THE SAD YOUNG MEN
Comprehension questions on the first reading
1.Why were the younger generation of the 1920s thought to be wild and rebellious?
2.Was there really a younger generation problem?
3.Was there a revolt of the younger generation? How did it manifest itself?
4.Why was the revolt logical and inevitable?
5.What does the author mean by “the pattern of escape”? (para. 4)
6.How did WWI affect the younger generation?
7.In what ways did Greenwich Village set the pattern for the revolt of the younger generation of the 1920s?
8.What new philosophy were the young intellectuals trying to preach?
9.Why did young intellectuals of this period emigrate Europe?
10.Why were these writers called the “lost generation”? Were they really lost?
11.11. What rhetorical form does this essay take?
12.12. What do the authors write about in the essay?
13.Where can you find the central thesis of the essay?
Structural organization of the essay
The structural organization of this essay: clear and simple
•para. 1: introducing the subject
•paras. 2-9: supporting and developing the thesis
•paras. 10-11: bringing the discussion to an end
Background Information
▪About the authors
▪Some terms
•“The Sad Young Men” & “The Lost Generation”
• “Greenwich Village”
• “Bohemianism” and “Puritan morality”
• “Victorian Society”
• “Prohibition”
• “the U. S. involvement in World War I”
▪Literary figures
• “the novelists, dramatists, poets, and critics in the 1920’s America”
Are you Bohemian?
▪The Dictionary defines Bohemian as: * A native or inhabitant of Bohemia. * The group of Czech language dialects used in Bohemia. * An artisan, usually gifted in literature or the creative arts; one who defies social conventions; a gypsy.
While these definitions are technically correct, they don't seem to do justice to describing the Bohemian lifestyle.
Being Bohemian is all about living in an alternative space. Bohemians express themselves without regard for social convention. They attempt to experience the mysteries of life through their unique perspective. he term Bohemian, as it refers to lifestyle, seems to have begun in France with the term La Boheme.
▪It started as a way of describing bands of carefree 'gypsys' that came from Romania. As they traveled through Bohemia (now the Czech Republic), the reigning royalty gave them letters of safe passage. These letters indicated that the Bohemian royalty condoned their practices and lifestyle, which afforded them a sense of prestige in western Europe at the time.
Today Bohemian is used to describe free-thinking, free-living people - usually artists. Its modern roots are with the Beatniks of the 1950s. Their poets now stand as icons of progressive libertarian thinking.
▪ “穿着宽松的麻料长裤走在渔人码头上散步, 穿着吉普赛 女郎样式的飘逸白色袍炮秀花裙踏着平地草鞋都算得上是Bohemian族的典型感觉 .”
▪Bohemian dress
▪Antique Bohemian earings
Detailed study of the text - The Title
1. Why were they “sad”?
•These young intellectuals or writers were unhappy because they were disillusioned with the war that was “to make the world safe for Democracy”. They could not integrate themselves with the society and social life they found in post-war United States. They felt alienated from everything they saw in their homeland, so they went to Europe and lived as voluntary expatriates.
Paragraph 1
1. No aspect of life … Generation.
Sensationally romanticized:耸人听闻的;引起轰动的,使浪漫化, 使传奇化
(This so-called problem) was treated in a passionate, idealized manner to shock thrill and rouse the interest of people.
Paraphrase
No aspect of life … more commented … than:
•After WWI, during the 1920s, every aspect of life in the United States has been commented upon, but the so-called Revolt of the Younger Generation has been more commented upon than all the other aspects.
• The Revolt of the Young Generation in the 1920s has been most commented upon and has been treated very romantically and sensationally.
2. The slightest mention … by the young.
Identify the rhetorical device used here:
•Transferred epithets. (转类修饰语,转类形容词)“nostalgic recollections”, “curious questioning”.
They really modify --
•“the middle-aged” and “the young” respectively.
Middle-aged:
•Middle-aged people lived through the Twenties so they can recall what life was like then.
The young:
•The young people have only heard about all this and were very curious about the lives of young people of another generation.
Paraphrase
3. Memories of … country road.
These are the nostalgic recollections of the middle-aged.
deliciously illicit thrill:
•An improper action but very enjoyable and exciting. A visit to a speakeasy was improper or prohibited because these places sold alcoholic drinks illegally. This explains the ‘illicit thrill’.
speakeasy:
•(Americanism) a place where alcoholic drinks are sold illegally, esp. such a place in the U. S. during Prohibition (the period 1923-1933)
Puritan morality:
•Extremely or excessive strictness in matters of morals. Strict Puritans even regarded drinking, gambling and participation in theatrical performances as punishable offences.
