一、代入法
这是进行英语写作时最常用的方法。同学们在掌握一定的词汇和短语之后,结合一定的语法知识,按照句子的结构特点,直接用英语代人相应的句式即可。如:
◎ 他从不承认自己的失败。
He never admits his failure.
◎ 那项比赛吸引了大批观众。
The match attracted a large crowd.
◎ 他把蛋糕分成4块。
He divided the cake into four pieces.
二、还原法
即把疑问句、强调句、倒装句等还原成基本结构。这是避免写错句子的一种有效的办法。如:
◎ 这是开往格拉斯哥的火车吗?
Is this the train for Glasgow?
还原为陈述句:This is the train for Glasgow.
◎ 他是因为爱我的钱才同我结了婚。
It was because he loved my money that he married me.
还原为非强调句:Because he loved my money, he married me.
◎ 光速很快,我们几乎没法想象它的速度。
So fast does light travel that we can hardly imagine its speed.
还原为正常语序:Light travels so fast that we can hardly imagine its speed.
三、分解法
就是把一个句子分成两个或两个以上的句子。这样既能把意思表达得更明了,又能减少写错句子的几率。如:
◎ 我们要干就要干好。
If we do a thing, we should do it well.
◎ 从各地来的学生中有许多是北方人。
There are students here from all over the country. Many of them are from the North.
四、合并法
就是把两个或两个以上的简单句用一个复合句或较复杂的简单句表达出来。这种方法最能体现学生的英语表达能力,同时也最能提高文章的可读性。如:
◎ 我们迷路了,这使我们的野营旅行变成了一次冒险。
Our camping trip turned into an adventure when we got lost.
◎ 天气转晴了,这是我们没有想到的。
The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
◎ 狼是高度群体化的动物,它们的成功依赖于合作。
Wolves are highly social animals whose success depends upon their coopera-tion.
五、删减法
就是在写英语句子时,把相应汉语句子里的某些词、短语或重复的成分删掉或省略。如:
◎ 这部打字机真是价廉物美。
This typewriter is very cheap and fine indeed.
注:汉语表达中的“价”和“物”在英语中均无需译出。
◎ 个子不高不是人生中的严重缺陷。
Not being tall is not a serious disadvantage in life,
注:汉语说“个子不高”,其实就是“不高”。也就是说,其中的“个子”在英语中无需译出。
六、移位法
由于英语和汉语在表达习惯上存在差异,根据表达的需要,某些成分需要前置或后移。如:
◎ 他发现赚点外快很容易。
He found it easy to earn extra money.
注:it在此为形式宾语,真正的宾语是句末的不定式to earn extra money。
◎ 告诉我这事的人不肯告诉我他的名字。
The man who told me this refused to tell me his name.
注:who told me this为修饰the man的定语从句,应置于其后。
◎ 直到我遇到你以后,我才真正体会到幸福。
It was not until I met you that I knew real happiness.
注:not…until…为英语中的固定句式,其意为“直到……才……”。
七、分析法
指根据要表示的汉语意思,通过进行语法分析和句式判断,然后写出准确地道的英语句子。如:
◎ 从这个角度看,问题并不像人们一般料想的那样严重。
Seen in this light, the matter is not as serious as people generally suppose.
注:分词短语作状语时,其逻辑主语应与句子主语一致,由于the matter与sec之间为被动关系, 故see要用过去分词seen。
◎ 我没有见过他,所以说不出他的模样。
Not having met him, I cannot tell you what he is like.
注:如果分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前,且与逻辑主语是主动关系,则用现在分词的完成式。
八、意译法
有的同学在写句子时,一遇见生词或不熟悉的表达,就以为是“山穷水尽”了。其实,此时我们可以设法绕开难点,在保持原意的基础上,用不同的表达方式写出来。如:
◎ 汤姆一直在扰乱别的孩子,我就把他撵了出去。
Tom was upsetting the other children, so I showed him the door.
◎ 有志者事竟成。
Where there is a will, there is away.
◎ 你可以同我们一起去或是呆在家中,悉听尊便。
You can go with us or stay at home, whichever you choose.
当然,同学们在写句子时千万不要拿句子去套方法,也不要拿方法去套句子。处处留心皆学问。只要加强知识的积累,一定还会有更多更好的方法。
Practice:
1. 我们应该提前完成这项艰巨的任务。 We should ________________________.
2. 有必要立即给你回电话吗? Is it necessary ______________________________
3. 你必须呆在家里照顾你生病的母亲。You must _______________________________
4. 在入口处得出示护照吗 ? Is it necessary ___________________________at the entrance ?
5. 依我之见,你以后要多注意你的作业。
______________ , you should __________________________ in future .
6. 应该经常给父母写信。You ought to_________________________ very often .
7. 我们应该保持生态平衡。 We must ________________________
8. 学生应该保持教室整洁。 Students should ___________________________
9. 我是不是应当探望一下有病的邻居?_____________________________ our sick neighbor ?
10. 恐怕你不得不步行回家了。____________________you will have to walk home on foot .
11. 我看你有必要服从规章制度。_____________________________to obey the rules .
