
Author:Xue.L.Chen
With the development of economic growth,enterprises in the fierce competition to survive and develop.It is important to perfection of the accounting systems.
1、Concept of Accounting Systems
Accounting systems are designed mainly to provide infor mation that managers and outsiders can use in decision making.They also serve other purposes:toproduce operating documents,to protect the company’s assets,to provide data for company tax return,and,in some cases,to provide the basis for reimbursement of costs by clients or customers.The accounting organization is responsible for preparing documents that contain instructions for a variety of tasks,such as payment of customer bills or preparing employee payrolls.It also must prepare documents that serve what might be called private information purposes,such as the employee’ own records of their salaries and wages.Many of these documents also serve other accounting purposes,but they would have to be prepared even if no information reports were necessary.Measured by the number of people involved and the amiunt of time required,document preparation is one of accounting’s biggest jobs.
2、Purposes of Accounting Systems
Accounting systems must provide means of reducing the chance of losses of assets due to carelessness or dishonesty on the part of employees,suppliers,and customer.Asset protection devices are often very simple;for example,many restaurants use numbered meal checks so that waiterswill not be able to submit one check to the customer and another,with a lower total,to the cashier.Other devices entail a partial duplication of effort or a division of tasks between two individuals to reduce the opportunity for unobserved thefts.Commercial bank accounting information system takes advantage of web services,XBRL,web intelligent, pre-warning systems and security technologies to improve the quality and accuracy of accounting information,supporting continuous monitoring and auditing.
These are all part of the company’s system of internal controls.Another important element in the internal control system is internal auditing.The task of internal auditors is to see whether prescribed data handling and asset protection procedures are being followed.To accomplish this,they usually observe some of the work as it is being performed and examine a sample of past transactions for accuracy and fidedlity to the system.They may insert a set of fictitious data into the system to see whether the resulting output meets a predeterminded standard.This technique is particularly useful in testing the validard of the programs that are used to process data through electronic computers.A company’s financial statements are ordinarily prepared initially by its own accountants.Outsides_review,or audit,the statements and the systems the company used to accumulate are the data from which the statements were prepared.In most countries,including the United States,these outside auditors are selected by the company’s shareholders.The audit of a company’s statements is ordinarily performed by professionally qualified,independent accountants who bear the title of certified public accountant(CPA)in the United States and chartered account(CA)in the United Kingdom and many other countrirs with British-based accounting traditions.Their primary task is to investigate the company’s accounting data and methods carefully enough to permit them to give their opinion that the financial statements present fairly the company’s position,results,and cash flows.
The accounting system must also provide data for use in the completion of the company’s tax returns.This function is the concern of tax accounting.In some countries financial accounting must obey rules laid down for tax accounting by national tax laws and regulations,but no such requirement is imposed in the United States,and tabulations prepared for tax purposes often diverge from those submitted to shareholders and others."Taxxble income"is a legal concept rather than an accounting concept.Tax laws include incentives to encourage companies to do certain things and discourage them from doing others.Accordingly,what is"income"or"capital"to a tax agency may be far different from the accountant’s measures of these same concepts.Enterprise Income Tax is a kind of important tax in organizing the revenue of the national finance and adjusting the economic operation. It reacts quickly to the economic changes and plays an important role in inhibition and stimulation imposed on the economy. The old enterprise income tax system exerts positive effect on aspects of organizing financial revenue, promoting economic growth, macro-regulation control and so on.
Finally,accounting system in some companies must provide cost data in the forms required for submission to customers who have agreed to reimburse the comoanies for the costs they have incurred on the customer’ behalf.The primary example of these is work performed under cost-based contracts with U.S military agencies.The measurement rules for this purpose are contained in the Armed Services Procurement Regulations,which embody standards issued by the the Cost Accounting Standards Board.In general,these standards conform to the principles underlying conventional product costing systems,but they go beyond them in incorporating provisions for corporate and divisional head office sdministrative costs.
