We are all in the gutter,but some of us are looking at the stars. -------Oscar Wilde 身在井隅,心向璀璨
一、含义:只能粘附在词根上构成新词的语素,它本身不能单独构成词。粘附在词根前面的词缀称为前缀,粘附在词根后面的词缀称为后缀,插入词根中间的词缀称为中缀。前缀、中缀、后缀都是粘附在词根之上的附加成分,所以它们又称为前加成分、中加成分和后加成分。
二、前缀:
否定
1.纯否定前缀
a-: 加在单词或词根前面,表示"不,无,非"
acentric (a+centric)
asocial (a+social)
amoral (a+moral)
apolitical(a+political)
2.ab-,abs-加在词根前,表示"相反,变坏,离去"等
abnormal(ab+normal)
abuse (ab+use)
absorb (ab+sorb)
absent(ab+sent)
abduct (ab+duct)
3.an-在词根前,表示"不,无"
anonymous(an+onymous)
4.anti-表示"反对,相反"
antiwar(anti+war)
antibody(anti+body)
antivirus (anti+virus)
anticancer (anti+cancer)
antifreeze(anti+freeze)
5.contra-表示"反对,相反"
contrary(contra+ary)
contradict(contra+dict)
6.dis-
① 表示"不,消失掉"
dislike(dis+like)
disorder(dis+order)
dishonest(dis+honest)
disappear(dis+appear)
disproof(dis+proof)
discourage(dis+courage)
disarm(dis+arm)
dispassionate(dis+passionate)
discover(dis+cover)
dismay(dis+may)
② 表示"分开,分离"
dismiss(dis+miss)
disburse(dis+burse)
discuss(dis+cuss)
7.il-,ir-放在同辅音词根前表示“不,无”
illegal(il+legal)
illiterate (il+literate)
illimitable(il+limit+able)
irregular(ir+regular)
irrelative(ir+relative)
irresistible(ir+resistible)
8..im-,in-
① 表示“不,无,非”
impossible(im+plssible)
immoral(im+moral)
impolite(im+polite)
impassive(im+pass+ive)
immortal(im+mortal)
inhuman(in+human)
injustice(in+justice)
inconstant(in+constant)
indifferent(in+different)
inimitable(in+imit+able)
Nothing is impossible.The word itself says”I'm possible!”
------Audrey Hepburn
9.mis-表示“错误,坏”
mistake(mis+take)
misspell(mis+spell)
misunderstand(mis+understand)
misdoing(mis+doing)
misrule(mis+rule)
misfortune(mis+fortune)
mistrust(mis+trust)
10.non-表示”不,非”
nonexistent(non+existent)
nonsmoking(non+smoking)
nonstop (non+stop)
nonsense(non+sense)
11.① 表示“不,无,非,没有”
unequal(un+equal)
unfortunate(un+fortunate)
unconditional(un+conditional)
unfailing(un+failing)
unofficial(un+official)
unworldly(un+worldly)
数量
一个,单一:uni-
uniform(uni+form)
unique(uni+que)
unicorn(uni+corn)
二,两: twi-
twilight(twi+light)
三 tri-
triangle(tri+angle)
tricycle(tri+cycle)
triple(tri+ple=ply)
四 quadri-,
quadricycle(quadri+cycle)
五 penta- pentagon(penta+gon)
六 sex- sexangle(sex+angle)
hexa- hexagon(hexa+gon)
七 sept-;septi-
septangle september
hepta-heptagon(hepta+gon角)
八 octa-;octo-
octagon october
九 nona- non-,元音前;有时novem-November nonagon
十 deca-
decagon decameter
十分之一 deci-
decimeter(deci+mete)
百,许多 hecto-
hectogram(hecto+gram)
千,千分之一 milli- millimeter kilo- kilogram
半
demi- demigod(demi+god)
hemi- hemicycle(hemi+cycle)
semi- semimonthly(semi+monthly)
semicolony(semi+colony)
semicircle(semi+circle)
全holo-
holography(holo+graphy)
位置
① 上下
super-
supervise 临视(super+vise看→在上面看→临视)
superstructure 上层建筑(super+structure结构)
sur-
surface(sur+face)
surpass 超过(sur+pass通过→在上面通过→超越)
survival 幸存(sur+viv活+al→经过事故活着→幸存)
under-
underground地下的(under+ground地)
underwrite在…下面写(under+write写)
underline划线于…下(under+line线,在字底下划线,引申为强调)
undersea在海底(under+sea海)
underwear内衣(under+wear穿衣服)
