
教 案
2011 ~2012 学年 第 1 学期
课程名称: 英语写作
教师所在院、系: 外国语学院
学生所在专业、班级: 10级1-3班
教师姓名: 袁丹
教师职称: 讲师
“英语写作”课程综述
本课程的主要内容:本课程属于英语专业重要的专业学科必修课、考查课。讲授对象为外国语学院英语专业二年级学生。它的目的在于培养学生初步的英语写作能力,包括词的选择、句子构成、提纲、文章摘要、段落展开、短文写作以及简单的应用文写作等。要求学生掌握各种文体,如记叙文、说明文和议论文。做到文章内容切题,条理清楚,语言得体,内容完整,语法正确。并能正确书写一般的书信、通知、便条及请贴等应用文。写作课培养学生有一定的审题判断能力,并对多方面的热门话题有一定的思辨能力、较强的逻辑推理能力、一定的文体知识、充实的词汇量和流畅地道的英语表达能力。最终达到通过写作体现其跨文化交际能力。并能理论联系实际,为今后工作打下良好基础。
本课程与其他课程的关系:写作课培养学生有一定的审题判断能力,并对多方面的热门话题有一定的思辨能力、较强的逻辑推理能力、一定的文体知识、充实的词汇量和流畅地道的英语表达能力。最终达到通过写作体现其跨文化交际能力。并能理论联系实际,为今后工作打下良好基础。写作为其他课程提供学生正确的评论思维能力,为外贸函电,商务写作等专业课打下基础。
本课程总学时(学分)数:32
本课程的考核方式:考查
本课程的教材:《英语写作基础教程》丁往道主编 高等教育出版社 1998年8月第一版
本课程的主要参考书:
(5)《大学英文写作》第1-4册林奈学主编 南京大学出版社 1997年2月第一版 1998年4月第二次印刷
(1)《英语写作与抽象名词表达》 蔡基刚编著 复旦大学出版社 2003年9月第1版第1 次印刷
(2)《英语写作—过程、案例及手册》申屠青编著 中国物价出版社 2001年7月第一版 2002年1月第二次印刷
(3)《英语写作见进》 秦伯党主编 上海交通大学出版社 1998年9月第一版 1998年11月第二次印刷
| 授课章节名称 | Chapter 1 Punctuation and Manuscript Form | 第 1 次课(2学时) |
| 教学目的与要求 | Basic knowledge about writing | |
| 教学重点 | Punctuation | |
| 教学难点 | Punctuation | |
| 思考题与作业 | Task 1-3 in chapter one | |
| 教学内容、设计与时间安排: I. Manuscript form ⏹1. Rules for title
⏹ One syllable words ⏹Stressed close syllables ⏹Consonant plus –le ⏹A single letter ⏹A two-letter ending ⏹Misleading division ⏹Words with hyphen ⏹…
⏹ Proper names ⏹Key words in titles ⏹First words of sentences II. Punctuation ⏹1. comma (,) ⏹2. period/ full stop (.) ⏹3.semicolon (;) ⏹4. colon (:) ⏹5. question mark (?) ⏹6. exclamation mark (!) ⏹7. quotation mark (“”) ⏹8.Parentheses/ brackets (()) ⏹9. square brackets ([ ]) ⏹10. dash (—) ⏹11. slash ⏹12. underlining and italics III. Assignment ⏹Preview chapter 2: using proper words ⏹Translate “I” into proper Chinese. | ||
| 授课章节名称 | Chapter 2 Using proper words | 第 1 次课(2学时) |
| 教学目的与要求 | Grasp correct usage of words | |
| 教学重点 | Diction | |
| 教学难点 | The ways of distinguishing the levels of words | |
| 思考题与作业 | Task 1-2 | |
| 教学内容、设计与时间安排: I. Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II. Teaching procedures Step 1. Revision and lead-in 1. Tell the function of the words 2. Discuss the synonyms and antonyms Step 2. Presentation: Ⅰ. Types of words The words that are often used may be divided, from a stylistic point of view, into three types: formal, common, and colloquial Formal words may also be called learned words, or literary words, or “big” words. They mainly appear in formal writing, such as scholarly or theoretical works, political and legal documents, and formal lectures and addresses. Many such words contain three or more than three syllables; most of them are of Greek or Latin origin. They are seldom used in daily conversation, except for special purposes. Ⅱ. Choice of words The meaning of a word has two aspects: denotative and connotative. A word’s denotation is what it literally means, as defined by the dictionary; its connotation is the feeling or idea suggested by it. For instance, country, nation, state and land have more or less the same denotation and may all be translated into guojia in Chinese, but their connotations are quite different. Country refers to an area of land and its population and government, nation emphasizes the people of a country, state refers to the government or political organization of a country, and land is less precise but more literary and emotive than country. As compared here, these four words may be said to be synonyms. English is particularly rich in synonyms as a result of incorporating words from other languages over the centuries. But we should remember that it is difficult to find two words that are exactly the same in meaning and use. They may be different in stylistic level, in the degree of emphasis, in emotional coloring, in tone, and in collocation. Small and little are often interchangeable, but there is some difference in emotional coloring between them. Small is objective, while little may imply a feeling of fondness. Modest and humble both indicate a lack of pride, but modesty is a virtue and humbleness is not. Humble often connotes undue self-depreciation. So they are different in tone: one is laudatory and the other is derogatory. Some synonyms have different collocations: they are habitually used with certain words. Large, not big, for instance, is used to modify nouns like amount, number and quantity (a large amount of money, a large number of people, a large quantity of beer, etc.). Similarly, with nouns denoting personal qualities, such as courage, confidence, ability, and wisdom, not big or large, but great, is commonly used. Ⅲ.General and specific words and synonyms Comparatively speaking, some words are more general or more specific in meaning than others. Professionals, for instance, is more general than scientists, doctors, teachers, lawyers, journalists, etc. all of which are more specific. But scientists may be called a general word when compared with physicists or chemists, which, in turn, is more general than biochemists. It is easy to see that the specific words on the right are much more concrete and colorful than the general ones on the left; they seem to make the reader see, hear, or feel what the writer wishes to describe. Using specific words should go along with providing details, and then there will be effective and impressive writing. Study the following examples. Ⅳ. Idioms and some phrases An idiom is a fixed group of words with a special meaning which is different from the meanings of the words that form it. To read a book”, for instance, is not an idiom, for the meaning of the phrase is the meanings of the three words put together, and “a book” can be replaced by other words like “a newspaper” or “a novel”. To “read between the lines” is different. The four words that form the phrase give no hint as to what it means and none of the words can be changed to form another understandable phrase. Idioms are frequently used in speech and writing. They help to make one’s language sound natural and idiomatic. But in using them foreign learners of English should remember the following two points: (1) most idioms are informal or colloquial in style and can be used in conversation; but a few are slang and should be used with care, such as all balled up, meaning troubled or confused, and to cough up, meaning to produce something; (2) many idioms have become clichés and are no longer fresh or interesting, such as armed to the teeth and as good as gold, and should be used sparingly. Step 3. Practice: List some idioms, such as: Practice makes perfect. When in Rome, do as the Romans do. All roads lead to Rome. Step 4. Summary: 1.Make a brief summary of the word usage 2.Summarize the synonyms Step 5. Assignment: Chapter 1 Finish doing the task 1,2 ,3 on p2-14 | ||
| 授课章节名称 | Chapter 3 chapter 3 Making sentences correct sentences ; coordination and subordination | 第 1 次课(2学时) |
| 教学目的与要求 | Grasp the coordinative and subordinate sentences | |
| 教学重点 | The ways of making complex sentences in writing | |
| 教学难点 | The ways of making complex sentences in writing | |