•In modern usage, the word puritan is often used as an informal pejorative for someone who has strict views on sexual morality, disapproves of recreation, and wishes to impose these beliefs on others.
fashionable experimentations in amour:
•Trying out new ways of lovemaking as everyone was doing at that time.
parked sedan:
•in a sedan car parked on lonely country roads.
4. Questions about … drugstore cowboy.
Some of the questions asked by curious young people.
naughty:
•mildly indecent,不妥的;不适当的; 粗俗的, 下流的
jazzy:
•(a party) playing jazz music
sheik:
•(Americanism) a masterful man to whom women are supposed to be irresistibly attracted.
•A romantically alluring man. 美男子一个浪漫的放荡男子
Paragraph 1
moral and stylistic vagaries:
•Odd and eccentric dress and conduct
flapper:
•(Americanism) in the 1920s, a young woman considered bold and unconventional in action and dress
•A young woman, especially one in the 1920's who showed disdain for conventional dress and behavior.
• 轻佻女郎,尤指19世纪20年代对传统的衣着和行为表示不屑的少妇
drugstore cowboy: 杂货店牛仔
•(Americanism) a western movie extra who loafs in front of drugstores between pictures.
5. The answers … and no.
must of necessity:
•must because of necessity
Paraphrase
6. “yes” … Problem.
Paraphrase
7. “no” … jazzmad youth.
see in perspective:
•To view or judge things or events in a way that show their true relations to one another.
degeneration:
•moral corruption, depravity
jazzmad:
•blindly and foolishly fond of jazz music
Paraphrase
Paragraph 2
8. Actually … in the age.
logical outcome:
•necessary or expected result or consequence
Paraphrase
9. The rebellion was not confined … century.
Western world:
•All the countries in the western hemisphere and Europe.
the first serious war in a century:
•The writer, perhaps, is referring to the Napoleonic wars that ended in Napoleon’s defeat at Waterloo (1815) as the last serious war that took place almost a hundred years ago.
Paraphrase
10. It was reluctantly … or tradition.
subconscious:
•occurring without conscious perception, or with only slight perception, on the part of the individual
tradition:
•stories, beliefs, customs, etc. handed down orally from generation to generation.
Paraphrase
11. We had reached … bordering oceans.
Rhetorical device used here ---
•Metaphor, comparing ____ to ______.
•“provincial morality” to “artificial walls”.
to reach international stature:
•To develop and grow into a nation respected and esteemed by all other nations in the world.
provincial:
•Narrow, limited like that of rural provinces.乡土气的, 不时髦的或不老练的
•Here he word means narrow like that of a single country – the United States. 偏狭的视野上不开阔的;狭隘和以自我为中心的
Paraphrase
Paragraph 3
12. The rejection … inevitable.
Victorian:
•Showing the middle-class respectability, prudery, bigotry, etc. generally attributed to Victorian England
gentility:
•The quality of being genteel; now, specifically excessive or affected refinement and elegance. [讽]装体面; 假斯文
Paraphrase
13. The booming … competitive age.
roaring:非常活跃或成功的;兴旺的,兴隆的
•(colloquial) very active or successful; brisk; a roaring business.
impersonality:非人格性,客观, 冷静, 无人情味
•The lack or absence of a personal or human character; the quality or state of not involving personal feelings or the emotions.
aggressive:好斗的, 侵犯的;挑衅的倾; 大胆的和积极进取的, 敢作敢为的, 有闯劲的
•Implies a bold and energetic pursuit of one’s ends, connoting, in derogatory usage, a ruthless desire to dominate and, in a favorable sense, enterprise, initiative, etc.
code:规范;礼法
•Any set of principles or rules of conduct; a moral code
Paraphrase
14. War or no war … for success.
Rhetorical device used here_______
•Metaphor. “to battle for success”, meaning
•They had to fight as in a battle in order to become successful.
medium: environment
Paraphrase
15. The war acted … social structure.
Rhetorical device used here _______
•Metaphor, the war being compared to
•catalytic agent, meaning _____
•The war only helped to speed up the breakdown of the Victorian social structure.
catalytic agent:催化剂(作用)
•catalyst, a person or thing acting as the stimulus in bringing about or hastening a result.
agent: an active force or substance producing an effect: a chemical agent.剂,引起变化的力量或物质
16. By precipitating … violent energies.
Paraphrase
17. Which, after the shooting … society.
Paraphrase
Paragraph 4
18. Thus … to date.
challenge:
•Anything, as a demanding task, that calls for special effort or dedication
mores:风俗, 习惯, 民德, 道德观念
•Customs, esp. the fixed or traditional customs of a society, often acquiring the force of law.
