1. PRELISTENING
B. Vocabulary and Key Concepts
1. As we look at the changes over the last century, we’ll use a lot of statistics to describe these changes.
2. While the number of people in these goods producing industries went down, the number of people in the service industries went up.
3. Over the years, child labor laws became much stricter and by 1999, it was illegal for anyone under sixteen to work full-time in any of the fifty States.
4. In 1900 the average per capita income was $4, 200.
5. One of the important benefits most workers received later in the century was health insurance.
6. Whereas wages and salaries rose over the century, the average workweek dropped.
7. People often tend to romanticize the past and talk about “the good old days.”
8. According to a 2003 study released by the United Nations International Labor Organization, U. S. workers are the most productive in the world.
9. Longer working hours in the United States is a rising trend, while the trend in other industrialized countries is the opposite.
10. Workers in some European countries actually outproduce American workers per hour of work.
11. This higher rate of productivity might be because European workers are less stressed than U. S. workers.
12. Between 1949 and 1974, increases in productivity were matched by increases in wages.
13. After 1974, productivity increased in manufacturing and services, but real wages stagnated.
14. The money goes for salaries to CEOs, to the stock market, and to corporate profits.
15. Some people say that labor unions have lost power since the beginning of the 1980s, and that the government has passed laws that favor the rich and weaken the rights of the workers.
. LISTENING
LECTURE:Americans at Work
Whether you love it or hate it work is a major part of most people's lives everywhere in the world. Americans are no exception. Americans might complain about “blue Monday,” when they have to go back to work after the weekend, but most people put a lot of importance on their Job, not only in terms of money but also in terms of identity. In fact, when Americans are introduced to a new person, they almost always ask each other,“What do you do?”They are asking, what is your Job or profession. Today, however, we won’t look at work in terms of what work means socially or psychologically. Rather, we’re going to take a look at work in the United States today from two perspectives. First, we’ll take a historical look at work in America. We’ll do that by looking at how things changed for the American worker from the beginning to the end of the twentieth century, that is, from the year 1900 to the year 1999. Then we'll look at how U.S. workers are doing today.
As we look at the changes over the last century, we're going to use a lot of statistics to describe these changes. You will need to write down a lot of numbers in today’s lecture. First, let's consider how the type of work people were involved in changed. At the beginning of the twentieth century, about 38 percent of the workforce was involved in agriculture, that is, they worked on a farm. By the end of the century, only 3 percent still worked on farms. There was also a large decrease in the number of people working in mining, manufacturing, and construction. The number of workers in mining, manufacturing and construction went down from 31 percent to 19 percent.
While the number of people in these goods producing industries went down, the number of people in the service industries went up. As you may know, a service industry is one that provides a service, rather than goods or products. A few examples include transportation, tourism, banking advertising, health care, and legal services. I’m sure you can think of more. The service industry workforce jumped from 31 percent of the workforce at the turn of the century to 78 percent in 1999. Let's recap the numbers: in 1900, 38 percent in agriculture;3l percent in mining, manufacturing, and construction; and 3l percent in the service industries. That should add up to 100 percent. In 1999, 3 percent in agriculture;19 Percent in mining, manufacturing and construction; and 78 percent in the service industries. Again, that should add up to 100 percent.
The labor force changed in other important ways. For example, child labor was not unusual at the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1900 there were l, 750, 000 children aged ten to fifteen working full-time in the tabor force. This was 6 percent of the labor force. Over the years, child labor laws became much stricter and by 1999, it was illegal for anyone under sixteen to work full-time in any of the fifty states. While the number of children in the workforce went down, the number of women went up dramatically. In 1900, only 19 percent of women were employed;in 1999, 60 percent of women were holding down jobs.
