11A A Precious Resource
Before You Listen
A. 1. c 2. a 3. b 4. b
B. b
Listening Comprehension
Part One
A. 1. b 2. a 3. d 4. d 5. c
B. 1. vital not only to the local people but also to countless species of plants and wildlife
另外,周围46000英亩湿地也已经消失。这些湿地不但对当地居民,而且对附近无数种植被和野生生物都至关重要。
2. face the same dilemma that has confronted the people of Spain; balance human needs with the requirements of natural systems that are vital for sustaining life
本世纪,许多国家都将面临西班牙人民的困境:如何平衡人类需求与自然环境需求之间的关系,而后者对维持地球生命可持续发展起至关重要的作用。
3. estimated 1.2 billion people drink unclean water; 2.5 billion lack proper toilets or waste disposal systems; die each year from diseases related to unclean water
现如今,据估计有12亿人的饮用水不洁净,大约25亿人没有合适的冲水厕所和污水处理系统。每年有超过500万人因饮用不洁净的水而死于相关疾病。
Part Two
1. Repaired water pipes; replaced toilets; installed water meters; changed wasteful showers and water taps.
2. To prevent water being wasted.
3. He installed tanks in homes and apartments to provide 190 liters of water a day free to each household.
4. Water recycling.
5. Water conservation is the most effective method to address water shortages.
After You Listen
A. 1. the world population will surpass 8 billion
2. discern the seriousness of the situation
3. because of leaks in their pipes
4. the rain had replenished the supply
5. the average amount of water diverted for use in irrigation
B. Answers will vary.
Water Worries (Part One) 文本
In the Castile-La Mancha region of south central Spain, Julio Escudero, a 74-year-old former fisherman, fondly recalls an area on the Guadiana River called Los Ojos -- "the eyes." Large underground springs bubbled up into the river, where Escudero and his community fished for carp and crayfish. "I would sit in my boat six or seven meters away and just watch the water coming up," Escudero says. "Now it looks like the moon." Los Ojos doesn't exist anymore: that stretch of the river dried up in 1984. Additionally, 46,000 acres of surrounding wetlands -- vital not only to the local people but also to countless species of plants and wildlife -- have disappeared.
As farming in the region has increased, La Mancha has witnessed an explosion of well digging in the past 40 years that has lowered the water table and diverted water from rivers and streams. The number of wells has grown from 1,500 in 1960 to an official count of 21,000 today, and some experts say the real number, including illegal wells, could surpass 50,000.
A Global Problem
La Mancha is just one of many places facing water shortages. This century, many countries will face the same dilemma that has confronted the people of Spain: how to balance human needs with the requirements of natural systems that are vital for sustaining life on Earth. The United Nations recently outlined the extent of the problem, saying that 2.7 billion people would face severe water shortages by 2025 if consumption continues at current rates. Today, an estimated 1.2 billion people drink unclean water, and about 2.5 billion lack proper toilets or waste disposal systems. More than five million people die each year from diseases related to unclean water. All over the globe, humans are pumping water out of the ground faster than it can be replenished. In this difficult situation, water conservationists, such as Rajendra Singh in India and Neil MacLeod in South Africa, are working to find solutions to the water crisis. Both have found innovative ways to improve their local water situations.
India: A Hero in a Thirsty Land
On arriving at the Indian village of Goratalai, Rajendra Singh was greeted by a group of about 50 people. He smiled and addressed the villagers:
"How many households do you have?""Eighty.""It's been four years without much rain," interjected a woman. "And we don't have a proper dam to catch the water.""Do you have any spots where a dam could go?" asked Singh, 43, who has a full head of black hair and a thick beard, both with a touch of gray.
"Yes, two spots.""Will the whole village be willing to work there?""Yes," they all replied together.