| 思考题与作业 | Task 1-13 | |
| 教学内容、设计与时间安排: I. Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II. Teaching procedures Step 1. Revision and lead-in 1. Review the ways of complex sentence making 2. Discuss the functions of coordination and subordination Step 2. Presentation: I. coordination and subordination 1. Some sentences follow climactic order, the last word being the most important, and because many words are piled up before the key word, the sense of climax is made very strong. Most of the sentences are compound and compound-complex, and all of them, except the second half of the last sentence, are loose in structure. There is no suspense or climax; the tone is easy, relaxed and informal. The writer uses these loose sentences because he is enumerating facts or ideas of equal importance, and also because he aims at a natural and orderly presentation. Loose sentences are easier, simpler, more natural and direct; periodic sentences are more complex, emphatic, formal, or literary. When a sentence contains two or more chapters of the same form and grammatical function, it is one with parallel constructions: Such parallel sentences are emphatic and forceful. When a sentence contains two parallel clauses similar in structure but contrasted in meaning, it is a balanced sentence. Balanced sentences are impressive because of the contrast, and pleasing to hear because of the rhythm. They are mainly used in formal writing, like expository and argumentative prose, and speeches. 2.Figures of speech There are various ways of using words figuratively. They are called figures of speech. Among the most common of them are: 1. Simile it is a comparison between two distinctly different things and the comparison is indicated by the word as or like: 2. Metaphor it is the use of a word which originally denotes one thing to refer to another with a similar quality. It is also a comparison, but the comparison is implied, not expressed with the word as or like. If Robert burns had written “0 my love’s a red, re rose” with the word like omitted, he would have used a metaphor instead of a simile. In the changed line, “my love” is also compared to a red rose, but there is no word to indicate the comparison; hence rose is a metaphor. Step 3. Practice: Make some coordinative and subordinate sentences according to the knowledge mentioned above. Step 4. Summary: 1.Make a brief summary of the ways of making oordinative and subordinate sentences 2.Summarize the contents of this subject Step 5. Class writing Exercise: Solar Energy Reference answer: The energy crisis the world is now experiencing has forced scientists to investigate new sources of energy. It is clear that the fossil fuel era is gradually coming to an end. Oil and natural gas will be depleted first, followed eventually by coal. The need for developing energy alternatives is thus evident. Solar power is receiving wide attention as one of the possible best sources of energy. It has mainly two factors in its favor. Firstly, unlike fossil fuels, it is an environmentally clean source of energy. Secondly, it is an abundant and inexhaustible source of energy. However, solar power has its disadvantages. One of them is that large collecting areas are required. The second disadvantage is that this system would not work in a cloudy area as well as at night. However, in sunny area, solar power could help solve the energy crisis. Step 6. Assignment: Chapter 2 Task1,2 P28-34 | ||
| 授课章节名称 | chapter 3 Making sentences effective sentences | 第 2 次课(2学时) |
| 教学目的与要求 | Grasp the skills of wring effective sentences | |
| 教学重点 | The ways of skillfully using emphatic sentences | |
| 教学难点 | Grasp the skills of wring effective sentences | |
| 思考题与作业 | Task 13-20 | |
| 教案内容: I. Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II. Teaching procedures Step 1. Revision and lead-in 1. Review the functions of coordination and subordination 2. Discuss the skills of wring effective sentences Step 2. Presentation: Effective Sentences 1. Unity Unity is the first quality of an effective sentence. A unified sentence expresses a single complete thought. It does not contain ideas that are not closely related, nor does it express a thought that is not complete by itself. 2.Coherence Coherence means clear and reasonable connection between chapters, a sentence is coherent when its words or chapters are properly connected and their relationships unmistakably clear. It is not coherent if it has faulty parallel constructions, pronouns with ambiguous reference, dangling or misplaced modifiers, confusing shifts in person and number, or in voice, tense, and mood. Parallel ideas had better be expressed in parallel constructions, which give emphasis, clarity and coherence to a sentence. “what he says” and “his deeds” are not parallel in form, so one of them has to be changed. The second sentence is faulty for the same reason and can be improved in the same way. In the third, “faith” and “hope” are parallel, but they should be followed by different prepositions. The three sentences are labeled “faulty” because of the unclear or wrong connection between certain chapters. In the first sentence “about sportsmen” seems to modify “magazine,” but it should modify “story.” In the second the which-clause is related to “bag” but apparently it is meant to modify “books.” In the third “at first” may modify “mentioned” and may also modify “sounded” –an ambiguity that should be cleared up. All the faults are caused by misplaced modifiers. The faulty sentences are not coherent because of a confusing change in person, in number, in mood, and in voice respectively. A sentence should be consistent in these respects. Unnecessary shifts should be avoided. 3. Conciseness A sentence should contain no unnecessary words. If the idea is fully expressed, the fewer words are used, the better. Wordiness only obscures, instead of clarifying, the idea. But one often uses more words than necessary, so it is a good habit to reread what has | ||
