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Abstract
Within my internship in the teashop, I worked as the accountant assistant first and later as an inventory counter. I understood how the accounting processes actually work in a local company and how did they calculate the value of inventories. Based on the relevant knowledge on our books, such as cost flow assumption, inventory system and measures, financial ratios, I briefly analyzed these systems in the teashop.
The teashop is legitimated to sell all sorts of tea, the most popular ones are green tea, red tea and oolong. It is a sole proprietorship company. Its status determines it to adopt those system and methods that are easy, cost-saving and convenient to practice. As a result, its inventory system and cost flow assumption are all determined based on the rule. For accounting ratios, the teashop itself did not prepare a complete balance sheet because it is not listed in the stock market. So I only includes some financial data necessary for the analysis.
【Key Words】sole proprietorship; teashop; inventory system; cost flow assumption; accounting ratio
毕业生实习报告
—对一个茶庄的财务分析
【摘要】2009年三月至四月,我在茶庄进行了为期一个月的实习。这篇报告主要记录了我实习期的工作,以及根据本专业所学的会计方面的知识对本茶庄的会计运用的分析,包括盘存方法、一些财务指标的解释和分析等,并根据实际情况,给出了一些相应的改进措施。
【关键词】财务指标;茶庄;盘存法;个体企业
Content
1. Introduction (4
2. Analysis tool (5
2.1. Financial ratios (5
2.2. Inventory system and measurement (6
2.3. Cost flow assumption (7
3. Financial Ratio analysis (8
4. Inventory system analysis (9
5. Cost flow assumption analysis (9
6. Conclusion (11
7. Reference (12
8. Acknowledge ments (13
1. Introduction
My internship period lasted from middle March to the end of middle April. My job is to check the inventory with the person in charge of checking and assist the accountant. During this period, I have learned how a teashop organizes and the accounting process including making journal entries, preparing accounting files and checking inventories. In the reality, a company always has to make decisions that our books will never cover. Some are closely related with the society environment, such as guanxi. Thus we can learn the basic knowledge from books, but how to use them properly in the society is another kind of knowledge as well.
The main customer is adult men, some purely enjoy the taste of tea, and some buy tea as a present to others. Also, a small range of women came to buy tea as well, and they told me that they thought drinking tea can help lose weight, especially oolong. In order to promote the sales, the teashop has carried out a promotion which specialized on different kinds of consumer targets and different consumer needs.
2. Analysis Tool
2.1. Financial ratios
To analysis a company’s performance, there are many different ways, one significant and easy way is to calculate ratios, through those numbers, we can how exactly a company performs.
For a private company, there are mainly 4 kinds of ratios:
(1Company profitability ratios: they are used to evaluate how effective a company has been in meeting its overall profit objectives, particularly in relation to the resources invested. Including:
Profit margin: used to evaluate a company’s efficiency in controlling costs and expenses in relation to sales.
Profit margin = net income / net sales
Return on total assets: indicates how efficiently a company uses its economic resources.
Return on total assets: net income / total assets
(2Liquidity ratios: used to evaluate a company’s ability to meet its current maturing financial obligations. These ratios generally involve all or most of the components of a company’s working capital. Including:
Current ratio:probably the most commonly used ratio to evaluate a company’s short-run liquidity. Sometimes it is referred to as the working capital ratio.
Current ratio = current assets / current liabilities
Acid-test ratio: a more severe test of a company’s short-term debt-paying abilities.
Acid-test ratio = quick assets / current liabilities
(3Activity ratios: are used to evaluate the liquidity of certain current assets by estimating the length of various segments of a company’s operating cycle. The ratios are indicators of the efficiency with which the company uses its short-term economic resources.
Inventory turnover: indicates the number if times the inventory is “turned over”
or sold during that period.
Inventory turnover = cost of goods sold / average inventory Receivables turnover: indicates how many times receivables are “turned over”
or collected each period.
Receivables turnover = net credit sales / average net receivables Payables turnover: measures the number of times accounts payable turn over during the year.
Payables turnover = cost of goods sold / average accounts payable
(4Stability ratios: used to evaluate the long-run solvency and stability of a company. They provide evidence of the safety of the investments in the company by long-term bondholders, preferred stockholders, and common stockholders.
Debt ratio: indicates the percentage of total assets contributed by creditors.
Debt ratio = total liabilities / total assets
Times interest earned:used to evaluate the ability of a company to cover its interest obligations through its annual earnings. It is a measure of the safety of creditors’ investments in the company.
Times interest earned = pretax operating income / interest expense
2.2. Inventory system and measurement
A company may account for inventory quantities and costs using either the perpetual system or the periodic system.
Perpetual inventory system: requires the company to maintain a continuous record
of the physical quantities in its inventory. It records the purchase, or production, and use of each item of inventory in detailed subsidiary records, although often only in units without including cost.
Periodic inventory system: do not require the company to maintain a continuous record of the physical quantities (or costs of inventory on hand. It takes physical counts periodically, which should be at least once a year and generally at the end of the year.
2.3. Cost flow assumptions
Because of the variations in price, the cost of each inventory may be different. And a problem occurred, how to record the cost of inventory? Cost flow assumptions solved this problem. The major cost flow assumptions currently used are listed in the following:
Specific identification: under this, a company identifies each unit sold and each unit remaining in the ending inventory and includes the actual costs of those units in cost of goods sold and ending inventory, respectively.