Paraphrase
19. It was tempted … immorality.
air: 气氛,外观, 独特或特有的印象
•an outward appearance; general impression or feeling given by sth.
sophistication:矫揉造作,老于世故,老练
•The state of being artificial, worldly-wise, urbane etc.
pose:造作;摆样子
•a way of behaving or speaking that is assumed for effect; pretense.
Bohemian:波希米亚人; 放荡不羁的人;不合习俗的人;玩世不恭的人
•A person, esp. an artist, poet, etc. who lives in an unconventional, nonconforming way.
Paraphrase
20. The faddishness … pattern of escape.
faddishness: the following of fads.追随流行,赶时髦
pattern: a regular, mainly unvarying way of acting or doing; behavior patterns.
Paraphrase
21. An escape … responsibilities.
Paraphrase
22. Prohibitions … illicit.
Prohibition:
•The forbidding by law of the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic liquors for beverage purposes; specifically in the U. S., the period (1920 – 1933) of prohibition by Federal law
Paraphrase
23. The much-publicized … escapism:
much publicized:
•Reported often and widely in newspapers and magazines
orgy:纵酒狂欢, 放荡
•Any wild, riotous, licentious merrymaking; debauchery
Greenwich Village:
•section of New York City, on the lower west side of Manhattan; noted as a center for artists, writers, etc.; formerly a village.
Paraphrase
24. And like … ran out.
Paraphrase
25. The crash … to sober up.
Rhetorical device used here ______
•Metaphor, comparing the wild, riotous living of the escapists to
•a party and the escapists to drunken revelers.
Paraphrase
Paragraph 5
26. The prolonged stalemate … idealistic citizen.
The stalemate of 1915 – 1916:
•This refers to the stalemate on the Western Front in Europe. Grueling (令人精疲力尽的) trench warfare took place, but the battle lines remained virtually stationary for three years.
Insolence of Germany towards the United States:
▪This refers to the sinking of the Lusitania, a liner under British registration, by a German submarine on May 7, 1915. In the sinking, 1195 persons lost their lives, of whom 128 were U. S. citizens. The considerable sympathy for Germany that had previously existed in the U. S. to a large extent disappeared, and there were demands from many for an immediate declaration of war. It also refers to the German announcement, at the end of 1916, that Germany would begin unrestricted submarine warfare to break British control of the seas. In protest the United States broke off relations with Germany, Feb. 1917.
To declare our status as a belligerent:
▪To declare war. America entered the war rather late, on April 6, 1917.
Belligerent
• n. One that is hostile or aggressive, especially one that is engaged in war.
• 交战者, 敌对的或爱寻衅的人或一方,尤指参与战争者
27. John Dos Passos’ U.S.A.
The trilogy U. S. A. (1937) is composed of
•The 42nd Parallel (1930)
•1919 (1932)
•The Big Money (1936)
In the trilogy, Dos Passos presented the first three decades of the 20th century in America.
28. They wanted … belly up.
Fun:
•Amusement, sport, recreation, adventure, etc. The young idealistic people thought fighting in a war was something adventurous and romantic.
Paraphrase
29. For military service, … a romantic occupation.
Paraphrase
30. The strife … San Juan Hill.
See Note 8.
Explain
The civil war of 1861 – 1865 was always portrayed in the movies and in stories as a highly sentimental drama (nostalgic to people from the southern states) and the war with Spain in 18 always ended in a scene in a movie sowing the one-sided victory at Manila or the Americans charging up San Juan Hill.
Magnolia-scented:
•The meaning of this phrase isn’t clear.
•It may have the literal meaning of having the scent of the magnolia. The soap opera was put up by companies selling magnolia-scented soap.
•It may also mean “very sweet and cloying” because the magnolia flower has a very sweet scent.
•Finally, it may also mean: “ of, relating to, or resembling the South (the southern states of America) of pre-civil war days.”
Soap opera:
•Americanism. A daytime radio or television serial drama of a highly melodramatic, sentimental nature; so called since many original sponsors were soap companies.
