
Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinks attractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectable occupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softer on attractive defendants (被告). But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.
While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it is harmful to a woman.
Handsome male executives were perceived as having more integrity than plainer men; effort and ability were thought to account for their success.
Attractive female executives were considered to have less integrity than unattractive ones; their success was attributed not to ability but to factors such as luck.
All unattractive women executives were thought to have more integrity and to be more capable than the attractive female executives. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractive overnight successes was attributed more to personal relationships and less to ability than was that of attractive overnight successes.
Why are attractive women not thought to be able? An attractive woman is perceived to be more feminine (女性的) and an attractive man more masculine (男性的) than the less attractive ones. Thus, an attractive woman has an advantage in traditionally female jobs, but an attractive woman in a traditionally masculine position appears to lack the “masculine” qualities required.
This is true even in politics. “When the only clue is how he or she looks, people treat men and women differently,” says Ann Bowman, who recently published a study on the effects of attractiveness on political candidates. She asked 125 undergraduates to rank two groups of photographs, one of men and one of women, in order of attractiveness. The students were told the photographs were of candidates for political offices. They were asked to rank them again, in the order they would vote for them.
The results showed that attractive males utterly defeated unattractive men, but the women who had been ranked most attractive invariably received the fewest votes.
26. The word “liability” (Para. 1. Line 4) most probably means “________”.
A) misfortune
B) instability
C) disadvantage
D) burden
27. In traditionally female jobs, attractiveness ________.
A) reinforces the feminine qualities required
B) makes women look more honest and capable
C) is of primary importance to women
D) often enables women to succeed quickly
28. Bowman’s experiment reveals that when it comes to politics, attractiveness ________.
A) turns out to be an obstacle
B) affects men and women alike
C) has as little effect on men as on women
D) is more of an obstacle than a benefit to women
29. It can be inferred from the passage that people’s views on beauty are often ________.
A) practical
B) prejudiced
C) old-fashioned
D) radical
30. The author writes this passage to ________.
A) discuss the negative aspects of being attractive
B) give advice to job-seekers who are attractive
C) demand equal rights for women
D) emphasize the importance of appearance
26. C 27. A 28. D 29. B 30. A
2005 Text 2(大连海事大学研究生考试阅读题之一)
考研真题
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.
There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report “Science never has all the answers .But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”
Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”.
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures .A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.
26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that
[A]. there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death.
[B]. the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant.
[C]. people had the freedom to choose their own way of life.
[D]. antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.
27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as
[A]. a protector.
[B]. a judge.
[C]. a critic.
[D]. a guide.
28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, paragraph 4)
[A]. Endless studies kill action.
[B]. Careful investigation reveals truth.
[C]. prudent planning hinders.
[D]. Extensive research helps decision-making.
29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about
[A]. Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.
[B]. Raise public awareness of conservation.
[C]. Press for further scientific research.
[D]. Take some legislative measures.
30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because
[A]. they both suffered from the government's negligence.
[B]. a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former.
[C]. the outcome of the latter aggravates the former.
[D]. both of them have turned from bad to worse.
重点词汇:
prudent adj. 谨慎的。It's prudent to take a thick coat in cold weather when you go out. 在寒冷的天气下外出时带上件厚外套是谨慎的。名词形式prudence n. 审慎。记忆:rude 粗鲁的,无礼的,p不-rude粗鲁的-ent形容词后缀
paralysis n. 瘫痪, 麻痹。 para-侧面。参见2003年Text 2。
paraphrase (n.v.释意)即para+phrase,para-前缀表“在旁边、辅助”,phrase即“短语;用短语表达”,故“用短语辅助表达”→释意。以para-为前缀的单词还有paragraph(文章的段、节;短评)←para+graph写;parameter(参数)←para+meter计量;parasite(寄生虫)←para+site地点。
analysis n. 分析, 分解。记忆:an-a-lysis,后缀同上,分析成一个an,a。联想:反义词synthesis n. 综合, 合成
take the legislative initiative
take the initiative 带头,开始着手 took the initiative in trying to solve the problem.开始着手试图解决这个问题
initiative n. 主动。 名词形式initiate vt. 开始, 发动, 传授 v. 开始, 发起
legislative adj. 立法的, 立法机关的 n. 立法机关。参见1999 Passage 4 。legislation (立法;法规)看作leg+is+lat(e)+ion,leg词根“法律”(参allegation宣称,2003年Text 2),is是,late迟的,-ion名词后缀,“法律是迟的”→旧法律难以适应新事物→所以要不断“立法”→“立法”之产物即“法规”。
难句解析:
①The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.