| been written to see if there are words that can be deleted without affecting the meaning expressed. Compare the following The same words are repeated in the fist sentence, and different words with the same meaning (“in my opinion” and “I think,” “jointly” and “in collaboration with”) are used in the second and third sentences. Conciseness can sometimes be achieved by changing the sentence structure, compare: These examples show that sometimes a clause can be replaced by a phrase and a phrase by a word without any change in the meaning. They also show that6 sometimes two sentences may be combined with the idea of the less important one expressed in a phrase, an attributive clause, or some other form. 4. Emphasis When there is an important idea, it should be expressed with emphasis, in speech people use various ways for this purpose, such as speaking loudly, or slowly, saying very short sentences, or using a gesture. In writing there are also ways for placing emphasis on sentences or words that should be emphasized. (1) Emphatic sentences (2) Emphasis within the Sentence 5.Variety Variety is essential to good writing. A series of sentences of the same structure and length, beginning with the same noun or pronoun as the subject, would sound monotonous. Variety is achieved when short sentences are used in between long ones, simple sentences in between compound and complex ones, periodic sentences in between loose ones. An occasional question. Command, of exclamation among statements may also be helpful. But variety is not to be sought for its own sake. The structure and length of sentences are primarily determined by the ideas to be expressed. Only when ideas are properly expressed is variety desirable. Step 3. Practice: Make some effective sentences according to the knowledge mentioned above. Step 4. Summary: 1.Make a brief summary of the ways of making effective sentences in unity, coherence and so on. 2.Summarize the contents of this subject Step 5. Assignment: Writing: How to Spend a Meaningful Life Chapter 3 Task15,16,17,18 P71-76 | ||
| 授课章节名称 | Chapter 4 Developing paragraph Features of paragraph | 第 1 次课(2学时) |
| 教学目的与要求 | Grasp writing paragraph in effective ways | |
| 教学重点 | The ways of transition | |
| 教学难点 | The ways of transition | |
| 思考题与作业 | Task 1 | |
| 教学内容、设计与时间安排: I. Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II. Teaching procedures Step 1. Revision and lead-in 1. Review he skills of wring effective sentences 2. Discuss the skills of developing paragraph Step 2. Presentation: Ⅰ.Effective Paragraphs 1. Unity Unity of a paragraph is concerned with its content. If all the sentences in the paragraph lead to one central theme, the paragraph is unified. The central theme is usually summarized in what is called the topic sentence. It often appears at the beginning of the paragraph; however. It often appears at the beginning of the paragraph; however, it may also be found in the middle or at the end of a paragraph. 2. Coherence Coherence of a paragraph is concerned with its form, or its organization. The sentences in a paragraph should be arranged in a clear, logical order, and the transitions should be smooth and natural. As a result, the reader finds it easy to follow the writer’s train of thought and understand what he is talking about. 3. Transition Coherence may not be perfect even if the writer arranges his sentences in a clear, logical order. He has to use gook transitions so that one sentence runs smoothly to another. The following ways may help the writer to produce a fluent paragraph: A. Using parallel structures; B. repeating words or word groups; C. Using pronouns to refer to nouns in preceding sentences; D. Being consistent in the person and number of nouns and pronouns, and the tense of verbs. E. Using transitional expressions 1) Connectives and transitional phrases for spatial development: above before me here on the left across from below in the distance on the right 2).Connectives and transitional phrases for chronological development: first, second, etc. soon eventually in the meantime then thereupon 3). Connectives and transitional phrases for analytical development: first, second, etc now for this purpose but as a result furthermore Finally at last furthermore… 4). Connectives and transitional phrases for comparisons: another furthermore moreover equally important too, also at the same time besides then accordingly … 5) Connectives and transitional phrases for contrasts: on the contrary different from/in contrast on the other hand to despite in spite of Step 3. Practice: Write an effective paragraph according to the knowledge mentioned above. Step 4. Summary: 3.Make a brief summary of the ways of making effective paragraphs in unity, coherence and so on. 4.Summarize the contents of this subject Step 5. Assignment: Write a diary in the after-class time. | ||
| 授课章节名称 | Chapter 4 Developing paragraph | 第 2 次课(2学时) |
| 教学目的与要求 | Grasp the ways of developing the paragraph | |
| 教学重点 | The ways of developing by comparison and contrast | |
| 教学难点 | The ways of developing by comparison and contrast | |
| 思考题与作业 | Task 1-16 | |
| 教学内容、设计与时间安排: I. Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II. Teaching procedures Step 1. Revision and lead-in 1. Review the skills of developing paragraph 2. Discuss the ways of developing by comparison and contrast Step 2. Presentation: Ways of developing Paragraphs 1. Planning a paragraph An outline may be helpful to beginners. Suppose you are to write a paragraph on philately, and your topic sentence is “Philately is an interesting hobby”, you may have the following points: (1)There are beautiful pictures on postage stamps: (2)There are portraits of historical figures on them; (3)It is always a delight to get a stamp I have never seen before; (4)I can learn something by looking at the stamps I have collected. On reading the four points again, you may find that the last point had better be made the first. Now you can begin to write. Here is a paragraph developed from the outline: Philately is an interesting hobby. Every time I open my albums and look at the stamps I’ve collected over the years, I learn something new. On many of them are printed drawings or pictures of rare birds, animals, trees or flowers. 2. Development by Time In telling a story or recounting an event, the easiest and clearest way is to describe things in order of time: earlier things are mentioned before later things, the first thing first and the last thing last. This method is also called chronological sequencing. 3. Development by Process When you have to explain how something is done, you usually follow a chronological sequence and give a step-by-step description. As the steps must occur one after another, the exact order in which they are carried out is most important. 4. Development by Space Before we begin to describe a place, whether it is a large country or a small room, we have to decide on the order in which to name the different chapters or details. 5. Development by Example or Generalization Supporting a topic sentence with examples or illustrations makes a general statement specific and easy to understand. An illustration is a case, a specimen, an instance. 