The term was derived from the Latin verb transcendere
-to rise above
-to pass beyond the limits
-First coined by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
Rise of Transcendentalism
American Transcendentalism was a philosophical movement that began around 1840.
stressed individualism, intuition, nature, and self-reliance.
marked the maturity of American romanticism and the first renaissance in the American literary history.
Background of Transcendentalism
1.the product of the combination of :
2.foreign influences
3.German idealistic philosophy----Kant, Hegel
4.neo-Platonism
5.Oriental mysticism
6.American native Puritan tradition.
Background of Transcendentalism in summary
American Transcendentalists took their ideas from the romantic literatures of Europe, from neo-Platonism, from German idealistic philosophy and from the revelations of Oriental mysticism.
They blended native American tradition with foreign influences.
As a result, American Transcendentalism was, in essence, romantic idealism on Puritan soil.
Major Concepts of Transcendentalism
1)There’s a direct connection between the universe and the individual soul.
2)By contemplating objects in nature, people can transcend the world and discover union with the Over-Soul (also known as the Ideal or Supreme Mind大灵,超灵 ) that unites us all.
3)Follow your own intuition and own beliefs, however divergent from the social norm they may be. Since all people are inherently good, the individual’s intuitive response to any given situation will be the right thing to do.
Leaders
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau
Romanticism
The Rise of Romanticism
appeared in England in the 18th century
In reaction against the prevailing neoclassical spirit and rationalism during the Age of Reason.
Romanticism defined
Romanticism is associated with imagination and boundlessness, as contrasted with classicism, which is commonly associated with reason and restriction.
The most profound and comprehensive idea of romanticism is the vision of a greater personal freedom for the individual.
Features :
1.A profound love of nature
Close observation of the natural world gives a Romantic writer an insight into all life.
In nature one can find comfort and peace that the man-made urbanized towns and factory environments cannot offer
Nature is a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.
2.A focus on the self and the individual
individualism: displaying individual personalities
displaying inward feelings and subjective responses
3.A yearning for the picturesque and the exotic
Places and times other than their own, especially the past
An escape from the oppressive or unromantic present
4.Deep-rooted idealism
A belief in a heroic mode of behavior that would make life worthwhile
5.Passionate nationalism:love of one’s own country,Freedom
6.A fascination with
the supernatural ,the mysterious ,the gothic
American Romanticism was both imitative and independent.
Imitative English and European Romanticists
Independent Emerson and Whitman
The Writers of American Romanticism
Washington Irving
Edgar Allan Poe
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Herman Melville
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
Symbolism
Symbolism is the writing technique of using symbols.
It refers to the representation of a concept through symbols.
A symbol is something that conveys two kinds of meaning; it is simply itself, and it stands for something other than itself.
In other words, a symbol is both literal and figurative. A symbol is a way of telling a story and a way of conveying meaning.
Everything can be used symbolically.
The best symbols are those that are believable in the lives of the characters and also convincing as they convey a meaning beyond the literal level of the story. If the symbol is obscure, the very ambiguity may also be part of the meaning and charm of the story.
Poe’s rules for poetic composition
1. First comes the effect:
2. Then we get length:
3. Next comes impression:
4. Then tone:
5. Finally, the subject:
Summary
The ideal poem, therefore,
has a single effect,
can be read in one sitting,
concerns the contemplation of the beautiful,
is melancholic in tone,
deals with the death of a beautiful woman.
Edgar Allan Poe
●deserves more credit than any other writer for the transformation of the short story from anecdote to art
●A desperate working single mother with three children and an impaired health
●Her prolonged TB and final death
Incessant coughing, choking, profuse spitting of blood, eventual suffocation
the restoration of Poe’s legacy and fame
●Poe’s reputation and importance a s a writer were initially rescued from the vicious lies by the dedicated efforts of the French poet Charles Baudelaire(1821-1867), who
purportedly greeted each morning with a prayer to “the great god Edgar Poe”.
Wrote the first European biography of Poe
Invested 20 years translating fives volumes of Poe works into French
●Swedish playwright Strindberg (1849-1912) fantasized that because he was born in 1849, Poe’s spirit must have passed on to him.
Poe was the first American writer that Europe took seriously.
”The Raven“
”Israfel“
”Annabel Lee“
“To Helen“
His contribution to psychological fiction
●Poe was the first
to tell the tale of horror from the sociopath’s perspective (的人, 不爱社交的人)
To shift the point of view from victim to victimizer
To speak the language of the lunatic asylum
To write of a compressed world populated by psyches out of control
●Poe as the inventor of detective tales
He created the sleuth C. Auguste Dupin
The world’s first literary detective
Isolated from the social world
Capable of identifying and deciphering a criminal’s darkest psychology
Insights into criminal activity that others have overlooked or dismissed as irrelevant
1 Poe in summary
a.Poe is remembered as a dark Romanticist, a poet, a sharp literary critic, the creator of psychological horror tales, and the inventor of detective fiction.
b.He is distinguished for his extraordinary ability to create moods and atmospheres, the unforgettable images, the music of his language, and a great artistry in psychological depiction.
c.Artistically, Poe went beyond his own time and stood at the center of modernism
Allegory
寓言体作品
1.fictional literary narrative or artistic expression that conveys a symbolic meaning parallel to but distinct from, and more important than, the literal meaning.
1.An allegory is a story with two or more levels of meaning: a literal level and one or more symbolic levels.
2.The events, setting, and characters in an allegory are symbols for ideas or qualities.
3.Allegory has also been defined as an extended metaphor
Related forms are the fable and the parable (more religious), which are didactic, comparatively short and simple allegories.
Nathaniel Hawthorne
(1804-18)
When Nathaniel was four, his seafaring father died while on a voyage to Surinam, Dutch Guinea. The family lived in genteel poverty.
genteel poverty is the condition of well bred, generally well-educated people who have little money, like a retired vicar on a fixed income.
After graduating from college in 1825, Hawthorne returned home to become a writer.
Nathaniel Hawthorne managed to scrape out a living as a writer.
Along the way, he did for adultery what
1 Poe did for death,
2 Thoreau for nature,
3 and Melville for the sea.
Obsessed with sin and guilt, Hawthorne was the first great American writer of psychological fiction.
The Scarlet Letter published in 1850
an immediate smash, selling 4,000 copies in the first ten days.
Why the instant popularity?
Because The Scarlet Letter addressed spiritual and moral issues from a uniquely American standpoint.