12. 是去是留由你决定。 It is for you to decide ____________________
13. 请别理它 _____________________________
14. 你最好别摘这些花。 ___________________________________
15. 我感到帮助你是我的职责。I feel _________________________________
16. . 我不应该对他说谎。我最好不反对他的建议。
I shouldn‘t tell him a lie. I ________________________his suggestion
17.我最后一次看见杰克的时候,他一个人在街上走。(The last time)
_____________________________, he was walking down the street alone.
18.她不声不响离家出走,使她的父母心烦意乱。( without )
____________________________________ upset her parents.
19.使刘翔迷们感到兴奋的是,刘翔在瑞士洛桑创造了12秒88的男子110米栏的世界纪录。 (To…)
_______________________, Liu Xiang set a new world record of 12.88 seconds in the men’s 110-metre hurdles in Lausanne, Switzerland.
20.Every mother is proud of her child and _________________________(父亲也一样).
21.(他刚到家)______________________________________when it started raining.
22.If I had remembered to close the window, __________________________(小偷就不会进来)
23. I’ll never forget__________________________________ (第一次和你见面).
24.Mary rushed into the room, _______________________________(抱着一个大纸箱).
25.A minute ago the old lady ____________________(撕开信封)with great excitement.
26.My washing machine broke down this morning. ____________(我打算明天把它送去修理).
27.The report said that the sample water had too much lead in it, __________________________(可能对我们的健康有害).
28.(尽管不富裕_______________,they feel quite satisfied with their standard of living condition.
29.(我以前常去看电影)_____________________________,but I never get the time now.
30.(既然你们明天才走)_________________________, we can have dinner together to night.
31.The speaker, (以精彩的演讲而闻名)_____________________________, was warmly received by the audience.
32. (我以前从没见过任何人)_____________________________who has the skill John has when it comes to repairing cars.
33.He set out again on his journey around the world, _____________(尽管他的朋友们劝他不要去).
34.The supermarket sells various kinds of things, ____________________(从衣物食品到电游)
35.整夜他清醒地躺在床上_______________________worrying about his financial problems.
36. By six thirty every morning, _____________________________(操场上满是学生)
37.You have neglected your work for too long and ________________(你不可能在一周内赶上来).
38.The little girl was alert to every sound in the house _____________________________(因为她被那部恐怖电影吓倒了)because she had been frightened by that horror film .
答案:
1.我们应该提前完成这项艰巨的任务。 We should finish the task ahead of time.
2.有必要立即给你回电话吗?Is it necessary to give you a ring immediately?
3.你必须呆在家里照顾你生病的母亲。You must stay home looking after your sick mother .
4 . 依我之见,你以后要多注意你的作业。
In my opinion , you should do your homework more carefully in future .
5. 应该经常给父母写信。You ought to write to your parents very often .
6. 在入口处得出示护照吗 ?
Is it necessary to show your passport at the entrance ?
7. 我们应该保持生态平衡。 We must keep the balance of nature.
8. 学生应该保持教室整洁。 Students should keep the classroom tidy and clean.
9. 我是不是探望一下有病的邻居?
Am I supposed to pay a visit to our sick neighbor ?
10. 恐怕你不得不步行回家了。 I am afraid you will have to walk home on foot .
11. 我看你有必要服从规章制度。I think it necessary for you to obey the rules .
12. 是去是留由你决定。 It is for you to decide whether to go or to stay .
13. 请别理它 Please leave it alone .
14. 你最好别摘这些花。You had better not pick the flowers .
15. 我感到帮助你是我的职责。I feel it is my duty to give you a hand .
16. 我不应该对他说谎。我最好不反对他的建议。
I shouldn‘t tell him a lie . I had better not object to his suggestion
17. 我最后一次看见杰克的时候,他一个人在街上走。(The last time)
The last time I saw Jack, he was walking down the street alone.
18. 她不声不响离家出走,使她的父母心烦意乱。( without )
Her leaving home without saying a word upset her parents.
19.使刘翔迷们兴奋的是,刘翔在瑞士洛桑创造了12秒88的男子110米栏的世界纪录。
To his fan’s excitement, Liu Xiang set a new world record of 12.88 seconds in the men’s 110-metre hurdles in Lausanne, Switzerland.
