indians with their lofty contempt of death and the fortitude with which they sustain its cruelest affliction.

A regard B courage C loss D track

32. The service economy doesn’t suggest that we convert our factories into laundries to survive.

A imply B persuade C hurl D transform

33. It was rather strange how the habits of his youth clung to him still. He was 72.

A stuck to B turned C led to D gave way to

34. He has a touch of eccentricity in his composition.

A. essay B writing C character D manner

35. Jim was a stout old gentleman, with a weather-beaten countenance.

A body B skin C shoulder D passionate interest

Part3 error correction

36. Not much people realize that apples have been cultivated for over 3,000 years.

A Not many B Not enough C Without many D No many

37. The eastern bluebird is considered the most attractive bird native of North America by many bird-watchers.

A native B native with C native by D native to

38. All living creatures pass on inherited traits from one generation to other.

A the other B another C the other D other one

39. Furniture makers use glue to hold joints together and sometimes to reinforce it.

A its B fast C hard D them

40. The hard, out surface of the tooth is called enamel.

A outside B appearance C outer D hiding

41. The earliest form of artificial lighting was fire, which also provided warm and protection.

A hot B sunshine C warmth D safe

42. All mammals have hair, but not always evident.

A but it is not B but it is C but they are not D but they are

43. A professor of economic and history at Atlanta University, W.E.B. Du Bois, promoted full racial equality.

A economy B economics C economical D economic

44. Machines that use hydraulic pressure including elevators, dentist chairs, and automobile brakes.

A exclude B excluding C include D are included

45. The first recorded use of nature gas to light street lamps it was in the town of Frederick, New York, in 1825.

A was B is C it is D were

46. Although the social sciences different a great deal from one another, they share a common interest in human relationship.

A move B differ C change D varies

47. Unlike competitive running, race walkers must always keep some portion of their feet in contact of the ground.

A run B runner C runners D running race

48. A promising note is a written agreement to pay a certain sum of money at some time future.

A time futures B futures C futures time D future time

49. New York City surpassed the other Atlantic seaports in partly because it developed the best transportation links with the interior of the country.

A part B partial C partner D parting

50. All root vegetables grow underground, and not all vegetables that grow underground are roots.

A but B or C as D thus

Section2: reading comprehension

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　(1)

　　Phyllis Wheatley is regarded as America’s first black poet. She was born in Senegal, Africa, about 1753 and brought to America abroad a slave ship at about the age of seven. John and Susannah Wheatley bought her for three pounds at a slave auction in Boston in 1761 to be a personal servant of Mrs. Wheatley. The family had three other slaves, and all were treated with respect. Phyllis was soon accepted as one of the family, which included being raised and educated with the Wheatley’s twin 15- year-old children, Mary and Nathaniel. At that time, most females, even from better families, could not read and write, but Mary was probably one of the best educated young women in Boston. Mary wanted to become a teacher, and in fact, it was Mary who decided to take charge of Phyllis’s education. Phyllis soon dis

played her remarkable talents. At the age of twelve she was reading the Greek and Latin classics and passages from the Bible. And eventually, Mrs. Wheatley decided Phyllis should become a Christian.

　　At the age of thirteen Phyllis wrote her first poem. She became a Boston sensation after she wrote a poem on the death of the evangelical preacher George Whitfield in 1770. It became common practice in Boston to have “Mrs. Wheatley’s Phyllis” read poetry in polite society. Mary married in 1771, and Phyllis later moved to the country because of poor health, as a teacher and caretaker to a farmer’s three children. Mary had tried to interest publishers in Phyllis’s poems but once they heard she was a Negro they weren’t interested.

　　Then in 1773 Phyllis went with Nathaniel, who was now a businessman, to London. It was thought that a sea voyage might improve her health. Thirty-nine of her poems were published in London as Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. It was the first book published by a black American. In 1775 Phyllis wrote a poem extolling the accomplishments of George Washington and sent it to him. He responded by praising her talents and inviting her to visit his headquarters. After both of her benefactors died in 1777, and Mary died in1778, Phyllis was freed as a slave. She married in 1778, moved away from Boston, and had three children. But after the unhappy marriage, she moved back to Boston, and died in poverty at the age of thirty.

51. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. Slavery and the treatment of the black people in America.

B. The Wheatley family, including their slaves.

C. The life of America’s first black poet.

D. The achievements of Phyllis Wheatley.

52. The underlined word “respect” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to___.

A. consideration B. disregard C. punishment D behavior

53. According to the passage, how many slaves did the Wheatley’s have?

A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four

54. According to the passage, an unusual feature of Mary was that she___.

A. was not much older than Phyllis

B. wanted to become a teacher

C. was comparatively well educated

D. decided to take charge of Phyllis’s education

55. The underlined word “eventually” in Paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to___.

A. ultimately B. slowly C. reluctantly D. gradually

56. Which of the following is NOT true about Phyllis in the early 1770s?

A. She wrote her first poem when in her teens.

B. She married in 1771.

C. She became a teacher.

D. She was be able to get her poems published.

57. The underlined word “they” in Paragraph 2 refers to___.

A publishers B poems C children D black people

58. It can be inferred that Phyllis’s trip to England with Nathaniel in 1773___.

A. did not improve her health

B. was for business reasons

C. led to books of her poems being available in America

D. led to the publication of her poems because th

e English were more interested in religious and moral subjects

59. The word “extolling” is closest in meaning to___

A. She would have been more recognized as a poet if she had not been black.

B. She would have written poetry if she had stayed in Africa.

C. She went unrecognized as a poet during her lifetime.

D. She only wrote religious poetry.

(2)

　　About fifty years ago, plant physiologists set out to grow roots by themselves in solutions in laboratory flasks. The scientists found that the nutrition of isolated roots was quite simple. They required sugar and the usual minerals and vitamins. However, they did not require organic nitrogen compounds. These roots got along fine on mineral inorganic nitrogen. Roots are capable of making their own proteins and other organic compounds. These activities by roots require energy, of course. The process of respiration uses sugar to make the high energy compound ATP, which drives the biochemical reactions. Respiration also require oxygen. Highly active roots require a good deal of oxygen.

　　The study of isolated roots has provided an understanding of the relationship between shoots and roots in intact plants. The leaves of the shoots provide the roots with sugar and vitamins, and the roots provide the shoots with water and minerals. In addition, roots can provide the shoots with organic nitrogen compounds. This comes in handy for the growth of buds in the early spring when leaves are not yet functioning. Once leaves begin photosynthesizing, they produce protein, but only mature leaves can “export” protein to the rest of the plant in the form of amino acids.

61. What is the main topic of the passage?

A. The relationship between a plant’s roots and its shoots.

B. What can be learned by growing roots in isolation.

C. How plants can be grown without roots.

D. What elements are necessary for the growth of plants.

62. The underlined word “themselves” in Paragraph 1 refers to___.

A. plant physiologists B. solutions C. laboratory flasks D. roots

63. The scientists found what the isolated roots need is___.

A. quite natural B. sugar, minerals and vitamins C. some rare vitamins D. organic nitrogen compounds

. Roots have the ability to___.

A. make proteins B. obtain fresh air C. produce inorganic nitrogen D. carry out activities without energy

65. According to the passage, what is ATP?

A. A biochemical process B. The tip of a root C. A chemical compound D. A type of plant cell

66. The underlined word “intact” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to___.

A. mature B. wild C. whole D. tiny

67. The use of the phrase “comes in handy” underlined in Paragraph 2 indicates that the process is___.

A. unavoidable B. predictable C. necessary D. successful

68. It can be inferred from the passage that, in the early spring, the buds of plants___.

A. “export” protein in the form of a

mino acids

B. do not require water

C. have begun photosynthesizing

D. obtain organic compounds from the root

69. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

A. The results of two experiments are compared.

B. A generalization is made, and several examples of it are given.

C. The findings of an experiment are explained.

D. A hypothesis is presented, and several means of proving it are suggested.

70. Where is this passage likely to be found?

A. A newsletter. B. A magazine C. A storybook D. A novel

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　(3)

　　Natural flavorings and fragrances are often costly and limited in supply. For example, the vital ingredient in a rose fragrance is extracted from natural rose oil at a cost of thousands of dollars a pound; an identical synthetic substance can be made for 1% of this cost. Since the early twentieth century, success in reproducing these substances has created a new industry that today produces hundreds of artificial flavors and fragrances.