6. Development by comparison and contrast The method of comparison and contrast is often used, we compare the present and the past of china, the cultures of the east and the west, Chinese and English. Alternating contrast is used when you want to point out several differences between two things or people without discussing them in great detail. You merely point out a special feature of one item and then state how the other item differs feature of one item and then state how the other item differs from it in that aspect. The following paragraph is an example of this method. Step 3. Practice: Write some paragraphs according to the knowledge mentioned above. Step 4. Summary: 1.Make a brief summary of the ways of making effective sentences in unity, coherence and so on. 2.Summarize the contents of this subject Step 5. Assignment: Write a diary in the after-class time.. Step 3. Practice: Writing Exercise: To Make Our City Greener Reference answer: More and more people have realized the importance of keeping our cities greener, but with the rapid growth of population, more and more buildings have to be built. As a result, in some large cities, sometimes you can only see few trees and flowers, and little grass. People have to walk in the sun along the streets. The air in the cities is very dirty. If you fly in an airplane over these cities, you can find they are all gray. Well, what will happen if there are more trees and grass and flowers? First, the air will be cleaner, and the cities will look more beautiful. What’s more, to make cities greener is also to better the climate. And maybe more birds will come; their lovely singing will be part of our life. Since we can benefit so much from making our cities greener, we should spare none of our efforts. We should plant even more trees and do a lot more for the rapid growth of trees. We should avoid cutting down trees indiscriminately. In a word, we should do all we can to make our cities greener. Step 4. Summary: 1.Make a brief summary of the ways of making effective paragraphs 2. Summarize the contents of this subject Step 5. Assignment: Chapter 4 Task16,17,18,19 P101-107 | ||
| 授课章节名称 | Chapte 4 Developing paragraph | 第 3 次课(2学时) |
| 教学目的与要求 | Grasp the ways of developing the paragraph | |
| 教学重点 | The ways of developing by cause and effect | |
| 教学难点 | The ways of developing by cause and effect | |
| 思考题与作业 | Task 17-20 | |
| 教学内容、设计与时间安排: I. Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II. Teaching procedures Step 1. Revision and lead-in 1. Review the ways of developing by comparison and contrast 2. Discuss the ways of developing by cause and effect Step 2. Presentation: Ways of Developing Paragraphs 6. Development by comparison and contrast There is a special form of comparison- analogy. Analogy is tracing a striking likeness between unlike things. Analogies are especially helpful in explaining abstract ideas, for they relate ideas that cannot be experienced through the senses of sight, smell, hearing, touch, or taste, to a sense experience, thus making the ideas easy to understand. … 7. Development by Cause and Effect In our daily conversation, questions with why are often asked and answered. This shows that causal analysis is very common; it is something we are familiar with. … 8. Development by Classification To classify is to sort things into categories according to their characteristics. We classify many things: trees, rivers, cities, companies, college students. … … 9. Development by Definition Sometimes, to avoid confusion or misunderstanding, we have to define a word, term, or concept which is unfamiliar to most readers or open to various interpretations. 10. Development by a Combination of Methods We have discussed quite a few methods for developing paragraphs, sometimes only one of them is used in a paragraph, but often two or three of them are used in the same paragraph. The above mentioned methods are clearly seen in some paragraphs: development by time and development by cause and effect. The paragraph is mainly developed by means of detail to give some details explaining the first sentence, which is a general statement. Step 3. Practice: Writing Exercise: To Make Our City Greener Reference answer: More and more people have realized the importance of keeping our cities greener, but with the rapid growth of population, more and more buildings have to be built. As a result, in some large cities, sometimes you can only see few trees and flowers, and little grass. People have to walk in the sun along the streets. The air in the cities is very dirty. If you fly in an airplane over these cities, you can find they are all gray. Well, what will happen if there are more trees and grass and flowers? First, the air will be cleaner, and the cities will look more beautiful. What’s more, to make cities greener is also to better the climate. And maybe more birds will come; their lovely singing will be part of our life. Since we can benefit so much from making our cities greener, we should spare none of our efforts. We should plant even more trees and do a lot more for the rapid growth of trees. We should avoid cutting down trees indiscriminately. In a word, we should do all we can to make our cities greener. Step 4. Summary: 1.Make a brief summary of the ways of making effective paragraphs 2. Summarize the contents of this subject Step 5. Assignment: Chapter 4 Task16,17,18,19 P101-107 | ||
| 授课章节名称 | Chapter 5 Summarizing | 第 1 次课(2学时) |
| 教学目的与要求 | Grasp the ways of summary writing and procedure | |
| 教学重点 | The difference between summary and book report | |
| 教学难点 | The difference between summary and book report | |
| 思考题与作业 | Task 1-5 | |
| 教学内容、设计与时间安排: I. Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II. Teaching procedures Step 1. Revision and lead-in 1. Review the ways of writing a expository paper 2. Discuss the ways of summary writing and procedure Step 2. Presentation: I. Use of summary-writing 1. Summary writing enables people to get more out of their reading. Most people read carelessly, and are left with only a vague idea of what they have read. … 2.Summary-writing is also a very good exercise. It teaches us to express thoughts clearly, concisely and effectively. 3. So summary-writing has great practical value, The ability to grasp quickly and accurately what is read or heard and to reproduce it briefly, clearly and concisely, is of great importance, particularly to lawyers, scholars, businessmen and government officials. II. Procedure
1.Reading 1) we first read through the original carefully, but not too slowly, to get a clear idea of its general meaning. … 2) we are required to supply a title for our summary. Think of some word, phrase or short sentence that will sum up briefly the subject of the piece of writing. … 3) Further trading is now necessary to ensure that we understand the details of the piece of writing as well as its main idea. … 4) When we have a clear and correct idea of the subject or main theme of the piece, we can decide which parts are essential and which parts can be omitted. … 2. Writing 1) We should be sure of the word limit required. … 2) We should use our own words to write a summary. … 3. Revision
Task 1 Supply a short title for this passage. Task 2 Mark the key words in the original. Task 3 Capture the train of thought in the original and present it by using arrows for progression of discussion. Task 4 Revise the following summary produced by a student to bring its length down to below 80 words. Sample 2 Original Hawthorne plant of western electric. …(p118)