sus-
suspect怀疑(sus+pect看→在下面看一看→怀疑)
suspire叹息,渴望(sus+pire呼吸→喝望)
sustain支撑;承受(sus+tain握住→在下面握住→支撑)
程度
①不足,不够
under-
underplay对…轻描淡写(under+play玩→没玩够→说得不够的)
underpopulated人口稀少的(under+populated有人住的)
underdeveloped不发达的(under+developed发展→发展不够)
undersized不够大的(under+sized大的→不够大的)
② 超出,超过
super-
supersized超大型的(super+sized有范围的)
supernatural超自然的(super+natural自然的)
描述
1)共同
co-表示"共同",通常放在元音词根前
Cooperation合作(co+operation操作→共同操作→合作)
Coagulate凝结(co+agul凝聚+ate→凝聚起来)
col-,cor 在同辅音词根前,表示"共同"
colleague同事(col+→league捆绑→捆绑在一起的人→同事)
collect收集(col+lect选择→放在一起选择→收集)
collegiate学院的; 学生的(col+legi读+ate→共同读书→学院的)
correct改正,纠正(cor+rect正→全部改正→纠正)
com-,con-表示"共同"
commemorate纪念(com+memor记住+ate→大家一起记住→纪念)
compete比赛(com+pete追求→一起追→比赛)
compress压缩(com+press压→一起压→压缩)
conclude结束;总结(con+clude关闭→全部关闭→结束)
2)表程度
1.ab-,ac-,ad-,af-,ag-,an-,ap-,ar-,as-,at-等加在同辅音字母的词根前,表示"一再"等加强意
afford买得起(af+ford拿出→一再拿出{钱}→买得起)
appreciate欣赏(ap+reci价值+ate→一再给价→欣赏)
arrange安排(ar+range排列→安排)
arrest逮捕,阻止(ar+rest休息→不让动→逮捕)
arrive到达(ar+rive河→到达河边→达到目标)
assure肯定;确信(as+sure确定→一不再确定→肯定)
attend(at+tend关心→关心到了→出度)
attract吸引(拉→拉过来→吸引)
2.ad-加在在单词或词根前,表示"做…,加强…"
adapt适应(ad+apt能力→有适应能力)
adopt收养;采纳(ad+opt选择→选出来→采纳)
adhere坚持(ad+here粘→粘在一起→坚持)
admire羡慕(ad+mire惊奇→惊喜;羡慕)
adventure冒险(ad+venture冒险)
3.de-
① 表示"去掉,变坏,离开,变慢,向下"等
destruction破坏(de+struct结构;建造+ion→弄坏结构→破坏)
devalue降低价值(de+value价值→去掉价值)
depress压制,压抑(de+press压→向下压→压制)
② 表示"使…成为,加强"等
delimit 划定界限(de+limit限定→加强限定)
design设计;计划(de+sign做标志→设计)
4.re-
①表示“向后,相反,不”
reflect 回想;反射(re+flect弯曲→反弯曲→反射)
②表示“一再,重新”
reappear再出现(re+appear出现)
rearrage重新安排(re+arrange安排)
recommend赞扬;推荐(re+commend赞扬→一再赞扬)
resurgence复兴,再起(re+surg浪浪潮+ence→重起浪潮→复兴)
3)其他
ex-
① 表示"出,出去"
exclude排外(ex+clude关闭→关出去→排外)
② 表示"前面的,前任的"
ex-wife前妻(ex前+wife妻子)
extra-表示"以外的,超过的"
extraordinary格外的(extra+ordinary普通的→超出普通)
per-
① 表示“贯穿,自始至终”
persist坚持(per+sist站→站到最后→坚持)
persuade劝说(per+suade劝→一直劝→劝说)
② 表示“假,坏”
perfidy不忠,背叛(per+fid相信+y→假相信→不忠诚)
pre-表示“….前的,预先”
prehistory 史前(pre+history历史)
prefix 前缀(pre+fix固定→固定在前面→前缀)
prepay 预付(pre+pay付钱)
predict 预言,预报(pre+dict说→预先说→预言)
Pro-
① 表示“向前,在前”
progress 进步(pro+gress走→向前走)
project 投射出;工程项目(pro+ject+扔+扔向前面→投射;引申为工程项目)
② 表示“赞同,亲…”
pro-American 的
② 加在单词前,表示"在…,…的"
asleep 睡着的(a+sleep睡觉)
aside 在边上(a+side旁边)
ahead 在前地(a+head头)
alive 活的(a+live活)
be-构成动词,表示"使…成为"
belie掩盖(be+lie说慌)
befriend友好对待(be+friend朋友)
befool欺骗(be+fool笨蛋→使人成笨蛋→欺骗别人)
befall降临;发生(be+fall掉下→掉下来→发生)
em-,en-
① 表示"进入…之中,包围"
embarrass使难堪(em+barrass套子→进入套子→难堪)
② 表示"使…进入状态"
endanger使危险(en+danger危险)
encourage鼓励(en+courage勇气→使人进入勇气→鼓励)
enlighten启发,开导(en+ligh光+en→给人光明→启发)
后缀
1)名词后缀
1.-ster,-eer,-er(or)意为:从事某种职业或参与某种活动的人(person engaged in an occupation or activity)
eg.gamester,engineer,mountaineer,driver,teacher,director,actor,professor
2.-let意为:小或者不重要的东西(small,unimportant things)
eg:booklet,leaflet,starlet
3.-ette意为:
1)小的东西(small)例词:cigarette
2)假的东西(imitation)例词:leatherette
3)女性(female)例词: usherette
4.-ess意为:女性(female)
例词:actress,poetess,hostess,paintress
5.-hood意为:时期(status;etc.)