　　Some natural fragrances are easily synthesized; these include vanillin, the aromatic ingredient in vanilla, and benzaldehyde, the aromatic ingredient in wild cherries. Other fragrances, however, have dozens, even hundreds of components. Only recently has it been possible to separate and identify these ingredients by the use of gas chromatography and spectroscopy. Once the chemical identity is known, it is often possible to synthesize them. Nevertheless, some complex substances such as the aroma of fresh coffee, have still not been duplicated satisfactorily.

　　Many of the chemical compounds making up these synthetics are identical to those found in nature, and are as harmless or harmful as the natural substances. New products must be tested for safety, and when used in food, must be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

　　The availability of synthetic flavors and fragrances has made possible a large variety of products, from inexpensive beverages to perfumed soap to used cars with applied “new car odor”.

71. From the passage we can learn that___.

A. natural flavorings and fragrances are not quite dear

B. the limitation of natural flavorings and fragrances is clear

C. the supply of natural flavorings and fragrances is adequate to meet the demand

D. the cost of producing natural flavorings and fragrances is high

72. Which of the following is true according to the passage?

A. Natural rose fragrance is 100 times more expensive to produce than artificial rose fragrance.

B. The most important ingredient in a rose fragrance is obtained from natural rose oil at a low cost.

C. A different synthetic substance can be made for 1% of the cost.

D. Natural rose oil costs the same as its fragrances.

73. The industry of producing hundreds of artificial flavors and fragrances probably appeared in___.

A. 2000 B. 1953 C.1909 D.1810

74. According to

the passage, all the following are easier to synthesize EXCEPT___.

A. aromatic ingredient in vanilla

B. vanilla

C. aromatic ingredient in wild cherry

D. the flavor of flesh coffee

75. The underlined word “duplicated” in Paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to___.

A. make double

B. make a copy of

C. produce something equal to

D. take from

76. Why does the author mention fresh coffee in Paragraph 2?

A. As an example of complex substances having not been duplicated satisfactorily.

B. Because the coffee fragrance is hard to produce.

C. To conclude the passage

D. If spectroscopy is adopted.

77. ___, a substance can be synthesized.

A. Upon identifying the basic components of it

B. Once chemically analyzed

C. When gas chromatography is used

D. If spectroscopy is adopted

78. It can be inferred from the passage that___.

A. vanillin is easier to synthesize than benzaldehyde

B. not all synthetic flavors are harmless

C. in general, the less components there are in fragrance, the harder it is to synthesize

D. synthesized substances must be tested for safety only if they are used in food

79. Which of the following is the best title for the passage?

A. How to Synthesize Fragrances

B. Synthetic Substances Are Easy to Make

C. Natural Flavorings and Fragrances

D. Synthetic Flavors and Fragrances

80. Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage?

A. Synthetic fragrances can be used to make a used car smell like a new one.

B. Synthetic flavors and fragrances have added to the varieties of products.

C. Lemon soap is made out of some delicious lemon.

D. It is likely that a bottle of orange juice is synthesized.

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　(4)

　　Some people associate migration with birds. Birds to travel vast distances, but mammals also migrate. An example is the caribou, reindeer that graze on the grassy slopes of northern Canada. When the weather turns cold, they travel south until spring. Their tracks are so well-worn that they are clearly visible from the air. Another migrating mammal is the Alaska fur seal. Theses seals breed only in the Pribilot Islands in the Bering Sea. The young are born in June and by September are strong enough to go with their mothers on a journey of over 3,000 miles. Together they swim down the Pacific Coast of North America. The females and young travel as far as southern California. The males do not journey so far. They swim only to the Gulf of Alaska. In the spring, males and females all return to the islands, and there the cycle begins again. Whales are among the greatest migrators of all. The humpback and blue whales migrate thousands of miles each year from the polar seas to the tropics. Wales eat huge quantities of plankton. These are most abundant in cold polar waters. In winter, the whales move to warm waters to breed and give birth to their young.

