Text I
I. Writing Skills
The text is a short narrative piece of writing which vividly and amusingly relates how a young inexperienced stand-in teacher attempts to control a class that has frightened away a succession of substitutes for their own teachers. The writer is particularly successful in his effective use of comic exaggeration. The narrative is convincing due to the writer’s keen observation of the behaviour of a young and inexperienced teacher when his authority is threatened.
1.The various ways in which comic exaggeration is achieved.
A.The use of vivid similes.
A simile is a direct comparison of one thing to another by using the word like or as.
e.g. To make this clear, he showed me his thumb, a huge thing, like a pocket cudgel.
B.The use of appropriate metaphors.
A metaphor is a phrase which describes one thing in terms of another thing with which it can be compared without using the word like or as.
e.g. I was inwardly all white flag.
C.The use of striking contrast.
One thing is put in sharp contrast with another so that a strong effect is produced.
e.g. Enormous boys were everywhere,…Was I really so puny?
D.The use of parallelisms to intensify the meaning.
I was toying inwardly with ideas of thunderbolts, earthquakes, and mass executions.
E.The use of vocabulary which emphasizes not the normal order in a classroom but that of fighting and war.
2.An excellent description of a situation which is totally out of control.
3.A keen observation of the behaviour of a young , weak, inexperienced teacher.
II. Language Points
1.keep sb/sth under one’s thumb: control sb/sth
eg:--- What should a teacher do?
--- He should keep his students under his thumb.
--- What should a father do?
--- He should keep his children under his thumb.
2. cudgel: n. short thick stick or club 短棒
take up the cudgel for: fight for, support strongly 为 … 而奋斗;极力支持
eg: People in that country are taking up the cudgels for freedom.
--- What are you taking up the cudgels for now?
--- We are taking up the cudgels for a good future.
3. pale: adj. bloodless, upset
feel pale at sth.
eg: He felt / turned pale at the news/failure.
4.succession
1succession (n.).
a) (U) the coming of one thing after another in time or in order
继续,连续
eg: the succession of the seasons 四季的连续
in succession 连续地
Traffic accidents happened in succession.
Such things happen in succession.
b)(C) number of things in succession 连续的若干事物,一连串
eg: a succession of
A succession of cars passed us one after another.
There are a succession of wet days.
The endless succession of parties wore us out.
c) (U) ( right of ) succeeding to a title, the throne, property; person having this right
(有 )继承(权)(者)
eg: Who is succession to the throne?
His succession to the party leadership is in dispute.
The eldest son has succession to his father’s property.
in succession to 继承(王位等)
eg: Who is first in succession to the throne?
The eldest son is first in succession to his father’s property.
② successive (adj.) coming one after another 一连(多少次等),一个接一个的
eg: He has won five successive games. ( 他连胜五场 )
We have had bumper harvest for five successive years.
The football team celebrated its fourth successive victory.
③ succeed (v.) inherit; have a title, position etc on the death of sb. 继承
eg: They’ve decided after all to let the right man succeed me.
If the duke has no children, who will succeed to the title?
5.startle
1 startle (v.)ck of surprise to; cause to move or jump
eg: What he said startled me.
2startling (adj.)
eg: What he said was startling.
③ startled (adj.)
eg: He was startled to hear what he said.
6.substitute
① substitute (n.)
a) (C) person taking the place of another 代替者,代理人
eg: The regular teacher is ill today, so a substitute is teaching the class.
Par. Tom can’t play football today, Jack will take his place. (will be his substitute…)
The doctor will go on holiday, the nurse will take the doctor’s place.
We can’t find anybody to take his place. ( We can’t find a substitute for him. )
b) thing taking the place of another 代替物,代用品
substitute for…
eg: At celebration, there is no substitute for champagne.
Par. Honey can be used to take the place of sugar in some conditions.
( … used as a substitute for sugar… )
Water can’t be used to take the place of wine.
( …can’t be used as a substitute for wine … )
Soya beans are widely used to take the place of meat
Things used to take the place of rubber can be made from petroleum.
(…substitutes for rubber can be…)
② substitute (v.) serve as a substitute, take the place of 代替,替换
a) vi substitute for
eg: I don’t like to substitute for anybody.
Par. I’ll find a man to take Miss Li’s place. ( substitute for Miss Li )
Today I can take your place.
He took the place of the worker who was ill.