主干部分是The latest was a panel,表语panel后接有两个定语成分:from的介词短语和含enlisted的过去分词,即“白宫召集的、来自国家科学院的专家团”,其中第二个定语成分中又包含一个不定式结构,表目的,即“为了告诉我们……而召集的(专家团)”。
翻译:最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家团,他们告诉我们,地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖,而这个问题主要是人为造成的。
②But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”
该句子的主干是由and连接的两个并列从句,前一分句的主干是science…provide us with…guide;后一分句的主干是it is critical,其中it为形式主语,真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。从句的主干是our nation and the world base…policies on…judgments,judgments后接有两个定语结构,一是that引导的定语从句,一是concerning分词结构。
翻译:但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导,关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时,应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。
③Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure。
该句子的主干是voices now come from many quarters;句首Just as结构做比较状语,意为“正如…一样”;insisting 引导的分词结构做定语修饰主语voice,分词结构中含有两个并列的由that引导的宾语从句,第二个宾语从句的真实主语是不定式结构to keep…
翻译:就象吸烟问题一样,来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整。
试题解析:
第二篇文章是一篇一般的时事性文章,这也是一篇类比,考完了以后很多考生说这篇文章讲抽烟,其实不是的,作者讲抽烟是想说明现在的温室效应,也是一种类比,许多人抽烟没有人去管,因为缺乏足够的证据,咱们各国也不管温室效应, 也是同样的原因。中心讲的是世界各个对温室效应的解决的态度,篇章的关键词围绕这样三个问题展开,第一个就是证据不充足。第二是科学的意义。第三是制定法律,尤其最后三段大量出现立法和法规的现象,
26题[C] 难度0.108
27题[D] 难度0.820 区分度.0.367
科学应该作为一个指导性,是答案是根据文章第2段的最后两句话。
28题[A] 难度0.570 区分度.0.477
是猜单词题,单词所在的句子的意思是有些人总要科学证据,结果抹杀了行动。所以选A。
29题[D] 难度0.761 区分度.0.476
采取某种法律措施,法律在最后的段落重复的最多。
30题[B] 难度0.488 区分度.0.386
作者谈的抽烟的教训对我们温室处理也是一样的,选B。
全文翻译:
还记得科学家们认为吸烟会致人死亡,而那些怀疑者们却坚持认为我们无法对此得出定论的时候吗?还记得怀疑者们坚持认为缺乏决定性的证据,科学也不确定的时候吗?还记得怀疑者们坚持认为反对吸烟的游说是为了毁掉我们的生活方式,而应该置身事外的时候吗?许多美国人相信了这些胡言乱语,在三十多年中,差不多有一千万烟民早早的进了坟墓。
现在出现了与吸烟类似的令人感到难过的事情。科学家们前仆后继,试图使我们意识到全球气候变暖所带来的日益严重的威胁。最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家团,他们告诉我们,地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖,而这个问题主要是人为造成的。明确的信息表明是我们应该立刻着手保护自己。国家科学院院长Bruce Alberts在专家团报告的前言中加上了这一重要观点:“科学解答不了所有问题。但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导,关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时,应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。
就象吸烟问题一样,来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整。在我们证实这件事之前可以向大气中不断的排放气体。这是一个危险的游戏;到了有百分之百的证据的时候,可能就太晚了。随着风险越来越明显,并且不断增加,一个谨慎的民族现在应该准备一份保单了。
幸运的是,白宫开始关注这件事了。但是显然大多数总统顾问并没有认真看待全球气候变暖这个问题。他们没有出台行动计划,相反只是继续迫切要求进行更多的研究――这是一个经典的“分析导致麻痹案例”。
为了成为地球上有责任心的一员,我们必须积极推进对于大气和海洋的深入研究。但只有研究是不够的。如果不争取立法上的主动权,国会就应该帮助开始采取保护措施。弗吉尼亚的民主党议员Robert Byrd提出一项议案,从经济上激励私企,就是一个良好的开端。许多人看到这个国家正准备修建许多新的发电厂,以满足我们的能源需求。如果我们准备保护大气,关键要让这些新发电厂对环境无害。