81. From t

the passage we can learn that___.

A. people migrate like animals

B. only birds migrate

C. the females fur seals migrate only to the Gulf of Alaska

D. not all mammals migrate

82. The phrase “An example” underlined in Paragraph 1 refers to an example of a___.

A. migratory mammal

B. place where animals migrate

C. migrating birds

D. person who associates migration with birds

83. All the mammals are mentioned as migrating ones EXCEPT___.

A. caribou B. fin whale C. reindeer D. Alaska fur seal

84. Where can you see from the air the migration of the mammals?

A. In the Pribilot Islands. B. In the Bering Sea

C. In southern California D. In northern Canada

85. Which of the following is NOT true?

A. Wales breed in winter.

B. Young whales are given birth in cold waters.

C. Alaska fur seals give birth to the young only in one area.

D. Alaska fur seals are born in warm weather.

86. Together___ of Alaska fur seals swim down the Pacific Coast of North America.

A. mothers and the young

B. fathers and the young

C. parents and the young

D. seals and whales

87. Which of the following is NOT described inn the passage?

A. Whales migrate to breed and give birth to their young.

B. Whale-watching in Boston in summer is attracting.

C. Seals breed in the north before migration.

D. Reindeer feed on grass.

88. Whales live on___.

A. tiny plants and animals in the sea.

B. the grassy slopes of northern Canada.

C. their young in cold winter.

D. the abundant seafood in tropic waters.

. How many kinds of migrating mammals are mentioned in the passage?

A. Four B. Three C. Two D. One

90. What is the best title of the passage?

A. Three Types of Whales

B. Birds Migration

C. Mammals Also Migrate

D. Several Kinds of Migration

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　(5)

　　Electronic mail has become an extremely important and popular means of communication.

　　Te convenience and efficiency of electronic mail are threatened by the extremely rapid growth in the volume of unsolicited commercial electronic mail. Unsolicited commercial electronic mail is currently estimated to account for over half of all electronic mail traffic, up from an estimated 7 percent in 2001, and the volume continues to rise. Most of these messages are fraudulent or deceptive in one or more respects.

　　The receipt of unsolicited commercial electronic mail may result in costs to recipients who cannot to refuse to accept such mail and who incur costs for the storage of such mail, or for the time spent accessing, reviewing, and discarding such mail, or for both. The receipt of a large number of unwanted messages also decreases the convenience of the electronic mail and creates a risk that anted electronic mail messages, both commercial and noncommercial, will be lost, overlooked, or discarded amidst the larger volume of unwanted messages, thus redu

cing the reliability and usefulness of electronic mail to the recipient. Some commercial electronic mail contains material that many recipients may consider vulgar or pornographic in nature.

　　The growth in unsolicited commercial electronic mail imposes significant monetary costs on providers of Internet access services, businesses, and educational and nonprofit institutions that carry and receives such mail, as there is a finite volume of mail that such providers, businesses, and institutions can handle without further investment in infrastructure. Many senders of unsolicited commercial electronic mail purposefully disguise the source of such mail.

　　Many senders of unsolicited commercial electronic mail purposefully include misleading information in the messages’ subject lines in order to induce the recipients to view the messages. While some senders of commercial electronic mail messages provide simple and reliable ways for recipients to reject (or ‘opt-out’ of) receipt of commercial electronic mail from such senders in the future, other senders provide no such ‘opt-out’ mechanism, or refuse to honor the requests of recipients not to receive electronic mail from such senders in the future, or both.