Let's see what has happened to wages and salaries. All the numbers I will give you are in terms of 1999 dollars. Let me explain. In 1900 the average per capita income was $4,200 a year. That does not mean that the average worker in 1900 earned $4, 200, a year, but that what he or she earned was equal to $4, 200 in 1999. That is, the amount of money the average worker earned in 1900 was worth the same as $4, 200 in 1999. The average per capita income in 1999 was $33,700. Not only did people earn a lot more money at the end of the century, they also received a lot more in benefit than at the beginning of the century. One of the important benefits most workers received later in the century was health insurance. Whereas wages and salaries rose over the century, the average workweek dropped. That is, workers, in general, did not work as long hours in 1999 as they did in 1900.
The last area that I'd like to give you a few statistics about is work place safety. Most of us who go to work every day don’t think a lot about whether we are safe or not, but in 1900 it was a real concern for a lot of workers. There aren’t many statistics available, but the U. S. government does have statistics on two industries that will give you some idea of the differences today. In 1900 almost l,500 workers were killed in coal-mining accidents;in 1999, the number was 35. 2, 555 railroad workers were killed in 1900, compared to 56 in 1999.
People often tend to romanticize the past and talk about “the good old days, but I think it’s fair to say by the end of the twentieth century, U. S. workers in general made more money, they enjoyed more benefits, and their working conditions had improved greatly.
Now 1et’s turn our attention to the current situation for U. S. workers. The picture is not so rosy as the one drawn by comparing U. S. workers at the beginning and the end of the twentieth century. I'm going to focus on the current situation in terms of productivity, working hours, and wages and salaries.
First 1et’s consider the number of hours worked. According to a 2003 study released by the United Nations International Labor Organization, U. S. workers are the most productive in the world among industrialized nations, but they work longer hours than European workers to achieve this productivity. Europeans typically have four to six weeks of vacation a year, whereas the average American worker has only about two weeks. This study points out that the longer working hours in the United States is a rising trend, while the trend in other industrialized countries is the opposite.
Workers in some European countries actually outproduce American workers per hour of work. It has been suggested that this higher rate of productivity might be because European workers are 1ess stressed than U. S. workers.
At any rate, there seems to be general agreement that U. S. productivity has greatly increased over the last thirty years. However, workers have not seen their wages rise at the same rate. A group of sociologists in their book Inequality by Design point out that there is a growing gap between rich Americans and everyone else in the United States. They write that between 1949 and 1974, increases in productivity were matched by increases in wages for workers in both manufacturing and the service industries, but since 1974 productivity increased 68 percent in manufacturing and 50 percent in services, but real wages stagnated. That is, wages moved up little or not at all. So, where does all the money generated by the increased productivity go then? According to the authors of this book;the money goes to the salaries for CEOs, to the stock market, and to corporate profits. Workers play a great role in increasing productivity, but no longer see their wages connected to increased productivity. In other words, CEOs' salaries, the stock market, and corporate profits go up as work productivity goes up, but workers’ wages don’t.
What are the reasons why U. S. workers, who are the most productive in the world, have to work longer hours, have fewer vacations days, and see their wages stagnate and not rising at the same rate as productivity? The answer to this question is complex and controversial, but there are two reasons most people who speak or write about these issues mention:The first is that labor unions in the United States have lost great power since the beginning of the 1980s, and the second is that the government has passed laws that favor the rich and weaken the rights of the workers.
I see our time is up. So, I’ll see you next time.
POSTLISTENING
A.Accuracy Check
1. What percentage of the workforce was engaged in agriculture in 1900?
2. What percentage of the workforce was still engaged in agriculture in 1999?
3. At the end of the twentieth century, which industries had the largest percentage of the workforce?
4. Compare the number of women in the workforce in 1900 and in 1999.
5. Compare the average per capita income in 1900 and in 1999. 6. What is one benefit that most U.S. workers received by the end of the twentieth century?
7. Which workers, U. S. or European workers, work longer hours? 8. What might be one reason that some European workers out produce U.S. workers per hour?
9. According to the authors of Inequality by Design, are wages in manufacturing and service industries increasing at the same rate as productivity?
10. Again, according to the authors of Inequality by Design, where does the money generated by increased productivity go?