
9种功能段落:图表、现象、原因、意义、危害、举例、建议(方法)、提出观点、对比观点。
1、图表
例(02.6):As is shown in the chart, the average hours a student spends using computers has grown up tremendously. For one thing, from 1990 to 1995, the average hours that students spent on computers in every week only doubled. For another, in 2000, college students averagely spent 20 hours per week on computers, which is five times as large as that of 1995. It is obvious that college students become increasingly crazy about computers.
图表模板
As is shown / depicted / described in the picture / chart / cartoon, 概括图表内容或反映的趋势. For one thing, 支持这一内容的一个方面. For another, 支持这一内容的另一个方面. It is obvious that 图表所反映的问题.
描述图表句型:(不要面面俱到地描述,把所有的数字都报告一遍。只描述趋势、上升或下降,比较, 排名即可。)
“从图表中可以看出”
(1) According to/As can be seen from/As shown in/ It is clear/apparent from the chart (饼状图,柱状图)/graph (曲线图)/table (表格)/figure (数字)/statistics (数据), ….
(2) The chart/graph/table reveals/shows/suggests that . . .
(3) From the statistics/information given in the chart/graph/table, we can estimate/see/conclude that . . .
趋势
(4) During the period 1970—1999/From 1910 to 1974/Since 1980/Since the early 1980s, there was/has been sudden/ sharp/dramatic/ steady/ slight/gradual jump/ rise/increase/ fluctuation(波动)/ decrease/ decline/reduction/ drop in the number of people who/personal income/college population.
数字上升或下降
(5) The number/figure/percentage of… nearly/almost doubled/tripled, as compared with those/that of last year.
(6) The number/figure/percentage increased/dropped/decreased more than/almost six times/twice/two and a half times, compared with . . .
(7) By comparison with 1990, it shot up/jumped/increased/rose/decreased/dropped/fell in the past few years/ in 1998
占百分比
(8) It accounts for 15 percent of the total.
排名
(9) (如China) ranked the first in terms of (如GDP) followed by (如U.S.A.).
… ranked in the world's top five as a car manufacturer in 1985.
2、现象
例1(03.1):In this time and age, the problem of dishonesty has aroused public attention. What amazes us most is that a lot of students cheat in exams. And people seem to get accustomed to many dishonest behaviors. We can see that there are dishonest practices in all walks of life.
描述现象段模板1
In this time and age(=recently), 描述现象,引起话题. What amazes us most is表现较为典型的一个方面. And 对于现象作出评论. We can see that总结现象普遍性.
例2(12.6):With the amazing improvement of living standard, commodities with excessive packaging have poured into the markets and stores, such as luxurious moon cakes and traditional Chinese rice-pudding(粽子). Such a prevailing phenomenon leads to such a serious waste that it has aroused people’s wide concern and strong criticism.
描述现象段模板2
With the amazing improvement of living standard, 现象_have poured into…. Such a prevailing phenomenon leads to such 结果 that it has aroused people’s wide concern and strong criticism.
描述现象常用句型:
中立现象:
(1)In this time and age, the phenomenon/ problem of …has aroused public/world-wide attention.
(2)One of the pressing problem confronting our society today is…
(3)With the amazing development/improvement/expansion of…, people increasingly/ an increasing number of…
(4) With the growing recognition/realization/acknowledgement of…,
(5)With…playing an increasingly big role in…,
(6)These days there is a(n) increasing/growing tendency to/concern over…
(7)Over the last several years, along with the improvement/rapid development of economy, an increasing number of students/ parents/ residents/people have been V+ing…
(8)In an era of economic globalization, … is emerging as an inevitable trend.
坏现象:
(9)XX regretfully observe that…
(玩游戏) Many parents regretfully observe that their kids seem unable to come up with anything to do in their spare time besides playing video games.
(不安全的食品)Many residents regretfully observe that they seem unable to find safe food to feed themselves.