　　Many senders of bulks unsolicited commercial electronic mail use computer programs to gather large numbers of electronic mail addresses on an automated basis from Internet websites or online services where users must post their addresses in order to make full use of the website or service.

　　The problems associated with the rapid growth and abuse of unsolicited commercial electronic mail cannot be solved by the government alone. The development and adoption of technological approaches and the pursuit of cooperative efforts with other countries will be necessary as well.

91. According to the passage, efficiency of e-mail is threatened by___.

A. heavy e-mail traffic

B. fraudulent e-mail messages

C. large volume of messages

D. increasing amount of unwanted e-mail

92. Which of the following is NOT true about unwanted e-mail?

A. It costs money to receive them.

B. It’s free to store them.

C. It takes time to access them.

D. It takes time to throw them away.

93. Unwanted e-mail may___.

A. cause companies to fail in business

B. cause wanted e-mail messages to lose

C. damage the credit of a company

D. do good to a small company

94. “Pornographic” in Paragraph 3 probably means___.

A. decent B. instructional C. sexual D. commercial

95. What does unwanted e-mail messages do to the providers of the Internet services?

A. Raising their cost

B. Raising the Internet speed

C. Improving their business

D. Attracting investment

96. “Disguise” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to___.

A. reveal B. hide C. deliver D. post

97. The word “induce” in Paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to___.

A. cheat B. introduce C. provide D. harm

98. “Opt-out

” mechanism is probably___.

A. a machine that can be attached to your computer

B. a button that you can make a choice to read or not to read

C. a software that you can play a computer game

D. an e-mail that says some good words to you

99. It can be inferred from Paragraph 6 that bulk unsolicited commercial e-mail will probably spread___.

A. harmful virus B. unpleasant news C. advertisements D. adult jokes

100. The unwanted e-mail problem can be solved if___.

A. the government takes action

B. a new technology is adopted

C . more people are aware of the problem

D. joint efforts are made and new technology is used

Section3: cloze test

　　Insurance is the sharing of ___ (1). Nearly everyone is exposed ___ (2) risk of some sort. The house Owner, for example, knows that his ___ (3) can be damaged by fire; the ship owner knows that his Vessel may be lost at ea; the breadwinner knows that he may die by ___ (4) and ___ (5) his family in poverty. On the other hand, not every house is damaged by fire or every vessel lost at sea. If these persons each put a ___ (6) sum of money into a pool, there will be enough to ___ (7) the needs of few who do suffer ___ (8). In other words the losses of the few are met from the contributions of the ___ (9). This is the basis of ___( 10). Those who pay the contributions are known as ___ (11) and those who administer the pool of the contributions as insurer.

　　The ___ (12) for an insurance naturally depends on how the risk is to happen as suggested ___ (13) past experience. If the companies fix their premiums too ___ (14), there will be more competition in their branch of insurance and they may lose ___ (15). On the other hand, if they make the premiums too low, they will not have ___ (16) and may even have to drop out ___(17) business. So the ordinary forces of supply and ___ (18) keep premiums at a proper ___ (19) to both insurers to both insures and those who ___ (20) insurance.

参

Section1

Part1

　　1. D 2.C 3.B 4.A 5.C 6.C 7.B 8.C 9.B 10.B

　　11.A 12.B 13.D 14.D 15.A 16.B 17.C 18.B 19.C 20.B

Part2

21. A 22.C 23.D 24.C 25.C 26.B 27.A 28.A 29.D 30.B

31. B 32.D 33.A 34.C 35.B

Part3

36. A 37.D 38.B 39.D 40.C 41.C 42.A 43.B 44.C 45.A

46. B 47.C 48.D 49.A 50.A

Section2

　　51. C 52.A 53.D 54.C 55.A 56.B 57.A 58.A 59.D 60.A

　　61. A 62.A 63.B .A 65.C 66.C 67.C 68.D 69.C 70.B

　　71. D 72.A 73.C 74.D 75.C 76.A 77.B 78.B 79.D 80.C

　　81. D 82.A 83.B 84.D 85.B 86.C 87.B 88.A .B 90.C

　　91. D 92.B 93.B 94.C 95.A 96.B 97.A 98.B 99.C 100.D

Section3

1. risks 2. to 3. property/house 4. accident/chance 5. leave 6. small 7. meet 8.loss/losses 9. many 10. insurance 11. insured 12. premium 13. by 14. high 15. business/money 16. profit 17. of 18. demand 19. level 20. buy