"I would like to help you," Singh told them, "but the work has to be done by you. You will have to provide one third of the project through your labor, and the remaining two thirds I will arrange."The villagers clapped, the women started to sing, and the group hiked to a place in the nearby rocky hills. Singh examined the area, and after a few minutes declared, "This is an ideal site." His organization would provide the engineering advice and materials; the villagers would supply the work. The 30-foot-high earthen dam and reservoir, known as a johad, could be finished in three months, before the start of the rainy season. If the rains were plentiful, the reservoir would not only provide supplemental surface water for drinking and agriculture, but would also replenish dry wells. "You will not see the results immediately. But soon the dam will begin to raise the water level in your wells," Singh told the villagers.
Soon Singh was gone, heading to a nearby village that had also requested help building a johad. In recent years, Singh's johads have sprung up all over Rajasthan -- an estimated 4,500 dams in about 1,000 villages, all built using local labor and native materials. His movement has caught on, he says, because it puts control over water in the hands of villagers. "If they feel a johad is their own, they will maintain it," said Singh. "This is a very sustainable, self-reliant system. I can say confidently that if we can manage rain in India in traditional ways, there will be sufficient water for our growing population."
A. Multiple Choice.
Question 1. Which of these statements about Castile-La Mancha is NOT true?
Question 2. What is Rajendra Singh's solution to water shortages?
Question 3. What does Rajendra Singh's organization provide to build dams?
Question 4. Why is Rajendra Singh's solution to water shortages successful?
Question 5. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage?
B. Dictation and Translation.
1. Additionally, 46,000 acres of surrounding wetlands ?vital not only to the local people but also to countless species of plants and wildlife have disappeared.
2. This century, many countries will face the same dilemma that has confronted the people of Spain: how to balance human needs with the requirements of natural systems that are vital for sustaining life on Earth.
3. Today, an estimated 1.2 billion people drink unclean water, and about 2.5 billion lack proper toilets or waste disposal systems. More than five million people die each year from diseases related to unclean water.
best translations.
Water Worries (Part Two) 文本
South Africa: Waste Not, Want Not
In South Africa, Neil MacLeod took over as head of Durban Metro Water Services in 1992. The situation he found was a catastrophe. Durban had one million people living in the city and another 1.5 million people who lived in poverty just outside it. Macleod and his engineers determined that the entire city was rife with broken water pipes, leaky toilets, and faulty plumbing whereby 42 percent of the region's water was simply being wasted. "We inherited 700 reported leaks and bursts. The water literally just ran down the streets," recalled Macleod. "Demand for water was growing four percent a year, and we thought we'd have to build another dam by 2000." Macleod's crews began repairing and replacing water pipes. They put water meters on residences, replaced eight-liter toilets with four-liter models, and changed wasteful showers and water taps. To ensure that the poor would receive a basic supply of water, Macleod installed tanks in homes and apartments to provide 190 liters (50 gallons) of water a day free to each household.
Water consumption in the city of Durban is now less than it was in 1996, even as 800,000 more people have received service. Through sensible water use, Durban's conservation measures paid for themselves within a year. Macleod has assured the city that no new dams will be needed in the coming decades, despite the expected addition of about 300,000 inhabitants.
In Durban, Macleod has also turned to water recycling. At the water recycling plant, wastewater is turned into clean water in just 12 hours. Most people are unable to discern a difference between the usual city drinking water and the treated wastewater, although it is actually intended for industrial purposes. Macleod boasts, "Go to many areas of the world, and they're drinking far worse water than this."
Some people still hope that new technology, such as the desalination of seawater, will solve the world's water problems. "But the fact is, water conservation is where the big gains are to be made," says Sandra Postel of the Global Water Policy Project. The dedication and resourcefulness of people like Rajendra Singh and Neil Macleod offer inspiration for implementing timely and lasting solutions to the world's water concerns.