(空气污染)Many residents regretfully observe that they seem unable to find clean air to take in.
(10) In the past 5 years, many nations have been confronted with the serious problem of…
3、原因(要素)
例1(03.1):A number of factors could account for these dishonest behaviors. Among the most convincing reasons identified is that countless people neglect the moral values in pursuit of their own interests. Another contributing factor is that we lack effective laws and regulations of supervision so that a great many dishonest people can escape punishment. Consequently, the problem of dishonesty becomes very serious.
原因模板1
A number of factors could account for 主题. Among the most convincing reasons identified 原因一. Another contributing factor is that原因二. As a result/Consequently, 讲述导致的结果
例2(12.6):It is no simple matter to render the reasons for this phenomenon which involves many/several complicated factors. For one thing, an increasing number of companies and stores hold the idea that fancy packaging may attract potential customers and stimulate their purchasing desire, thus earning more profits. For another, many customers have a wrong notion that the more delicate the package looks, the better quality the commodity will have, which encourages the evil trend of excessive packaging. Still another, the prevailing phenomenon is partly due to the lack of related laws and regulations and strict enforcement of them.
原因模板2
It is no simple matter to render the reasons for this phenomenon which involves many/several complicated factors. For one thing,. 理由一For another, 理由二. Still another, the prevailing phenomenon is partly due to理由三.
原因句型:
(1)There are probably many/several/a number of/a variety of reasons/causes for this dramatic increase/decline/growth/change in…. First…. Second….
(2)It is no easy/simple job/task/matter to offer/identify/render the reasons for this phenomenon/tendency/change which involves many/several complicated factors..
(3)A number of factors could account for/contribute to/lead to/result in the change of…. To begin with,…. In the second place,…. Finally,….
(4)Thanks to/Owing to/Due to /Because of/As a result of +N
(5)One may attribute/ascribe/owe the increase/decrease/change to +N
(6)One tends to view/see/regard/think of the trend/increase/success/change as a result of/sign of/response to….
(7) Among the most important/sound/convincing reasons given/ cited/identified by people for…is…
The first/primary reason why… is rooted in the fact that + 从句
(8) One of the most popular/common/primary reasons/explanations for…is that…
(9)Another contributory/contributing factor/reason is…
(10)…is also/partly/solely/chiefly responsible for the increase/problem.
(11)Beyond enormous obvious reasons, there lies a more in-depth cause.
(12)It is crucial that we analyse the causes of this disturbing issue. From my own perspective, the causes are multiple. For one thing, (首先)… For another, (第二)…. Still another, (第三)….
4.意义 (重要性、必要性、好处、利、支持方观点)
例(08.12):
As a matter of fact, people in mounting numbers have come to realize the significance of limiting the use of disposable plastic bags. For one thing, it enables us to protect the living surroundings, build a healthy society and promote low-carbon life. For another, it will definitely promote the development of environmentally friendly materials by manufacturers, thus making the development sustainable, which otherwise would be impossible.
意义模板:
As a matter of fact, people in mounting numbers have come to realize the significance of ______ (意义主题句). For one thing, it enables us to ______ (意义支持句1). For another, it will definitely promote the development of ______ (意义支持句2), thus making the development sustainable, which otherwise would be impossible.
意义句型
意义主题句:
An increasing number of people come to realize/be aware of the importance of…
Apparently enough, it is of great significance for… to…
It is not hard for one to realize the far-reaching significance of…
Some argue that it is absolutely necessary to ______ (because ________).
☆Actually/As a matter of fact/ In fact, ___ people in mounting numbers have come to realize the importance / convenience of ______.
☆To engage in _____ is a rewarding pursuit that no one should be allowed to miss.
意义支持句:
拓展框架:For one thing, (意义支持句1). For another, (意义支持句2) .
(1)Without this quality/ virtue/ awareness, it is impossible for _____ to _______.