笔译实务

Section1: English-Chinese translation

The importance of agriculture cannot be overstated. More than

50 percent of the world’s labor force is employed in agriculture. The distribution in the early 1980s ranged from 67 percent of those employed in Africa to less than 5 percent in North America. In Western Europe, the figure was about 16 percent; in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, about 32 percent; and in Asia, about 68 percent.

Farm size varies widely from region to region. Recently the average for Canadian farms was about 186 ha (about 460 acres) per farm, and for U.S. farms, about 175 ha (about 432 acres). The average size of a single landholding in the Philippines, however, may be somewhat less than 3.6 ha (less than 9 acres), and in Indonesia, a little less than 1.2 ha (less than 3 acres).

Size also depends on the purpose of the farm. Commercial farming, or production for cash, is usually done on large holding. The plantations of Latin America are large, privately owned estates worked by tenant labor. Single-crop plantations produce tea, rubber, cocoa. Wheat farms are most efficient when they comprise some thousands of hectares and can be worked by teams of people and machines. Australian sheep stations and other livestock farms must be large to provide grazing for thousands of animals.

Individual subsistence farms or small-family mixed-farm operations are decreasing in number in developed countries but are still numerous in the developing countries of Africa and Asia. A “back-to-the-land” movement in the U.S. reversed the decline of small farms in New England and Alaska in the decade from 1970 to 1980.

The conditions that determine what will be raised in an area include climate, water supply, and terrain.

Over the 10,000 years since agriculture began to be developed, peoples everywhere have discovered the food value of wild plants and animals and domesticated and bred them. The most important are cereals such as wheat, rice, barley, corn and rye.

Agricultural income is also derived from non-food crops such as rubber, fiber plants, tobacco, and oilseeds used in synthetic chemical compounds. Money is also derived from raising animals for pelt.

Much of the foreign exchange earned by a country may be derived from a single commodity; for example, Sri Lanka depends on tea, Denmark specializes in dairy products, Australia in wool, and New England in meat products. In the U.S., wheat has become a major foreign exchange commodity in recent years.

The importance of an individual country as an exporter of agricultural products depends on many variables. Among them is the possibility that the county is too little developed industrially to produce manufactured goods in sufficient quantity or technical sophistication. Such agricultural exporters include Ghana with cocoa, and Myanmar with rice. On the other hand, an exceptionally well-developed country may produce surpluses not needed by its own population; this as been true of the U.S., Canada, and some of the Wes

t European countries.

Section2: Chinese-English translation

由于地处“世界屋脊”，自然条件恶劣，也由于几百年落后的封建农奴制社会形成的各种社会历史条件内的，在全国还属于不发达地区。但是，50年的发展已经极大地改变了其昔日贫穷落后的面貌，人民生活质量大大提高。社会经济的发展极大地丰富了人民的物质文化生活。2000年，全区各族人民已摆脱贫困，实现温饱。部分群众生活达到了小康水平。随着人民生活逐步富裕，冰箱、彩电、洗衣机、摩托车、手表等消费品进入了越来越多寻常百姓家。不少富裕起来的农牧民盖起了新房，有的还购买了汽车。目前的人均居住面积处于全国首位。广播、电视、通信、互联网等现代信息传递手段已深入到人民群众的日常生活不。绝大多数地区的百姓能够通过收听收看广播、电视，了解全国和全世界的新闻。当地百姓能够通过电话、电报、传真或互联网等手段获取信息资料，并与全国和全世界取得联系。由于缺医少药状况得到改变，人民群众的监护康水平大幅度提高。人均预期寿命由二十世纪五十年代的35.5岁增加到现在的67岁。

