脂肪最基本的功能是食物储备的自我储存。在史前时期,以保存大量的脂肪来忍耐恶劣环境的基因型在自然选择中胜出。同时,因为慢性的营养不良普遍存在于大多数的人类历史中,遗传基因朝着脂肪储存方向进化。
So when did body fat becomes problematic? The negative impacts of being overweight were not even noted in medical literature until as late as the eighteenth century. then technological advances coupled with public health measures resulted in the betterment of the quantity,And variety of food. sustained abundance of good food enabled a healthier population to boom economically.output increased, and with it, leisure time and waste lines.
那么,人体脂肪什么时候开始成为了问题呢?直到十八世纪,才在医学文献中发现超重的负面影响。接着,科技进步和公共卫生措施,一起改善了食品的产量、质量和丰富性。大量优质食品的持续供给使更健康的人口的经济增长。随着产量的增加,人们的业余时间和腰围也随之增加。
By the mid nineteenth century, being excessively overweight, or obese, was recognized as a cause of ill health, and another century later, declared deadly, what is the distinction between being overweight and being obese?a calculation called BMI breaks it down for us.
到了十九世纪中叶,极度超重或肥胖被认为是健康不良,而一个世纪之后,肥胖被宣告是致命。超重和肥胖之间的区别是什么?一种叫做BMI的计算方法会为我们解答。
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For example, if someone weighs sixty five kilograms and is 1.5 meters tall, they have a BMI of about 29,obesity is a condition of excess body fat that occurs when a person's BMI is above 30, just over the overweight range of 25 to 29.9. while BMI can be a helpful estimate of healthy weight,actual body fat percentage can only really be determined by also considering information like waist circumference, and muscle mass.
例如,如果某人体重65公斤,身高1.5米,他们的体重指数(BMI)约为29,肥胖是指一个人的体重指数(BMI)超过30,BMI在25至29.9之间则是刚刚超重。虽然BMI可以帮助估算健康的体重,但只有同时考虑腰围和肌肉群等指数,才能确定实际的体脂百分比。
Athletes, for instance, have a naturally higher BMI. so how does a person become obese? at its most basic, obesity is caused by energy imbalance. if the energy input from calories is greater than the energy output from physical activity, the body stores the extra calories as fat. in most cases, this imbalance comes from a combination of circumstances and choices.
例如,运动员的BMI自然就很高。那么,一个人是如何变胖的呢?从根本上来说,肥胖是由能量失衡引起的。如果热量输入的能量大于体力活动消耗的能量,身体储存的多余卡路里就成了脂肪。在大多数情况下,这种不平衡是由环境和选择相结合造成的。
Adults should be getting at least two point five hours of exercise each week, and children a whole hour per day. but globally, one in four adults and eight out of ten adolescent aren't active enough.calorie-dense processed foods and growing portion sizes coupled with pervasive marketing lead to passive overeating. and scarce resources, and a lack of access to healthy, affordable foods creates an even greater risk in disadvantaged communities.
成年人每周至少要锻炼2.5个小时,而孩子们每天应该要有一个小时的运动时间。但在全球范围内,有四分之一的成年人和十分之八的青少年并不积极运动。高热量的加工食品和不断增长的食物份量,再加上多样的市场营销,都会导致被动的暴饮暴食。而在贫穷的地区,稀缺的食物资源,以及缺乏健康、又不太昂贵的食物的途径有限,大大提升了出现问题的风险。
Yet , our genetic make-up also plays a part. studies on families and on separated twins have shown a clear causal hereditary relationship to weight gain. recent studies have also found a link between obesity and variations in the bacteria species that live in our digestive systems.no matter the cause, obesity is an escalating global epidemic, it's substantially raises the probability of diseases, like diabetes, heart disease,stroke, high blood pressure, and cancer.
然而,我们的基因组成也起着一定的作用。对家庭和分离双胞胎的研究表明,体重增加与基因遗传有明显的因果关系。最近的研究也发现,肥胖和生活在我们消化系统中的细菌种类的变化也有联系。不管是什么原因,肥胖是一个不断升级的全球流行病,它大大提高了患上其它疾病的可能性,比如糖尿病,心脏病,中风,高血压和癌症。
It affects virtually all ages, genders, and socioeconomic groups in both developed and developing countries. with a sixty percent rise in child obesity globally over just two decades ,the problem is too significant to ignore.
它几乎影响到了所有年龄、性别和社会经济群体,无论是发达国家还是发展中国家。全球儿童的肥胖率在短短20年内增长了60%,肥胖问题已经足够严重且难以忽视。
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Once a person is obese, the climb to recovery becomes progressively steeper.hormonal and metabolic changes reduce the body's response to overeating. after losing weight, a formerly overweight person burns less calories doing the same exercises as a person who is naturally the same wight, making it much more difficult to shed the excess fat.
一旦一个人胖了起来,恢复的过程就会变得非常的艰难。荷尔蒙和新陈代谢的变化会降低身体对暴食的反应。减肥后,一个原先肥胖的人与原来就同样体重的人,做同样的运动,会燃烧更少的脂肪,这也就使减去多余的脂肪变得更加艰难。
And as people gain weight, damage to signaling pathways makes it increasingly difficult for the brain to measure food intake and fast storage. there is, however, some evidence that well monitored, long-term changes in behavior can lead to improvements in obesity-related health issues.and weight loss from sustained lifestyle changes, or invasive treatments like bariatric, surgery can improve insulin resistance and decrease inflammation.What was once an advantage for survival is now working against us.
随着人们体重的增加,大脑信号通路受到的伤害让大脑越来越难以测量食物的摄入量和脂肪储存的判断。然而,有一些证据表明,长期的行为改变可以改善与肥胖相关的健康问题。而且坚持减肥的生活方式或像减肥手术之类的治疗能够提高胰岛素抵抗力,并减少炎症的发生。一个曾经的生存优势正在与我们对抗。
As the world's population continues to slow down and get bigger, moving and consciously eating our way towards a healthier weight is essential to our overall well-being.and with the epidemic affecting every country in the world for different socioeconomic reasons, obesity can not be seen as an isolated issue .more global measures for prevention are essential to manage the weight of the world.
随着世界人口缓慢增长,拥有健康的体重,对于人类的幸福而言,非常重要,却也更加困难。这种流行病正影响着全世界的每个国家,出于不同的社会经济原因,肥胖不能被看作是一个孤立的问题。更多全球性的保护措施对于管理世界人民的体重十分关键。是必不可少的。