去年准备这科背得很辛苦 现在把自己整理的重要词拿出来分享 加油吧
第一课
一、相关生词
arbitrariness 任意性
duality 二层性
creativity创造性
displacement移位性
phonetics语音学
phonology音系学
morphology形态学
syntax句法学
semantics语义学
pragmatics语用学
macrolinguistics宏观语言学
descriptive描写式---prescriptive规定式
synchronic共时 -----diachronic历时
langue语言-----parole言语
competence语言能力 -----performance语言应用
二、问答题
1.feature of language
答:arbitrariness 任意性:there is no logical connection between meanings and sound.
duality 二层性:have two levels of structure
creativity创造性 it is potential to create endless sentences
displacement移位性 human beings enable their users to symbolized objects ,events,and concept which are not present at the moment of communication.
2.function of language
答:informative:ideational function.it gives structure to experience 帮助我们决定我们看问题的方式
interpersonal function:交流、生理心理性别姓名等身份交流
performative施为:改变人的社会地位岁岁平安
emotive function:个性化、不掺杂和他人的交际,表达自己的感情
phatic communion寒暄:维持关系
recreational function娱乐功能:诗歌 一些游戏的节奏提高孩子兴趣
metalingual元语言功能 :是语言有无限的自我反身性--infinitely self-reflexive
3.phonetics语音学vs.phonology音系学
答:phonetics语音学:对人发出的声音的研究 注重无序chaos
phonology音系学:对能组成的语言和产生意义得语言进行研究,注重顺序order
4.phonology音系学 vs morphology形态学
答:phonology音系学:对能组成的语言和产生意义得语言进行研究,注重顺序order
morphology形态学:internal organazation of words关心内部结构,研究意义的最小单位的过程。the minimal units of meaning-morphemes and word-formation process.
三、定义
5.arbitrariness 任意性:it is one of the design features of language.it means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sound.
6.displacement:means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication.
第二课
一、相关生词
phonetic 语音学
articulatory phonetics发音语言学
ogan器官
vocal tract声腔
airstream气流
ipa国际音标
consonants 辅音
vowels元音
stop塞音
nasal鼻音
fricative擦音
coarticulation 协同发音
phonetic transcriptions 语音转写
phonemes音位
allophone音位变体
intonation语调
tone声调
二、定义
4.articulatory phonetics(发音语言学):it is the study of the production of speech sounds研究语音的发生。
7.vowel:produced without such "stricture"so that air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or nose.
8.consonants 辅音:the sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of airstream at some point of the vocal tract.
三、问答题
1.phonetic rules:从一门具体语言开始,确立音系结构。把不同语音系统作比较 最后得出假设
第四课
一、相关生词
syntax句法
syntax relation句法关系:
(1)positional relation位置关系
语言中,用以传达信息的两种方法是:位置关系即word order 和affixation前缀
(2)relation of substitutability替代关系
纵聚合关系,纵向关系、选择关系
(3)relation of co-occurrence同现关系
grammatical construction语法结构
constituent成分
immediate constituent直接成分
node节点
bracketing括号法
endocentric向心结构
exocentric constructions离心结构
coordination 并列关系
subordination从属关系
modifiers修饰语
completement clauses宾语从句
adjunct clauses状语从句
relative clauses关系从句
syntactic function句法功能
subject主语
predicate谓语
object宾语
category范畴
gender性
gase格
recursiveness递归性
conjoining连接
embedding嵌入
hypotactic主次
paratactic并联
cohesion衔接
二、定义
1.endocentric:it is the one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents,i.e,a word or a group of words,which serves as a definable center or head.
2.exocentric constructions:it refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole,that is,there is no definable"centre"or "head"inside the group.
3.ic analysis:the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immidiate constitutents and group,which are in return analyzed into immidiate constitutent of their own,and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.
第三课
一、相关生词
lexicon 词汇
rank级阶
第五课
一、相关生词
semantics语义学
conceptual meaning 概念意义
associative meaning联想意义
connotative meaning内涵意义
social meaning 社会意义
affective meaning 感情意义
reflected meaning 反射意义
collocative meaning 搭配意义
thematic meaning 主位意义
reference 参考书目 引文
connotation内涵
denotation外延
the referential theory指称轮
concept一般所谓概念
sense relation涵义关系
synonymy同义关系
antonymy反义关系
gradable antonymy等级关系----cool warm
complementary antonymy互补反义关系----生与死
hyponymy上下义关系-----类与成员间关系
superordinate----上坐标
hyponyms---下坐标
componential analysis---成份分析法
an integrated theory一个综合理论
logical semantics逻辑语言学