Task 5 produce a summary of the sample above in no more than 80 words. Read the following passage carefully and write a summary of no more than 100 words. Crime has been a social phenomenon in all ages. Various authorities have tried all ways and means of curbing crime, among which capital punishment is one of the most effective, especially for murderers. ….(p120) Task 1 Changed Conception of Poverty Task 2
Task 3 The change in the conception of poverty→ The situation when social Darwinism prevailed →The beliefs in social Darwinism: Task 4 Ideas concerning poverty have changed. … Task 5 The Hawthorne effect phenomenon was first noted in an experiment conducted before world warⅡ at the Hawthorne plant of western electric. …(57 words) Step 3. Practice: Write a summary according to the knowledge mentioned above. Step 4. Summary: 3.Make a brief summary of the ways of making a summary about a book 4.Summarize the contents of this subject Step 5. Assignment: Chapter 5 Task1-5 p118-120 | ||
| 授课章节名称 | Chapter 6 composing essays | 第 1 次课(2学时) |
| 教学目的与要求 | Grasp the criteria of a good writing and the steps of writing | |
| 教学重点 | The ways of planning a paper | |
| 教学难点 | The ways of planning a paper | |
| 思考题与作业 | Task 1-3 | |
| 教学内容、设计与时间安排: I. Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II. Teaching procedures Step 1. Revision and lead-in 1. Review the ways of making a summary 2. Discuss the ways of planning a paper Step 2. Presentation: Ⅰ. Steps in writing a Composition 1. planning a composition One should not begin writing a composition without sufficient preparation. Writing is like building. Before beginning to build a house, the workers usually have a plan before them and have prepared enough material. A writer should also work out a plan and collect enough material before he writes the first sentence of his composition. 2. Types of outlines An outline like the above one subdivides the controlling idea or thesis of the essay into smaller chapters, which are then developed into separate paragraphs. Roman and Arabic numerals and letters of the alphabet are generally used to number and order ideas as in the following: Thesis (controlling idea Ⅰ.Main idea A. Sub-idea B. Sub-idea 1. Supporting detail 2. Supporting detail a. Fact 1 b. Fact 2 Ⅱ. Main idea A. Sub-idea B. Sub-idea 1.Supporting detail 2. Supporting detail C. sub-idea A Topic Outline Thesis: foreign trade is beneficial to and indispensable for all nations. Ⅰ. Introduction: the foundation of foreign trade Ⅱ. The necessity of visible trade A. lack of certain commodities B. insufficiency of chaptericular items C. Comparative advantage in certain items D. Latest innovations and different styles of commodities E. The importance of a favorable balance of trade III. The necessity of invisible trade –exchange of ser-vices between nations A. Transportation B. Insurance C. Tourism D. Technology Ⅳ. Conclusion: the purpose of foreign trade and the importance of the balance of payments A Sentence Outline Thesis: foreign trade is beneficial to and indispensable for all nations. Ⅰ.Introduction: the utilization of different economic resources and the development of different skills form the foundation of foreign trade Ⅱ. Trade in commodities (visible trade) is necessary between nations. A.no nation has all the commodities it needs. B.A nation may not have enough of certain common points. C. latest innovations and different styles of commodities may make foreign trade necessary III. Exchange of services between nations (invisible trade) is chapter of foreign trade. A. Nations vie in providing transportation for foreign trade. B. Prudent exporters purchase insurance for their cargoes. C. Tourism brings a nation huge profits. D. Technology is also exported and imported. Ⅳ. Conclusion: the purpose of foreign trade is to earn money for necessary imports and it is important to keep the balance of payments. Step 3. Practice: Discuss following are a few rules for writing outlines: (1) Avoid single subdivisions. If there is a major point marked “I”, there must be at least another marked “Ⅱ”; if there is an “A”, there must be a “B”, and so on. (2)Avoid mixing types. A topic outline is written in noun phrases, and a sentence outline in sentences. Do not mix these two types. (3)use parallel structures for the headings of the same rank. Make sure subheads of like rank are of equal importance and are related to the heading and arranged in logical order. Step 4. Assignment: Writing exercise: The Importance of Health (about 200 words) Chapter 6 Task1-3 p129-130 | ||
| 授课章节名称 | Chapter 6 composing essays | 第 2 次课(2学时) |
| 教学目的与要求 | Grasp the beginning and the ends | |
| 教学重点 | The ways of beginning a paragraph and a paper | |
| 教学难点 | The ways of beginning a paragraph and a paper | |
| 思考题与作业 | Task 4 | |
| 教学内容、设计与时间安排: 教案内容: I. Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II. Teaching procedures Step 1. Revision and lead-in 1. Review the ways of writing outline 2. Discuss the ways of ways of beginning a paragraph and a paper Step 2. Presentation: I.the methods of beginning a paper (1)direct statement,e.g:(Title: The Job I Like Best)In the past three years of my college life I have never ceased to think what kind of work I shall take up upon graduation. Although my ideas are not consistent, I have now decided on a college teacher as my life-long career. 1) When it comes to/asked about…..., the vast majority of people say that ……,but other people view…..as…. (for argumentation) 2) There is a public controversy/debate today about the problem of…/There is a general discussion nowadays/today on/over the issue of…… . Those who object to…… argue that…… They believe that…..But people who favor …..., on the other hand, argue that……. (for argumentation) (2)名人名言或谚语开头,eg. (Title: Honesty and Life) As an old English saying goes, “Honesty is the best policy.” I think this philosophical idea expressed by this saying can be best applied to our life when we deal with the relationships with others. 1) One of the great men/scientists once remarked that…..… Now more and more people share this belief. In English, there is a well-known proverb which says “……” English saying goes/puts it, “…” (3)相关背景开头, 1) Recently the phenomenon of… has aroused wide concern/public attention. It’s true that… China, … 3) Nowadays people become increasingly aware of the necessity of … (4) 定义开头, 例:There are few words which are used more loosely than the word “civilization.” What does it mean? (5). 观点比较法开头 常见句型: 1) Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, think quite differently on the question of …….Personally, I am standing in the side of…….. (for argumentation) 2) However, if we take a closer examination at the discussion, we may see that the advantage of B carry much more weight than those of A for the reason of …...and …... (for argumentation) (6). 先提出观点后反驳法开头 1) On the face of it/On the surface, this may seem a sound solution/an attractive idea/a good suggestion, but on close analysis/on second thoughts, we find that…….. (for argumentation) ’s probably some truth in both arguments, but… 4.