11B The Trouble with E-Waste
Before You Listen
A. 1. T 2. F 3. T 4. T
B. a giant machine that recycles electronics
Listening Comprehension
A. 1. b 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. c
B. 1. recycle 2. developing world 3. toxic substances
4. hazardous waste shipments 5. jewelry
After You Listen
A. 1. infrastructure 2. piles 3. discarded 4. substances 5. hazardous
B. Answers will vary.
Technology as Trash 文本
As the morning rain stops in Accra, the capital city of Ghana, and the sun heats the humid air, a terrible-smelling black smoke begins to rise above the vast Agbogbloshie Market. Past the vegetable and tire merchants is a scrap market filled with piles of old and broken electronics waste. This waste, consisting of broken TVs, computers, and smashed monitors, is known as "e-waste." Further beyond the scrap market are many small fires, fueled by old automobile tires, which are burning away the plastic covering from valuable wire in the e-waste. People walk through the smoke -- a highly poisonous mixture of chemicals -- with their arms full of brightly-colored computer wire. Many of them are children.
Israel Mensah, 20, explains how he makes his living here. Each day scrap sellers bring loads of old electronics. Mensah's friends and family buy a few computers or TVs. They break them apart to remove valuable metals and wires, as well as any parts that can be resold. Then, they burn the plastic covering off the wire and sell it to replenish their supply of e-waste. The key to making money is speed, not safety. "The gas goes to your nose and you feel something in your head," Mensah says as he knocks his fist against the back of his head. "Then you get sick in your head and your chest." Broken computer and monitor cases are unwanted and thrown in a nearby lagoon. The next day, the rain will wash them into the ocean.
The problem of e-waste
E-waste is being produced on a scale never seen before. Computers and other electronic equipment become obsolete in just a few years, leaving customers with little choice but to buy newer ones to keep up. Tens of millions of tons of computers, TVs, VCRs, monitors, cell phones, and other equipment are discarded each year.
Unfortunately, in most of the world, the bulk of all this waste ends up in landfills, where it poisons the environment -- e-waste contains a variety of toxic substances such as lead, mercury, and arsenic that leak into the ground. Recycling is in many ways the ideal solution to the problem. E-waste contains significant amounts of valuable metals such as silver, gold, and copper that make it attractive to recycle. In theory, recycling gold from old computers is far more efficient -- and less environmentally destructive -- than digging it from the earth. The problem is that a large percentage of e-waste that is dropped off for recycling in wealthy countries is sold and diverted to the developing world -- to countries like Ghana. As quantities of e-waste increase worldwide, it poses an increasing threat to the health of people living in the developing world.
To address the problem of the international trade in e-waste, 170 nations signed the 19 Basel Convention, an agreement that requires that developed nations notify developing nations of hazardous waste shipments coming into the country. Then, in 1995, after pressure from environmental groups and developing nations, the Basel Convention was modified to ban hazardous waste shipments to poor countries completely. Although the ban hasn't yet taken effect, the European Union, where recycling infrastructure is well developed, has already written it into their laws. One law holds manufacturers responsible for the safe disposal of electronics they produce.
David and Goliath
Companies like Creative Recycling Systems in Tampa, Florida, are hoping to profit from clean e-waste recycling. The key to their business is a colossal, building-size machine that is able to separate electronic products into their component materials. Company president Jon Yob called his project "David," because it has to do battle with a "Goliath" in the form of the awesome quantity of e-waste in the United States.
David is able to avoid the contamination occurring in places like the market in Accra. As the machine's steel teeth break up computers, TVs, and other e-waste, toxic substances are naturally released, but there are machines installed inside David whereby all the toxic dust is removed from the process. "The air that comes out is cleaner than the ambient air in the building," explains vice president Joe Yob (Jon's brother).
David can handle some 70,000 tons (150 million pounds) of electronics a year. Although this is only a fraction of the total, it wouldn't take many more machines like David to process the entire U.S.A.'s output of high-tech trash. Unfortunately, under current policies, domestic processing of e-waste is not compulsory, and while shipping waste abroad is ethically questionable, it is still more profitable than processing it safely in the U.S.A. "We can't compete economically with people who do it wrong, who ship it overseas," says Joe Yob. The company is hoping that the United States government will, some time in the near future, create laws deterring people from sending e-waste overseas.