例词:boyhood,childhood,manhood
6.-ship意为:才能,状态,资格,品质等(skill,state,condition,status,quality)
例词:leadership,friendship,membership,sportsmanship
7.-ful意为:量(the amount which noun contains)
例词:cupful,handful, mouthful,spoonful ,forkful
8.-tion,-ion意为:
1)状态,行动等(state;action;etc.)例词:action,oppression,possession,education
2)机构等(institution;etc.)例词: organization,foundation
9.-ment意为:状态,行动等(state; action;etc.)
例词:movement,pavement
10.-al意为:动作(action)
例词:arrival,refusal,removal
11.-age意为:程度,数量等(extent; amount;etc.)
例词:wastage,coverage,breakage
12.-ness;-ity(ty)意为:状态,品质(state;quality;etc.)
例词:happiness,selfishness,kindness,rapidity,activity,changeability
13.-ism意为:道义,主义,学说等(doctrine of,practice of)
例词:idealism, impressionism
二、动词后缀
1.-ify意为:转为,变为(to turn into,to make or become)
例词:beautify, diversify,simplify
2.-ize;-en意为:使……,变得……(to make or become ;to make into)
例词:modernize,popularize,widen,heighten,threaten
3.-ate意为:增加,使……(give or add,make or become)
例词:originate,differentiate
三、形容词后缀:
1.-ful意为:充满,有(full of;hav- ing;giving;etc.)
例词:useful, hopeful,helpful,forgetful,thankful, fearful
2.-less意为:没有,无(without;not giving)
例词:speechless,childless,harmless,hopeless,meaningless
3.-ly意为:有……品质的(having the qualities of)
例词:beastly,manly, brotherly,friendly
4.-like意为:像……的(like)
例词: childlike,statesmanlike,tiger-like
5.-y;-ish意为:像……一般的(somewhat like)
例词:meaty,sandy, silky,hairy,leafy,watery,foolish,girlish,thinnish
6.-some意为:像…… 一样的;引起……的;有……品质的(like;causing; having the quality of)
例词:troublesome,bothersome
7.-able(ible)意为:能……的;可以……的(able to be ;capable)
例词: changeable,readable,drinkable,comfortable
8.-ed意为:有……的(having,etc.)
例词:wooded,moneyed,
9.-al意为:有……属性的,……类型的(nature of,typical of)
例词:cultural,personal,regional,musical
10.-ary(ory)意为:属于……的,与……相连的(belonging to;connected with)
例词:revolutionary,imaginary,
11.-ous意为:富含……的;有……品质的;像……的(full of;having the quality of;like)
例词:dangerous,spacious
12.-ic(ical)意为:……类的;属于……的(typical of;belonging to)
例词: historic,historical,methodic,methodical
13.-ive意为:有……属性的;有某种倾向的(having the nature or quality of;given or tending to)
例词:attractive, talkative,preventive,constructive,sensitive
四、副词后缀
1.-ly意为:以……方式(in a...manner;etc.)
例词:happily, boldly,attentively,strangely
2.-ward(s)意为:表示方式或动作的方向(manner and direction of movement)例词:backward(s),homeward(s),eastward(s)
3.-wise意为:
1)按照……方式(in the manner of)例词:crabwise,clockwise
2)就……而言(as far as ...is concerned)例词:weatherwise
I'm nobody!Who are you?Are you nobody,too?
-----Emily Dickinson
Had I not seen the Sun
I could have borne the shade
But Light a newer Wilderness
My Wilderness has made—
-----Emily Dickinson