参考译文

Section1:英译汉

农业的重要性怎样钱掉都不为过。世界百分之五十以上的老噢动力从事农业。二十世纪八十年代初，农业劳动力的比例在非洲高达百分之六十七，在北美洲则不足百分之五，在西欧约为百分之十六，在东欧和苏联约为百分之三十二，在亚洲则约为百分之六十八。

农场规模因地而异，差别很大。直到最近，加拿大农场的规模约为186公顷（约合460英亩），美国农藏的规模约为175公顷（约合432英亩）。但在菲律宾，私人农场的规模略少于3.6公顷（不足9英亩），在印度尼西亚则略少于1.2公顷（不足3英亩）。

农场的规模还轻取决于其用途。大农场通常从事商业耕种， 或者说为赚钱而生产。拉丁美洲的大庄园就是大片的私有土地，雇人劳动。按一作物的种植原盛产茶叶、橡胶或可可。生产小麦的农产最有效益。它们拥有几千公顷土地，雇佣一群群工人，并使用机器。澳大利亚牧羊场和其它畜牧场的规模一定要大到足以能为成千的牲畜提供充足的饲料。

零散的维持生计的个体农场，或者说混合经营的小规模家庭农场，在发达国家已日渐减少，但在非洲和亚洲的发展中国家里仍大量存在。美国的“返回田地”运动扭转了1970至1980这十年间新英格兰和阿拉斯加销农场衰败的局面。

一个地区究竟生产什么取决于它的气候、供水、地形和其它条件。

自由农业以来的一万多年中，各地的人们发现

野生动植物的价值，于是将其加以驯化或栽培，最重要的是谷物，如小麦、稻子、大麦、玉米和黑麦。

农业收入还来自非粮食作物，如橡胶、纤维织物、烟草以及可用于生产化学合成品的油料作物。此外，还可通过饲养动物取其皮毛而获利。

一个国家赚取的外汇，很大一部分可能来自某种单一的商品。例如，斯里兰卡依靠茶叶，丹麦专门经营奶制品，澳大利亚出口羊毛，新西兰和阿根廷则出口肉类制品。在美国，近年来小麦已成为其赚取外汇的主要商品。

一个国家是否以出口农产品为主取决于许多可变因素。其中一个因素就是这个国家的工业可能很不发达，无法生产足够数量和技术先进的工业品。这类农产品出口国包括加纳，出口可可，还有缅甸，出口大米。另一方面，特别发达的国家可能生产过剩，大于本国人的需求，美国、加拿大和一部分西欧国家就是这种情况。

Section2：汉译英

Tibet, located on the “Roof of the World”, is still an undeveloped area in China because of its harsh natural conditions and various social and historical restrictions formed by centuries of backward feudal serfdom. However, the development of Tibet in the past 50 years has greatly changed its former poor and backward look, and the Tibetan people’s material and cultural life remarkably. In 2000, people of various ethnic groups in Tibet basically shook off poverty, and had enough to eat and wear. Some of them began to live a better-off life. Along with the improvement in the people’s livelihood, consumer goods such as refrigerators, color TV sets, washing machines, motorcycles and wristwatches have entered more and more ordinary homes. Many well-off farmers and herdsmen have built new houses. Some have been bought automobiles. Currently, Tibet ranks first in per-capita housing in the country. Radio, television, telecommunications, the Internet and other modern information transmission means are now part daily life in Tibet. News about various parts of the country and the world now reach most people in Tibet by radio and TV. Local people can obtain information from and make contacts with other parts of the country and the world through telephone, telegram, fax or the Internet. The Tibetan people’s health has also improved substantially, because the situation featuring a lack of both doctors and medicine has changed fundamentally. The average life expectancy of the Tibetan people has increased from 35.5 years in the 1950s to 67 years presently.