Ultimately, shipping e-waste overseas may actually come back to harm the developed world. Jeffrey Weidenhamer, a chemist at Ashland University in Ohio, bought some jewelry made in a developing country for his class to analyze. It was distressing that the jewelry contained high amounts of lead, but not a great surprise, as jewelry with lead has turned up before in U.S. stores. More revealing were the quantities of metals such as copper and tin mixed in with the lead. Weidenhamer argued in a scientific paper that the proportions of these metals suggest that the jewelry was made from recycled computer parts.
Since the developed world is sending large quantities of materials containing lead to developing nations, it's to be expected that those countries will make use of them in their manufacturing processes. "It's not at all surprising things are coming full circle and now we're getting contaminated products back," says Weidenhamer. In a global economy, it's no longer possible to get rid of something by sending it to other countries. As the old saying goes, "What goes around comes around."
A. Multiple Choice.
Question 1. Why are there fires at the Agbogbloshie market?
Question 2. Why did the 170 nations agree to sign the 19 Basel Convention?
Question 3. Which of the following is a problem for Creative Recycling Systems?
Question 4. The passage mentions "What goes around comes around." What does this mean?
Question 5. What is the main idea of the passage?
Viewing
Droughts
Before You View
A. Answers will vary.
B. 1. d 2. c 3. e 4. a 5. b
Viewing Comprehension
A. 1. b 2. d 3. a 4. b
B. a. Water levels fall.
c. Urban areas place huge demands on water supplies.
d. Crops dry up and die.
f. Forest fires.
h. Droughts lead to famine.
After You View
A. Answers will vary.
B. Answers will vary.
Droughts 文本
Narrator:
Its signs arrive slowly, quietly. The earth dries. Water levels fall. The rains do not come. And the land is gripped by drought.
At its most simple, a drought occurs when more water is used than is replenished. It depends on how much water there is, and how much is used up, whereby both natural and human factors come into play. Normally, low pressure systems in the atmosphere create rainclouds that support the environment. But a high pressure system forces the air upwards, preventing clouds from forming and rain from falling.
If the system lasts only a short while and the rains return, it is only considered a dry spell. But if this problem becomes a long-term trend, then drought can set in for months, years, decades, or longer. Depending on the demand for water, a drought can be a minor hazard, or a life-threatening situation.
Farms are heavily dependent on water to grow crops and maintain grazing fields for their animals. By overcropping and overgrazing, farms may erode the soil and divert large amounts of water from natural sources. Urban areas also place huge demands on available water supplies. If these demands pile up and can't be reduced, then a drought begins to take effect.
Crops eventually dry up and die. Soil erodes away into clouds of dust. Forest fires spread rapidly. The damage to the environment can have colossal consequences for its human population. A short term drought can cause higher prices and great distress to both people and their surroundings. Long-term droughts can lead to even worse consequences like war and famine.
Without food and water, society cannot function. In the 1930s, a severe drought in the Great Plains caused massive crop failures. So much soil blew away it became known as the Dust Bowl. Over 20 million hectares of land (50 million acres) were affected, forcing many farmers to discard their useless property. In some places, the drought lasted eight years. However, many droughts in history have surpassed the Dust Bowl's severity. Other droughts have lasted for decades, some possibly even for centuries. Famine caused by droughts killed over 40 million people in the 20th century alone.
Like other forms of weather, droughts are one of Earth's natural processes and there is little we can do to stop them. The best we can do is modify our water consumption, and help societies prepare for when droughts do come ... before everything blows away.
A. Multiple Choice.
Question 1. According to the video, which of the following is an indication there may be a drought?
Question 2. According to the video, what is a dry spell?
Question 3. Which of the following are due to overcropping and overgrazing?
Question 4. Which of the following statements about the 1930s drought in the Great Plains is NOT true?