(2)It is ______ that enables/ helps us to build up (our speed and efficiency ). (☆强调句式)
(3) _____ is a must for anyone who wants/ intends to surpass others in a highly competitive society.
(4) _____ will definitely promote the development/efficiency/awareness of _____, which otherwise would be impossible.
(5) As a _____, _______ brings us _____, arouses our enthusiasm for _______, and helps us to ____________.
(6):Another evident advantage/ merit/ strength/ benefit is that ____ may offer /provide/bring entertainment/ pleasure/ an enjoyable life.
5.危害(问题、坏处、弊)
例(09.6):Apparently enough, there are some negative impacts which we should not ignore/neglect. To begin with, more visitors may impair the objects in exhibition. Besides, free admissions to museum means a grave amount of economic burden for museums to run as usual without any profits from the visitors. If we let this situation continue as it is, the quality of museum exhibition will not be as satisfactory as expected.
危害模板
Apparently enough, there are some negative impacts which we should not ignore/neglect(危害主题句). To begin with, … may impair the …(危害支持句一). Besides,… means a grave amount of economic burden for…(危害支持句二). If we let this situation continue as it is,…will not be as satisfactory as expected(危害总结句).
危害句型:
危害主题句
(1) There are a number of negative/undesirable/serious effects on/consequences of . .
(2) This will entail/bring/involve some dreadful/serious/pernicious consequences.
(3) It may create/lead to/give rise to a host/ multitude of problems
(4)If we keep turning a blind eye, this trend is bound to generate/ result in/lead to serious effects.
(5) Apparently enough, there are some negative impacts which we should not ignore/neglect.
(6) Quite obviously, it is of great necessity to figure out the negative influences behind it.
(7) To tackle this problem, it is of great/vital significance to analyze the potential negative impacts of this matter.
(8) It will have/ exert/ produce a considerable/profound/beneficial/favorable/undesirable/negative influence/effect on…
危害支持句
☆(1) To begin with, _____ may damage/ hurt/ injure/ harm/ impair/ undermine the over-all development of ______, (because____________).
☆(2) Moreover, (强调句式) it is _____ that does not enable ______to build up / expand ________.
(3) This trend is particularly worth concern for the background that ____ focus too much eyesight on ____, totally turning a blind eye to the significance of _____.
(4) Besides, (it can be argued that) _____ means a grave amount of time/energy/natural resources; however, the result/ quality /reality of _____is not always as satisfactory as expected.
☆危害总结句
(1) Unfortunately, many of ____ have become too ____, and if we let this situation continue as it is, we will not know where ____ will be in the forthcoming future.
(2) To conclude, it is undeniable that the bad impacts of _____ can never be turned a blind eye to.
6、举例
例(97.1):I can think of no better illustration of the idea than the example of English study. People can learn the words and grammatical rules well only if they follow the saying “practice makes perfect”. Furthermore, more practice will enable us to speak English fluently. To some extent, the key to successful language learning lies in practicing.
举例模板
I can think of no better illustration of the idea than the example of主题. People can人们的习惯做法. Furthermore, 其他相关的事实. To some extent, 总结例子说明的道理。
举例句型:
(1) …is often/frequently cited/quoted/mentioned as a common example of…
(2) A good case in point/example of this is best provided by…
(3) The most dramatic/familiar/telling example of this is…
(4) This offers a typical/concrete instance/illustration of….
(5) As an example of/illustration of/case in point, we may see…
(6) Take…as a typical example
(7)I can think of no better illustration of the idea than the example/case of…
(8) Turning/Taking a look around/at_______, we can notice/find a great many/plenty of/a good deal of examples like this: 两个例子.
7、建议 (方法)
例(11.6): As a customer, I am convinced that there are various ways in which we can enhance online shopping. First and foremost, it is essential that regulations should be worked out and enforced to guide the online transactions. Then, we should educate, advocate and encourage our friends, classmates, and acquaintances to be alert when shopping online. If we try our utmost to do so, the future of shopping online will be promising and hopeful.