First-in, first-out (FIFO: under this, a company includes the earliest costs incurred in the cost of goods sold, and includes the most recent costs in the ending inventory. In other words, it assumes that the goods purchased first are sold out first.
Average cost: under this assumption, a company considers all the costs and units to be comingled so that no individual units or costs are identified. It is also known as the weighted average method. In other words, it mixed all inventories and calculated an average cost.
Last-in, first-out (LIFO: under this assumption, a company includes the most recent
costs incurred in the cost of goods sold, and includes the earliest costs in the ending inventory. In other words, it assumes that goods purchased in the last are sold out first. It is the opposite of FIFO.
3. Financial Ratio analysis
The teashop is a sole proprietorship company. Taking some numbers from the net income sheet and assets section, we can get the following analysis ratios:
Profit margin: 14.1%
Return on Total Assets: 48%
Inventory Turnover: 17.36 times
Debt ratio: 0
Receivables turnover: 1000 times
Profit margin is 14.1%, that means costs and expenses occupy 85.9% of total sales. A great many costs and expenses incurred from the first step in production to the final sale. The cost of raw material and labor probably occupy a high percent in the total cost. In order to be more efficient in sales, it has to decrease costs and expenses. Finding new ways to decrease cost is important because profit is the essential of a company, and then profit margin will go up.
Return on total assets is 14.2%, it means net income is 14.2% of total assets. Different industry may have different levels of return on total assets. In the teashop industry, sufficient inventory is the most important aspect. Only with a small shop and one or two employees, can a teashop open. Thus it has not to invest a lot in fixed assets. As a result, return on total assets ratio is 48%, which is pretty high compared with other industries. To further improve this ratio, the teashop can estimate the needs of tea and store the most efficient number of tea. This can decrease the inventory value and make the cash flows more fluently.
Inventory turnover is 17.36 times. Inventory can be sold 17.36 times a year. Generally, the higher the inventory turnover, the more effective the company is in the operations, the lesser the amount of investment that must be tied up in inventory and the shorter the operating cycle necessary to replenish cash. And for the teashop, inventory turnover is not bad, thus it enables the company to have more money to do other operating activities.
Debt ratio is 0, means the teashop borrows nothing, and the owner provides all the funds needed. As I have mentioned before, it is a sole proprietorship company. 0 debt ratio indicates it can borrow some money from banks, or other people, as long as the interest rate is not high, and the benefit of borrowing money is greater than the pitfalls.
Receivables turnover is 1000 times, account receivables are collected 1000 times a year. Usually, customers pay at the time of purchasing tea, only those customers who buy a large amount of tea and are acquaintance of the owner can pay later. And a quicker receivables collection period enables the company to invest more.
4.Inventory system analysis
The teashop uses the periodic inventory system, because tea is relatively low cost and easy to count. Also, installing the perpetual inventory system costs a lot, the benefit same to be much smaller than the expenses, so it is not necessary to install the perpetual inventory system. Usually, at the end of each month, the person in charge of checking inventories goes into the storages and count inventories.
5.Cost flow assumption analysis
The teashop adopts the periodic inventory system, it does not record each unit sold, so
it is really difficult to use specific identification assumption, which is an expensive and labor consuming work. FIFO and LIFO assumptions need more energy too, because they require a detailed record of the inventories. Usually, at the end of each month, the person in charge of checking inventories will count the remaining tea. They calculate an average cost first by dividing the total costs of tea purchased by the total quantity. Then they can get the cost of tea, it is just the product of the ending quantity and the average cost. Different cost flow assumptions used, the effects on tax and income may be different. For the teashop, the average cost flow assumption is easy to use, but has a disadvantage in tax. In 2008, the price is going up, and then it can use the last-in, first-out flow assumption in order to pay less tax. 10
6. Conclusion After my internship period in the teashop, I have learned a lot. The knowledge on books may not suit all companies in the reality, they have to think out the best and convenient way to manage the company, to control the manufacturing process, and to earn more money, which may be the first consideration of the majority. For a private and sole proprietorship company, every control or management step is done with the consideration of most convenience and cost-saving. For instance, average cost method is used in the cost flow assumption. However, if changing another method can save large amounts of money for a company, then I suggest they can have a try. 11
7. Reference [1] 25-29。 [2] [3] [4] 范维令。 祁县渠家长裕川茶庄经营模式价值研究。 晋中学院学报, 2007,(24) 6 , 林金霞。资本存量测算研究[J]。西南财经大学:统计学,2007,2(2),8-10。 张文平。服装专卖店存货经营之道[J]。中国市场,2008,8(8),55-55。 曾晶。影响财务指标有用性的原因探析[J]。会计之友,2007,5(32),32-35。 [5]Charles T. horngren, Walter T. Harrison & Linda Smith Bamber (2005, Accounting Pearson Education, New York. [6]Don R. Hansen & Maryanne M. Mowen (2005, managerial accounting Thomson Learning, New York. [7]Loren A. Nikolai & John D. Bazley (2003, Intermediate accounting Thomson Learning, New York. 12
8. Acknowledgements I would like to express my sincerely appreciation to those people who gave me help during my internship and within the process of writing this report. Thanks to my instructor Rex, he guided me to finish the report properly. Thanks to Hongtai Company which offered me the internship opportunity. Also thanks to my friends, they helped me a lot. 13