She is taking the place of her brother.
b) vt. Use… to take the place of 用 ... 代替
substitute sb / sth.
eg: They don’t like potatoes, so we substitute rice.
If you can’t go yourself, please find some one to substitute you.
substitute sb / sth for
eg: She substituted a fake diamond for the original.
I substituted your name for mine on the list.
③ substitute (adj.) 代 ... ,临时的
eg: The school board hired a substitute teacher.
I was substitute headmaster for a term.
④ substitution (n.)(美)( U ) 替换
eg: I hope this substitution will not damage the team.
Sometimes I put a substitution table on the blackboard.
7. duck (v.)
① to push under water 潜入水里
eg: He ducked his head in the stream to get cool.
② try to escape by hiding quickly 闪躲
eg: He saw a police and ducked behind a car.
③ try to avoid a difficulty or an unpleasant situation
eg: When he came across difficulties, he ducked.
8. placate
1 placate (v.) soothe, pacify; make calm, quiet and satisfied
to placate sb
eg: The boy is crying, his mother is trying to placate him.
② placatory (adj.)
eg: He is placatory. ( trying to placate )
9. inward
① inward (adj.) situated within; turned towards the inside在内部的,内部的,内向的
eg: inward happiness/ inward vision / inward fears / an inward existence
the inward parts of the body/ an inward slant of the eye
He has achieved inward peace.
The explorers discovered an inward passage.
② inward/inwards: adv 向内地,向内(心)
eg: The door opened inward into the room.
Fold the paper inward.
To turn one’s thoughts inward.
Nostalgia turned his reflections inward.
③ inwardly (adv.) from the inside of the heart
eg: Inwardly, he was seething with rage.
He was inwardly assured by her sincerity.
10. get nowhere: accomplish nothing; make no progress; have no result
eg: I am sure you’ll get nowhere if you change schools constantly.
This kind of criticism will get you nowhere.( will not do you any good / you
won’t get any result if you use this kind of criticism. )
11. what is the worst of it----the most unfortunate thing is that …
eg: I did not buy anything that day. What was the worst of it was that I lost my purse.
I could not get on the bus. What was the worst of it was that I was hurt seriously.
12 . nail down
① nail down say clearly 说清楚
a) ( often ) (sth) be nailed down.
eg: The matter could be nailed down.
This theory can’t be nailed down.
b) to nail sth down
eg: He at last nailed the sale down.
② nail sb down to sth
a) make sb. express his ideas 使说出明确的意见
eg: I can’t nail him down to anything.
Par. Nobody can make him express his opinion towards this matter.
We tried to make him express his opinion about this agreement.
b) make sb. keep his promise. 使遵守诺言, 使肯定
eg: I intend to nail him down to his promise.
13. inverted sentence:
eg: I managed to make out that mixed up with these giants was a certain amount of
furniture
= … that a certain amount of furniture was mixed up with these giants.
Note: When a participle or an adverb or an adjective or a prepositional phrase or a negative word is put at the beginning, we can reverse the order of the sentence.
eg: Facing me are 24 young boys and girls.
In front of me stands a tall boy.
In the middle of the room sat an old man.
14. negligent
1negligent (adj.)
be negligent in/ about / of taking too little care 不注意, 疏忽
a) be negligent in / about…不注意
eg: He was negligent in his work/study.
Robert had been negligent about church-going lately.
He was negligent in not locking the doors as he was told to do.
b) be negligent of …疏忽
eg: He was negligent of his duties. 他玩忽职守。
The professor is negligent of dress. 衣着随便
② negligently (adv.) carelessly
③ negligence (n.)
eg: The accident was due to her negligence.
He has been dismissed for negligence in work.
④ negligible (adj.) that need not be considered; of little or no importance or size足道的, 极小的
eg: The saving from the long tax form is negligible.
The interest on my small savings is negligible.
The damage to my car is negligible.
15. indignation
① indignation (n.) anger caused by injustice, misconduct etc.
eg: They felt strong indignation against their teachers.
An indignation meeting will be held. ( a meeting to express public indignation ).
② indignant (adj.) angry
eg: be indignant at sth. / be indignant with sb.
16. plead/pleaded/pleaded
plead/plead/plead
1plead (v.)
a) ask earnestly恳求
plead for sth.
eg: He pleaded for another chance to show his ability.
The boy pleaded for mercy.
plead with sb for 祈求某人
eg: He pleaded with the teacher for mercy.