Dissolve:
•(in motion pictures an TV) to fade or make fade into or out of view. (画面) 淡入,淡出电影或录像;一幅画面渐隐,而另一幅画面在其后渐显,随着第一幅渐渐变得模糊,第二幅画变是更为清晰,通过这种方式来改变画面
31. Furthermore … and exciting.
Paraphrase
32. The “intellectuals” … ambulance corps.
Why is “intellectuals” in the quotation mark?
•“Intellectuals” is put in quotes to show that they were college-age students who considered themselves to be intellectuals and would be writers or those who had intellectual interests or tastes. They did not want to take part in the actual killing so they joined the ambulance corps.
33. So tremendous … for the draft.
Draft:
•The choosing or taking of an individual or individuals from a group for some special purpose, esp. for compulsory military service. 征兵的义务服役的注册;征兵
Paraphrase
Paragraph 6
34. Naturally, the spirit of carnival…warfare.
Spirit of carnival:
•Festive spirit, spirit of revelry and merrymaking
High:
•Characterized by sublime, heroic, or stirring events; exciting.
Have a good taste of:
•Metaphor. To have real or thorough experience of
Paraphrase
36. To their lasting glory, … with distinction.
To:
• used to indicate result. They fought with distinction resulting in their lasting glory.
Distinction:
•The quality that makes one seem superior or worthy of special recognition; 非凡;卓越
•Recognition of achievement or superiority; honor. 荣誉,荣耀对成就或优等的承认;荣誉:
▪to serve with distinction.; graduated with distinction. 光荣地毕业
Paraphrase
37. Whose idealism … of action.
action:
•military combat in general.
Paraphrase
38. To them, it was bitter … three years earlier.
Paraphrase
Fourth-of-July bombast:
•Pompous and patriotic speeches made during the Fourth of July celebrations.
39. It was even …opportunities that did exist.
Problem:
•Very difficult to deal with esp. to train or discipline, eg. A problem child.
Paraphrase
40. They had outgrown …understand.
Rhetorical device used -----
•Metaphor, comparing their unsuitability to growing too large for one’s clothes.
Paraphrase
41. Their energies … by the war.
Paraphrase
42. They were being asked to curb… democracy.
Resume the pose of self-deceiving Victorian innocence:
•To resume living and behaving simply and innocently as the former Victorian social structure required them to do. If they did this, they would be deceiving themselves because they knew this Victorian morality was now outmoded and wrong.
Paraphrase
43. The returning veteran … profiteers.
Paraphrase
44. Something in the tension-ridden youth …give.
Give:
•to bend, sink, move, break down, yield, etc. from force or pressure.
Paraphrase
46. After a short period … of behavior.
Paraphrase
Paragraph 7
47. Greenwich Village set the pattern.
Rhetorical device used here:
•Metonymy转喻.
•The writers and artists living in Greenwich Village (not Greenwich Village itself) set the example which other young intellectuals throughout the country followed.
48. The village had … eccentricity.
Dubious reputation:
•A reputation that was questionable, shady
Bohemianism and eccentricity:
•The two words here are more or less synonymous, both emphasizing the odd and unconventional lives of the intellectuals and artists.
Paraphrase
49. It was only natural … artistic centre:
Babbittry:
•(after George Babbitt, title character of a satirical novel (1932) by Sinclair Lewis) a smugly conventional person interested chiefly in business and social success and indifferent to cultural values; Philistine,俗气的人, 平庸的人.
Rhetorical device used here
Metonymy, “pens” standing for their writing and “Babbittry” for qualities once displayed by George Babbit.
Paraphrase
50. To pour out … sensation:
•They employed their newly acquainted creative strength to write vigorously; to demolish the old world (by attacking everything that represented it); to scoff at (to show contempt for) the morality that their grandfathers respected (by living Bohemian and eccentric lives), and by spending all their time, energy and money on art, love and the pursuit of new sensations.
Paragraph 8
51. To add … “flaming youth”:
Metaphor,
•the revolt of the young compared to a conflagration.
Own little matchsticks:
•Metaphor, misdeeds compared to matchsticks.
Paraphrase
52. It was Greenwich Village that fanned the flames.
Rhetorical devices used here:
•Metonymy and metaphor.
•They young intellectuals living in the Greenwich Village helped to keep the revolt alive and to spread it throughout the country.
53. Each town … unconventionality.
Fast:
•(Americanism) (adj.) living in a reckless, wild, dissipated (沉迷于酒色的, 消散的, 闲游浪荡的)way,
▪A fast crowd 一伙放荡不羁的人
Paraphrase
54. This self-conscious … the nation.
•Deliberately living an unconventional life soon became a common thing among rich young people (those who could afford to join country clubs). It also became a common feature among less rich people throughout the country.