结尾的写作方法 Methods (1)总结全文 例:(Title: TV: a Blessing or a Cause) In any case, whether the ultimate effect of TV is good or not, one thing is certain that television in itself is neither good nor bad. It is the use to which it is put that determines its value to society. (2)名人名言或谚语结尾. 常见句型:1) It’s quite true as the proverb goes, “…” (3) 照应第一段的现象式 常见句型: 1) We are now entering a new era of Internet which requires us…. 2) We find ourselves now living in a quickly-changing world which poses a serious challenge to us. (4)给出上文提到问题的解决办法,并展望未来,例:(Title: Dream For a Car) In today’s China owning a car is seen as symbol of wealth and success. I wish Chinese people would acquire the maturity to reject that idea, and turn their efforts towards developing a good public transportation system. The country needs more trains (light urban commuter lines as well as long-distance trains), more buses and more subways. That is the only way to get out the traffic jam. 常见句型: 1) As….is so serious, we must take effective measures to… …, if permitted to continue, will surely result in the heavy lost of….., the government should find an immediate method to… (5) 号召式(注意少用祈使句) 常见句型: 1) It might be time for us to place more emphasis on…, and to put an immediate end to the unhealthy tendency of…. Step 3. Practice: Write some paragraphs with different methods of beginning. Step 4. Summary: 1.Make a brief summary of the ways of using different methods of beginning an article. 2.Summarize the contents of this subject Step 5. Assignment: Write a diary in the after-class time. | ||
| 授课章节名称 | Chapter 6 composing essays | 第 3 次课(2学时) |
| 教学目的与要求 | Grasp the skills of descriptive and narrative writing | |
| 教学重点 | The ways of using adjectives | |
| 教学难点 | The ways of using adjectives | |
| 思考题与作业 | Task 5 | |
| 教学内容、设计与时间安排: 教案内容: I. Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II. Teaching procedures Step 1. Revision and lead-in 1. Review the ways of beginning a paragraph and a paper 2. Discuss the skills of descriptive and narrative writing Step 2. Presentation: 1. Description (1) Description of a person In describing a person, the writer should not merely give details of his appearance. He should try to reveal the person’s character, thoughts, and feelings, which may be shown in what the person does and says, or in how be behaves to others. Chou Enlai Chou en-lai arrived [at the guest house for state visitors]at 4:30. His gaunt, expressive face was dominated by piercing eyes, conveying a mixture of intensity and repose, of wariness and calm self-confidence. A fellow student It was my first day at the university. I walked into the building where I was going to live, and looked at door after door for my name. at last I found it. In the room there was already a student making his bed. … (2) Description of a place Places may be described for their own sake, as in essays on visits to famous scenic places, but also for the purpose of revealing the personality and character of a person, or creating a feeling or mood. … A. The Middle Eastern Bazaar The Middle Eastern bazaar takes you back hundreds-even thousands-of years. The one I am thinking of chaptericularly is entered by a gothic-arched gateway of aged brick and stone. … B. Lajia Temple Lajia temple lies half way up Dalan hill in Minghe count, Qinghai province. It was built during the northern wei dynasty in remembrance of lajiameshi, a member of the yellow sect of Lamaism of India, who came to china in 321 A. D. to spread Hinayana doctrine and spent thirteen years preaching around this place until he returned to India in 334 A.D. (3) Description of an object To describe an object we have to depend on our senses, because we need to mention its size, shape, color, texture, taste, and smell. … Model The earliest coins in china Of the various currencies used in ancient china, the round bronze coin with a square hole in the center was by far the most common. The earliest coins in this form, known as Qin ban liang, were a product of china’s first centralized kingdom, the qin dynasty, established by Qin shi huang in 221 B. C. before the Qin dynasty, Chinese currency had taken many forms. … (4) Description of a scene A scene is sometimes the main chapter of an essay, and sometimes only an episode in a long narrative. It usually consists of three basic factors: the setting, the people, and the actions. It is also possible to describe the scene of some natural phenomenon. Models A. Typhoon The typhoon came out of the sea first as a deep hollow roar, then it appeared as a monstrous black cloud. The cloud seemed a thing alive, shaping itself this way and that, torn by contending winds. However it might stretch to right or left, it continued to spread upward and reach toward east and west. 2. Narration To narrate is to give an account of an event or a series of events. In its broadest sense, narrative writing includes stories, real or imaginary, biographies, histories, news items, and narrative poems. … (1) Context When, where, and to whom the action in a narrative happened is often made clear at the beginning of the narrative. … (2) Selection of details (3) Organization Events in a narrative are usually related in chronological order, that is, in the order in which they occur. But it is also possible, and sometimes preferable, to start from the middle or even the end of the story with the event that is most important or most likely to arouse the reader’s interest, and then go back to the beginning by using flashbacks. … Step 3. Practice: Write a narrative paragraph with the method mentioned above. Step 4. Summary: 1.Make a brief summary of the ways of using different methods fro narrations 2.Summarize the contents of this subject Step 5. Assignment: Writing exercise:A Person I Never Forget Homework: Chapter 6 Task4-6 p137-140 | ||
| 授课章节名称 | Chapter 6 composing essays Exposition; argumentation | 第 4 次课(2学时) |
| 教学目的与要求 | Grasp the skills of writing exposition and argumentation | |
| 教学重点 | The ways of using illustrations in writing and using vivid words | |
| 教学难点 | The ways of using illustrations in writing and using vivid words | |
| 思考题与作业 | Task 8-13 | |