建议(方法)模板:
As a …, I am convinced that there are various ways in which we can enhance… (主题句). First and foremost, it is essential that regulations should be worked out and enforced to… (具体建议句1). Then, we should educate, advocate and encourage our friends, classmates, and acquaintances to… (具体建议句2). If we try our utmost to do so, the future of… will be promising and hopeful (总结句:积极展望).
建议(方法)句型:
主题句:
(1) We have figured out many approaches to…
We should take effective measures to solve the problem.
(2) In view of the seriousness of the situation, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.
(3) Therefore/Thus/Hence/Accordingly, it is high time that we took feasible steps to stop/ limit/ restrain this trend.
(4) It is suggested that considerable/ concerted/ persistent/ sustained efforts should be made/ exerted to attain/ achieve the goal (of/ that…).
(5) It is evident, therefore, that the problem of…deserves/ demands/ requires immediate attention/ efforts/ consideration
(6) The following suggestions should be well taken into consideration when we are seeking solutions to cope with the problem.
(7) Considering the severity of this issue, we have no option but to take stringent measures to address this problem.
具体建议句(支持句):
(1)First and foremost, it is suggested that public should enhance/ promote/ cultivate/ strengthen their awareness of __________.
☆(2) General awareness of/ Common recognition of/Public commitment to the problem is the first step toward the solution.
(3)In the second place, it is essential that regulations should be worked out and enforced to ___________.
(4)Then, it is advisable/significant for ________ to ________
(4)In addition, _______ are highly hoped/ expected/ well-advised to __________.
☆(5) Lastly, ________should educate, advocate and encourage ___________ (not) to ______________.
总结句(展望未来)
(1) We should start acting right now to bring (坏问题)under control so that
(2) Only by doing so/ Only through these measures, can we __________________________.
☆(3) If we try our utmost to do so, the future of ____ will be promising/ hopeful/ rosy.
(4) Do bear in mind: no __________, no ______________.
8、提出观点(In my opinion)
开头段提出观点:
例1(99.1):It is a common conception that It is well known that we should not hesitate to say “No” on many occasions. The truth of it is self-evident. No one can deny that when we are unable to offer help, we should say “No”. Therefore, a direct reply “No” should be used to avoid misunderstanding among us.
practice makes perfect. The truth of it is self-evident. No one can deny that the more you practice, the more skillful you will be. Therefore, we should be down-to-the-earth and practice a lot before we can actually acquire some skills.
开头段提出观点模板一
It is a common conception that 论点. The truth of it is self-evident. No one can deny 观点的理论依据. Therefore, 总结句.
例2 (97.1):It is acknowledged that practice makes perfect. The truth is deep and profound. As we know, that the more you practice, the more skillful you will be. Consequently, we should be down-to-the-earth and practice a lot before we can actually acquire some skills.
开头段提出观点模板二
It is acknowledged that论点. The truth is deep and profound. As we know, 观点的理论依据. Consequently, 总结句.
开头段提出观点句型:
It is acknowledged that…
There is no denying that…
No one denies that…
It is a common conception/ belief/ misconception that…
结尾段提出观点:起始句+原因+积极展望未来
例(03.9):From my own perspective, love is the most beautiful thing in the world. On the one hand, Lucy is always ready to help others. On the other hand, we will try our best to help her when she is in need. In conclusion, every one of us should love each other and make our society a warm family.
结尾段提出观点模板:
From my own perspective, 提出个人观点. On the one hand, 原因一 . On the other hand, 原因二 . In conclusion, every one of us should… and make our society a warm family. (积极展望未来)
结尾段提出观点句型:
起始句:(尽量不要用In my opinion,换成下面的表达)
As for me/ From my own perspective/ As far as I am concerned/ As I see it, I would point out that ______.