Do you plead with your parents for more money?
plead with sb. to do sth.
eg: She pleaded with the officer to give her another chance.
He pleaded with his son to be less trouble to his mother
b) address the court ( as an advocate ) on behalf of either the plaintiff or the defendant
为 ... 辩护
plead for / against sb
eg: He pleaded for the defendant ( 被告 )
He pleaded against the plaintiff. ( 原告 )
2plea (n.)
a) statement made by or for a person 借口
eg: He refused the invitation to dinner on the plea of being too busy.
The man’s plea was that he did not see the signal.
b) request 恳求
eg: Their plea for aid went unanswered.
A plea for pity / pleas for mercy
17. toy with
① think not very seriously about 不太认真地思考
eg: He toyed with the idea of buying a yacht.
He is toying with the matter mentioned by the students.
He could still go to Australia. That was something he’d often toyed with but never done anything positive about.
② handle carelessly or absent-mindedly 玩(某物),玩弄
eg: He wasn’t hungry and sat toying with his food.
He is toying with a pencil.
Some boys have developed a habit of toying with a pen in class.
③ (fig.) 玩弄
eg: He’s just toying with her affections/ feelings.
18. wry (adj.) pulled or twisted out of shape
eg: make a wry face 做鬼脸
a wry smile: a forced smile 苦笑
19. blush
① blush (v.) become red in the face from shame or confusion
blush for/with
eg: She blushed for / with shame. 因羞愧而脸红
I blush for you. ( because of what you have done or said. )
blush at
eg: She blushed at the thought of what she did. 想到 ... 就脸红
② blush (n.) reddening of the face
eg: She turned away to hide her blushes.
20. strike: v. attract the attention of ; have a strong effect upon the mind.
sth. strike sb.: sth comes to sb’s mind / occurs to sb 造成...的印象,吸引..注意
eg: How did the idea strike you?
The plan strikes me as ridiculous.
An idea struck me that I should do it at once.
Par. An idea suddenly came to his mind.
It occurred to him that she was not telling the truth.
It occurred to me that I should finish the work earlier.
Sudden fear came to my mind.
21. mount
1vt.
a)to go up ( a hill, a ladder etc. )
eg: I have to mount the ladder to reach the top shelf.
He mounted the stairs slowly.
Par. They are going up the hill.
It’s difficult for the old man to go up the stairs.
b) get on a horse etc.
eg: The man mounted the camel and rode away.
Par. He got on his horse,
She got on her bicycle with difficulty.
2vi.
a)become greater in amount
eg: The cost of living mounts steadily.
Par. The expenses are becoming more and more.
b) (of blood) rise into the cheeks
eg: A blush mounted to the girl’s face. (脸红了)
III. Questions on Text I
1.What did the headmaster ask the writer to do?
2.How did the headmaster try to make his demand clear? How did the writer feel?
3.What kind of class did the writer take over? Was it difficult to deal with?
4.Did anybody know where Class 2 had got?
5.What happened to the writer in the hall?
6.Was it easy or difficult for the writer to find the classroom? Why?
7.What was the classroom like when the writer got to the classroom?
8.What were the boys doing when the writer got to the classroom?
9.Was the teacher angry when he saw that the boys took no notice of him?
10.What did the teacher say when he stood before the class?
11.What methods did the writer think he would use towards the boys?
12.What hurt the writer most?
13.Were the boys ignorant? Did they show desire to learn?
14.Was the writer an inexperienced teacher? Do you think he would manage to teach this class?
15.What method did the writer use in writing this article?
IV. Translation
1.一个好的老师应该想尽办法管好自己所教的班。
2.一连串的不幸事件发生以后,他内心想着打退堂鼓。
3.这种课本不好,我们必须找另一种课本来替换它。
4.最使我伤心的是我最好的朋友都不相信我。
5.当他看到教室里一片混乱时, 他顿时火冒三丈。
6.他突然意识到他必须尽早为这事找一个借口。
7.他的嗓音不好, 他经常用假声唱歌。
8.今天下午我不能去为学生讲故事。你能替我去吗?
9.白糖不好,我们将用蜜糖代替它。
10.在法庭上,他为被告辩护。
V. Questions on Text II
1.When and where did the story take place?
2.Why was Colin Lockwood bored and tired?
3.What mood was the teacher in when he found his pupil sleeping in class?
4.What do you know about the boy sharing the same desk with Colin?