20.【答案】so is every father
【解析】本句主要考点为语法,考查倒装结构。当so表示“同样”或“也……”之意时,其后的句子需要倒装。翻译本句时还要注意every father作主语时谓语应为单数形式。
21.【答案】Hardly had he arrived home或He had hardly arrived home
【解析】本题的考点在于固定搭配。句意为“他刚到家就开始下雨了。”由于后半句由when代起,前半句应出现hardly,构成固定搭配hardly...when...,且根据此固定搭配的使用要求,前半句的时态应为过去完成时。本题由两种可能的答案,若以hardly开头,句子需要倒装,以he开头则保持正常语序。
22.【答案】the thief would not have got in
【解析】本题考查考生对虚拟语气的掌握。句子由if引导,表示对过去情况的虚拟,从句时态为过去完成时,主句应使用would加have done的结构。
23.【答案】meeting you for the first time
【解析】本题主要考查核心动词词组。动词forget之后可加不定式或动名词构成动词词组,forget to do意为“忘记做某事”,其中do所表示的动作时没做或没发生的;而forget doing表示“忘记做过某事”,doing所反映的动作为做了或已经发生了的。本句表达的意思是“我从未忘记第一次和你的见面。”很明显,“见面”为已经发生的事,故meet应以动名词的形式出现。
24.【答案】holding a big paper box
【解析】本题的考点为语法,考查分词的使用。通过中文提示及分析句子结构可知,需要翻译的部分并非句子的谓语和宾语而是表示伴随的状况。应注意,因为room之后出现了逗号,本题不可用with结构而应使用分词。又因Mary是“抱着”的逻辑主语,应选动词hold的现在分词形式holding。
25.【答案】tore the envelope open
【解析】本题的考点在于核心动词。表达“撕开”之意应选择动词tear,tear是规则动词,过去式为tore。本题另一个易错之处在于选择表示“开”的词。由句意可知,“开”指的是信封的状态而不是对动词“撕”的修饰,故应用形容词。
26.【答案】I will have it fixed tomorrow.或I m going to have it fixed tomorrow.
【解析】本题的考点在于固定搭配。have...done与do sth的区别在于前者意为“让别人做某事”。本题需要表达让别人修理洗衣机,故应为have it repaired。
27.【答案】which might damage our health
【解析】本题的考点在于语法,主要考查对从句的使用。由于空格前出现了逗号,空格部分应补出从句而而非一个完整的句子。由句意可知,逗号之前出现的it指的是water,而对健康有害的东西正是water,故因翻译出一个以it为先行词的非限定性定语从句。
28.【答案】Although they are not rich
【解析】本题考点在于语法。“尽管”之意出现在句首,故最好选择用although表达。需要注意的是空格部分应为从句,需要根据语法要求补充出从句的主语they,这个部分在中文中没有体现出来,所以是常见的出错点。
29.【答案】I used to go to the cinema a lot
【解析】本题的考点在于固定搭配。有几个看起来相似的词组是常考的考点,即used to do, be used to do和be used to doing。used to do意为“过去常常……”,be used to do是被动语态的体现,意为“被用于……”而be used to doing意思是“习惯……”。本题应选用used to do这一固定搭配。另一需要注意的考点是“看电影”的说法,习惯上看电影并不直译为see films或see movies而用go to the cinema来表达。
30.【答案】Since you are leaving tomorrow或Since you will leave tomorrow
【解析】本题的考点在于核心词的使用。表达“既然”之意应使用since,此外还需注意,“既然你们明天才走”描述的是事实而非假设的情况,因此无需使用虚拟语气。
31.【答案】who is famous for his/her splendid speeches或known for his/her splendid speeches
【解析】本题的主要考点在于语法。通过分析句子结构可知,本句主语为the speaker,谓语部分为was warmly received,需要翻译出的部分是对主语情况的补充说明。由此可看出,空格部分可以是以句子主语为先行词的定语从句也可以是用分词来表示修饰的结构。故本题有两种可能性,可译为从句或分词结构
32.【答案】Never before have I seen anyone或I have never seen anyone
【解析】本题的考点在于语法。完整的句子意思是“在修车方面我从未见过谁有约翰那样高明的技术。”可见已经给出的英文部分是一个定语从句,其先行词为“任何人”。本题有两种可能的答案,比较简单和直观的是正常语序的I have never seen anyone。但也可将never置于句首,后接一个倒装结构,即Never before have I seen anyone。
33.【答案】despite his friends attempt to persuade him not to或though his friend persuaded him not to
【解析】本题的考点在于核心词。表达“劝说”之意可用比较基础的动词词组persuade...to do,而“尽管”可以选择though/although或despite。需要特别注意的是though或although引导从句而despite后应加名词性结构。故本题可能有两种正确答案。
34.【答案】ranging from clothes and food to computer games
【解析】本题的考点在于固定搭配即及语法。见到“从……到……”,大多数考生会想到from...to...。需要注意,from...to...可以表示时间和地点方面的范围,而根据句意,在表达经营范围时,最好在前面加一个动词range。又因需要翻译的部分并非句子的谓语,动词range应变为现在分词的形式。
35.【答案】All night long he lay awake
【解析】本题的考点在于核心词的选择及使用。表达“清醒”之意应使用形容词awake,需要特别注意的是在英文中“清醒”并非修饰“躺”的副词。而“整夜”之意可用固定表达all night long来表示。
36.【答案】the playground has been full of students doing morning exercises或the playground has been full of students who are doing morning exercises
【解析】本题的考点在于语法,主要考查时态选择、从句或分词的使用。由时间状语by six thirty every morning可知,本句应使用完成时态。而“晨练的学生”可用两种方法翻译,一为以“学生”为先行词的定语从句,其二为使用动词的现在分词。
37.【答案】it is impossible for you to catch up on it in a week
【解析】本题考点在于固定句型,考查it is...for...to do这一句型,根据意思填入需要的词即可