| 教学内容、设计与时间安排: 教案内容: I. Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II. Teaching procedures Step 1. Revision and lead-in 1. Review the skills of descriptive and narrative writing 2. Discuss the skills of writing exposition and argumentation Step 2. Presentation: 1.Exposition Exposition is perhaps the type of writing that is most frequently used by a student, a scientist, or a professional. Exposition means expounding or explaining. (1) Illustration Illustration is the use of example to illustrate a point. It is the most common, and often the most efficient, pattern if exposition. Indeed, it is hard to write a good paper of any kind without using at least some examples. Language and culture Once a group of Chinese was visiting the home of a fairly well- to- do American. As they were shown around the house, they commented, “You have a very nice home. It’s so beautiful.” The hostess smiled with obvious pleasure and replied in good American fashion “thank you”-which caused surprise among some of her Chinese guests. … (2) Division and Classification Division and classification are two different ways of sorting things out. Division is used to deal with one thing. Its purpose is to separate that thing into chapters. … 1) Choose an appropriate principle of division/classification suited to your purpose. 2) Apply your principle consistently and thoroughly, and avoid overlapping. A. Practical and Poetic People A simple experiment will distinguish two types of human nature, gather a throng of people and pour them into a ferry-boat. By the time the boat has swung into the river you will find that a certain proportion have taken the trouble to climb upstairs, in order to be out on deck and see shat is to be seen as they cross over. (3) Comparison/Contrast A comparison explains how things are similar, and a contrast, how they are different people make comparisons and contrasts every day, though they may not be aware of it. … 1) To present information about something unfamiliar by comparing it with something familiar; 2) To show the superiority of one thing by comparing it with another. A. education and training To understand the nature of the liberal arts college and its function in our society, it is important to understand the difference between education and training. … B. Eating and Reading As a creature I eat; as a man I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of my mind, they are in a way quite similar. (4) Cause and Effect Two questions should be answered in a causal analysis: 1) What is the cause of something that has happened? 2) What effect will follow if something has happened? Determining causes and effects is a complex process. When writing the paper, try to remember the following logical requirements: Effects of selfishness Selfishness or egoism is by no means rare today. In work units, in public places, and in our university, we are sad to see some people who try to advance their own interests even at the cost of their honor and dignity. (5) Definition Definition is necessary when one uses a term that may have various denotative or connotative meanings or shades of meaning. A. Civilization There are few words which are used more loosely than the word “civilization.” What does it mean? It means a society based upon the opinion of civilians. It means that violence, the rule of warriors and despotic chiefs, the conditions of camps and warfare, of riot and tyranny, give place to parliaments where laws are made, and independent courts of justice in which over long periods those law are maintained. B. homesickness Only a person far away from home knows what homesickness is. It is the welling-up tears in your eyes, the lump in your throat, the waving hands when the train is drawing out of the station and taking you away from home, it is the strength with which you walk the three miles to your home with heavy bags in your hands after a long tiring trip, and the halt, excitement, and hesitation at the doorstep. 4. Argumentation The purpose of exposition is to inform; the purpose of argumentation, on the other hand, is to convince. While an expository paper makes known something and explains it to make the reader agree with its point of view and support it, to persuade him to change his mind or behavior, and to approve a policy or a course of action that it proposes. (1) A debatable point ( 2) Statements of personal preference (3) Good logic | ||
| 授课章节名称 | Chapter 7 writing for practical purpose Notices; greetings; good wishes and notes | 第 1 次课(2学时) |
| 教学目的与要求 | Grasp the skills of notices and note writing | |
| 教学重点 | The note of invitation | |
| 教学难点 | The note of invitation | |
| 思考题与作业 | Task 1-9 | |
| 教学内容、设计与时间安排: 教案内容: I. Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II. Teaching procedures Step 1. Revision and lead-in 1. Review the skills of writing exposition and argumentation 2. Discuss the skills of notices and note writing Step 2. Presentation: Ⅰ.Notices Notices are mostly written to make known something about to happen or, sometimes, something that has happened. It may be an announcement of a meeting, a film or video show, a contest, a match, etc. Such a notice includes at least three chapters: 1. Date-day of the week-time 2. place 3. Activity For lectures or talks, the notices should also include: 4. Background information about the speakers, and for tours: Ⅱ. Greetings, Good wishes, Congratulations, and Condolences These are words conveying different messages for different occasions usually written on cards which include: 1. Greetings (1) For Christmas and the New Year: 1) A merry Christmas and 2) Sending you wishes for a beautiful Christmas and a new year filled with happiness! 3) Best wishes for a happy and prosperous new year! 4) warm regards and season’s greetings. 5) Warmest thoughts and best wishes for a wonderful holiday and a very happy new year. 6) Remembering you with a warm wish for a merry Christmas and a happy new year. (2) For a birthday: Many happy returns of Your wedding anniversary! 2. Good wishes (1) To someone in hospital; 1) Best wishes for a speedy recovery. 2) Get Well Soon1 3) Warmest Get-Well Wishes. (3) For an interview for a job: Good luck in you interview! 3. Congratulations (1) On success in doing something: Hearty congratulations on your success! (2) On a marriage: Hearty congratulations on your marriage and best wishes to you both! Best wishes for a long and happy married life to you both. 4. Condolences Heartfelt/ Sincere condolences in your great loss. We were shocked and deeply sorry to learn the passing away of Mr. A. please accept our very sincere condolences in your great loss. II. Notes
1. the addresses of the addressee and the addresser 2. the word “Dear” in the salutation 3. the complimentary close 4. the year in the date Be sure that the date of your note is made quite clear. … … 1. Appointments 2. Apologies 3. Informal Invitations 4. Requests 5. Thanks 6. Messages Step 3. Practice: Write a note with the method mentioned above. Step 4. Summary: 1.Make a brief summary of the ways of note writing and notice writing 2.Summarize the contents of this subject Step 5. Assignment: Writing: write a note of apology | ||
| 授课章节名称 | Chapter 7 writing for practical purpose letters | 第 2 次课(2学时) |
| 教学目的与要求 | Grasp the skills of writing personal and business letters | |
| 教学重点 | The ways of writing business letters | |
| 教学难点 | The ways of writing business letters | |
| 思考题与作业 | Task 19-26 | |