55. Before long … irresistible.
•Pulpit representing the church.
•Before long this movement was officially accepted as a fact by the church, by the movies and magazines, and by the advertising agencies, but they showed their recognition in different ways.
•The church denounced it from the pulpit. The movies and magazines pretended to denounce it but in reality succeeded in making it more attractive by depicting it as something naughty.
•The advertising agencies encouraged it indirectly by playing up sex attraction in their advertisements selling from cigarettes to automobiles.
56. Who had been playing … Chateau-Thierry.
Belleau Wood:
Small forest in France, east of Paris; site of a battle (1918) in World War I.
Chateau Thierry:
Town in N France, on the Marne; scene of intensive fighting in World War I.
Paraphrase
57. Who had suffered … rebellion.
Metaphor,
•comparing living unconventional lives to playing with toys.
Vulgar:
•Of, characteristic of, belonging to, or common to the great mass of people in general; common; popular. 平民的,普通的大众人民的,与大众人民有关的;普通的
Paraphrase
58. Their parents … new gaiety.
•At first the parents of these young people were shocked by the decadent lives of their children, but soon they themselves and their friends began to adopt the new Bohemian and eccentric way of life.
59. The “wild party” …Floral heights.
•Living and acting in wild, unconventional ways had become as common a sight and an accepted mode of American life as the flapper, the Model T, or the Dutch Colonial home in Floral Heights.
(Notes, 17,18, & 19)
Paragraph 9
60. Meanwhile … to standardization.
•The true intellectuals who started the revolt against society did not feel pleased or honored by the imitation of their life style by so many people. What they really wanted was to change America. They wanted the American people to respond more readily and deeply to art and culture, to be less greedy for material gain, and not to accept standardization so easily.
61. Instead … Rotary luncheon.
•People did not pay attention to their ideas. Instead their Bohemian manners and behavior were imitated by everybody. This wild and eccentric way of life became as standard and conventionalized as a Rotary luncheon午宴, 正式的午餐.
62. Flaming diatribes … society.
boobery:
•Same as “Babbittry”, smug, self-satisfied, conformist in cultural matters.
Paraphrase
63. The rallying point … America.
Metaphor, comparing the book to a rallying point.
Paraphrase
. The burden … being ignored.
Burden:
•repeated, central idea; theme; the burden of a speech
•要点;主题;主旨,
▪the burden of the story小说的主题
Paraphrase
65. American family … inadequate.
Keep up with the Joneses:
•To strive to get all the material things one’s neighbors or associates have
•赶时髦;与他人攀比
Paraphrase
66. The country was blind … dollar.
Personification.
•America could see and hear nothing except the shining gleam and the ringing sound of the dollar;
Metaphor,
•comparing America to a blind and deaf person;
and also metonymy,
•“glint and ring of the dollar” standing for “attraction of wealth and money”. The American people are not moved or stirred by anything. They are only conscious of money and wealth.
67. There was little … better.
Paraphrase
“they do things better”:
In quotes perhaps because it was so written in one of the articles collected in the book Civilization in the United States
68. Most of its … followed suit.
Paraphrase
Follow suit:
•To follow the example set
Paragraph 10
69. In no sense … of the times.
Common denominator:
•A characteristic, element, etc. held in common
Paraphrase
70. The war … was dead.
Paraphrase
Versailles:
•City in NC France, near Paris.
•The allies and Germany signed a peace treaty here (1919) ending World War I.
71. The defeated aesthete:
•John Andrews is a character in Dos Passos’ first successful novel Three Soldiers (1921). He is highly sensitive to art and beauty but fails to succeed in life.
72. Who tried …Left Bank.
•All these novelists, dramatists, poets and critics who lived in Antibes and on the Left Bank tried to discover their true moral or spiritual nature while living in these places.
73. Who directed … native land.
•These people wrote bitter and critical articles, stories, etc., attacking the United States, their native land.
74. To produce works … society.
•They came back to the United States and produced works made more mature by the influence and their experience of a more urbane and worldly-wise society (of Europe).
Paragraph 11
75. Could never be written … self-pity.
Write off as:
•To drop from consideration.把...描写成; 把...看成, 把...贬低为
Paraphrase
76. Flayed … country.
•They bitterly attacked the smug, self-satisfied, conventional and materialistic people in the United States but love America.
77. And in so doing …experience.
•In the process of doing the above thing, these young intellectuals produced the liveliest, freshest and most stimulating literary works that America had so far ever seen.