For my part, I stand on/agree with the latter opinion.
To my understanding, the former/latter opinion holds more weight.
As a college student, I am convinced that it is of great (no) necessity for us to ____.
By and large, the advantages derived from _______ far outweigh the disadvantages .
(折中型)Who is right? I think there is something right in both arguments. However, what convinces me is that we should ____ firstly. Then, we are also expected to _______.
积极展望未来(同方法建议):
(1) Only by doing so/ Only through these measures, can we ___________________.
(2) If we try our utmost to do so, the future of ____ will be promising/ hopeful/ rosy.
9.对比观点:引出话题(现象类)+ 引出人们对此问题看法不同+正方观点+反方观点
例(11.6)
Views on online shopping vary from person to person. Those who are in favor of it claim that shopping online carries numerous advantages. It is beneficial to consumers and retailers alike in more than one way. For consumers, it is time-and energy-saving to purchase whatever they want over the Internet with much lower prices. For retailers, they can save much cost without having to rent a house in the downtown and spending much on employees compared with traditional market sale. Many other people, however, argue that we cannot turn a blind eye to its disadvantages. For one thing, lack of face-to-face communication makes online shopping less reliable and trustworthy. For another, some dishonest merchants may provide false information, which renders it time-consuming to identify the commodity.
对比观点模板
Views on online shopping vary from person to person(引出人们对此问题看法不同). Those who are in favor of it claim that shopping online carries numerous advantages(正方观点). It is beneficial to…(好处). For(对某一群体来说,支持句一). (对另一群体来说,支持句二). Many other people, however, argue that we cannot turn a blind eye to its disadvantages(反方观点). For one thing, (支持句一). For another, (支持句二).
观点对比类句型:
“人们看法不同”
(1) There are different views concerning this topic.
(2) Views on this issue vary from person to person.
(3) It is quite understandable that people from different backgrounds put different interpretations on the same issue.
(4) It is quite natural that people from different backgrounds may have divergent attitudes towards it
正/反方观点主题句
(1) (正)Some people who favor ______ believe/maintain that it has some advantages….
(反)Many other people, however, argue that we cannot turn a blind eye to its disadvantages.
(2) (正)Those who prefer ______ give their reasons as follows.
(反)However, there are a large number of people who hold a different view concerning this issue. They believe that it spoils/ violates/ undermines/ jeopardises ______.
☆ (3) (正)People who advocate that ______ has advantages have their sound reasons.
(反)Nevertheless, to this issue, some other people hold a different attitude, arguing that it disturbs/degrades ______.
(4) (正)Those who are in favor of ____ claim that _____carries numerous advantages.
(反)However, the other side of the coin voices its strong opposition(“发出反对的声音”), saying that it hinders/ impedes the development of _____.
正方观点支持句【也可借用意义(利)类支持句】
(1) In their eyes, without ________, it is impossible for them to ___________.
(2) In addition, it is ______ that enables _____ to expand/ strengthen / enjoy / enrich / attract _____________.
(3) As a _____, _______ brings us _____, arouses our enthusiasm for _______, and helps us to ____________.
(4) In their opinion, _____ will definitely promote the development/efficiency of _____, which otherwise would be impossible.
(5) Another evident advantage/ merit/ strength/ benefit is that ____ may offer /provide/bring entertainment/ pleasure/ an enjoyable life.
反方观点支持句【同危害(弊)类支持句】
☆(1) To begin with, _____ may damage/ hurt/ injure/ harm/ impair/ undermine the over-all development of ______, (because____________).
☆(2) Moreover, (强调句式) it is _____ that does not enable ______to build up / expand __________.
(3) This trend is particularly worth concern for the background that ____ focus too much eyesight on ____, totally turning a blind eye to the significance of _____.
(4) Besides, (it can be argued that) _____ means a grave amount of time/energy/natural resources; however, the result/ quality /reality of _____is not always as satisfactory as expected.