| 教学内容、设计与时间安排: 教案内容: I. Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II. Teaching procedures Step 1. Revision and lead-in 1. Review the skills of notices and note writing 2. Discuss the skills of writing personal and business letters Step 2. Presentation: I. Letters Letters are important means of communication. Generally speaking, there are two types of letters, business letters and personal letters. … 1. Form A letter has six chapters: the heading, the inside address, the salutation, the body, the complimentary close, and the signature. (1) The heading The heading gives the full address of the writer and the date of the letter. … (2) The inside address The inside address, which is often omitted in personal letters, gives the name and full address of the addressee. (3) The salutation The salutation is a greeting to the addressee. It is written flush with the left margin two spaces below the inside address. (4) The body In the body of the letter, all paragraphs should begin flush with the left margin (the block style) or begin with an equal indention (the indented style), and the letter is usually single-spaced within the paragraph and doubled-spaced between paragraphs. (5) The complimentary close The closing of a business letter consists of three chapters: complimentary close, signature, and the typed name. In the complimentary close, only the first word is capitalized. … 2. Language The style and tone of letters can be greatly varied. General speaking, the style and tone of a personal letter differ from those of a business letter-the former is casual, whereas the latter is formal. … (1) Business letters 1) Invitation 2) Application for entry to a college 4) Applications for visas (2) Personal letters II.. Curriculum Vitae
… 1. Name; Unlike most Westerners. We Chinese put our family name at the beginning as surname, whereas they put it at the end as last name. … 2. Address: If you like, you may write both your business or temporary address and your home address for example: … 3. Telephone: (0) or(W) is put after your office telephone number and (H), your home telephone number. 4. Marital status: Put single or married(, no/two children). 5. Education: schools should be listed either in chronological order (usually starting from the year when you entered college or when you got your first degree) or from the most recent backwards with the dates of attendance. … 6. Professions/work Experience: Under this heading, in addition to the date, write also your position/title and the name of the institution. For example: … 7. Awards/Honors and scholarships: these include scholarships, fellowships, grants, etc: 8. Publications: Books and articles follow the format of the bibliography card in chapter Eight The Research Paper, with the name of the author omitted. … 9. Professional Affiliations/Memberships: Examples under this heading are: 10. Languages: You may write the following under this heading: 11. References/Referees: They are people who know you and can offer information or recommendation. The normal number of references is two or three, and it is imperative that you obtain their permission before using their names. In addition to names of your references, provide also their positions, full addresses and telephone numbers. Step 3. Practice: Discuss the method of writing a business letter with the method mentioned above. Step 4. Summary: 1.Make a brief summary of the ways of letter writing 2.Summarize the contents of this subject Writing exercise: Write a personal letter to your friend (about 200 words) Step 5. Assignment: Chapter 7 Task11-20 p202-216 | ||
| 授课章节名称 | Chapter 8 Preparing research papers Steps and formats | 第 1 次课(2学时) |
| 教学目的与要求 | Grasp the methods of writing the research paper | |
| 教学重点 | The format of research paper | |
| 教学难点 | The format of research paper | |
| 思考题与作业 | Task 1-7 | |
| 教学内容、设计与时间安排: 教案内容: I. Teaching method: Discussion and interaction II. Teaching procedures Step 1. Revision and lead-in 1. Review the skills of writing personal and business letters 2. Discuss the methods of writing the research paper Step 2. Presentation: I. Definition and Purpose Having learned how to write essays, we are now working at the highest and the most difficult stage of writing—thesis writing or writing of a research paper. …
1)we may learn how to use libraries, how to read books critically and efficiently, and how to use them wisely and correctly. 2) we may familiarize ourselves with the knowledge and mechanics necessary for writing a research paper. II. Steps We go through five steps or stages in the process of preparing a research paper: 1)choosing a topic; 2)collecting information; 3)analyzing the information, organizing ideas, and working out an outline; 1. Choosing a Topic The selection of a topic is the first important step in preparing a research paper. An inappropriate decision about a research topic may lead to the failure of the whole project, or at least a waste of time and energy. … 1) Selecting a general topic 2) Reading and thinking 3) Narrowing down the scope of our topic to a facet or facets which can be developed into a research paper. The following points may be used as a set of criteria for our final topic: (1)It should be a topic that is meaningful and serious. (2)It should be a topic which we are able to handle. (3)It should be a topic for which sufficient materials are available. (4)It should be a topic that can be treated objectively, a topic that does not involve personal likes or dislikes. The following example shows how to restrict the scope and how to work out a suitable topic for a research paper: It should be a topic which we are able to handle. 2. Collecting information It is impossible for us to write a paper of some significance without any information, … 1) Using the library A library is a center of information. … Sample 1 About the adventures of march in the title catalogue file, we can find one of more cards for the novel published by different companies and at different times:… 2) Reading Most of the information or raw material for a paper will come from books, … 3) Taking notes While reading, we should take notes because it is almost impossible for us to remember everything we have read and without good notes it is very difficult for us to produce a good research paper. 3. Analyzing the information, organizing ideas and working out an outline 1) The thesis statement 2) Outlining 4. Writing The First Draft 1) Using our own words 2 Using the proper tenses 3) Uniting facts and views 4) Paying attention to logic and organization 5) Making our tone objective rather than personal 6) Choosing the right style 5. Revising the Draft and Finalizing the Paper III Format 1. components of a paper 1) thesis statement and outline 2) Introduction 3) Body 4) Conclusion 5) In-text notes and works cited 2. Use of Quotations 1) Rules regarding the use of quotations 2) When to use direct quotations 3) How to use direct quotations 3.Use of notes 1) Avoiding plagiarism 2) note forms 3) Notes for supplementary information 4. Works cited 1 Step 3. Practice: Discuss the method of writing a research paper with the method mentioned above. Step 4. Summary: 1.Make a brief summary of the ways of research paper writing 2.Summarize the contents of this subject | ||
