
The history of Chinese porcelain
瓷器的前身是原始青瓷,它是由陶器向瓷器过渡阶段的产物。中国最早的原始青瓷,发现于山西夏县东下冯龙山文化遗址中,距今约4200年。 器类有罐和钵。原始青瓷在中国分布较广,黄河领域、长江中下游及南方地区都有发现。
China was established on the basis of the original celadon ware, it is by the pottery of the transition, short period of products to China. The earliest Chinese original celadon ware, found in shanxi under the longshan culture based von site, dating from about 4200 years. Implement class pot and port. The original celadon a wide distribution in China, the Yellow River area of the Yangtze river and the south area, are found.
中国真正的瓷器出现是在东汉时期(公元23-220年)。首先是在南方地区的浙江省开始出现的。浙江绍兴上虞县上浦小仙坛发现东汉晚期瓷窑址和青瓷等。瓷片质地细腻,釉面有光泽,胎釉结合紧密牢固。从显微照相可见,青瓷残片釉下已无残留石英。这种釉无论在外貌上,或是显微结构上,都已摆脱了原始青瓷的原始性。已符合真正的瓷器标准了。
China's real China appear in the eastern han dynasty is a period (A.D. 23-220 years). First is in the southern region of zhejiang province began to appear. Zhejiang shaoxing XianShang shangyu PuXiaoXian altar of the eastern han dynasty porcelain kiln found late and celadon ware, etc. Ceramics quality of a material is exquisite, glaze luster, tire glaze combined with close firm. From microscopic photography visible, celadon has no residue pieces glaze quartz. The glaze no matter in looks, or microscopic structure, are already out of the original celadon primitivism. Already comply with the real China standard.
东汉之后的三国两晋南北朝时期(公元220-581年)南方青瓷的生产,如浙江越窑等一直处于领先地位。在绍兴、余杭、吴兴等地也都设有窑场,形成独自的窑系。所谓窑系,是指某一著名窑场与附近或外省的一些窑场均生产某一种或几种相同类型的产品,这些窑场就构成一个窑系,以主要和最有影响的窑场命名。浙江是中国最早形成窑系的地区,其原因可能与这里是中国瓷器的发源地、制瓷业特别发达有关。
After three of the eastern han dynasty of jin dynasties (220-581) of the southern celadon production, such as zhejiang the kiln, has been in the lead. In shaoxing, etc, WuXing yuhang also have kilns, form the kiln department alone. The so-called kiln department, it is to point to a famous kiln field and near or provincial some kiln averaging a production of one or more of the same type of products, the kilns constitutes a kiln department, with main and most influential kilns named. Zhejiang is the earliest form of the department of China kiln area, its reason may be and here is the birthplace of Chinese porcelain, porcelain special developed relevant.
越窑生产青瓷与黑瓷,到西晋晚期也生产青釉褐斑瓷,即在器物的主要部位加上褐色点彩,以打破青瓷的单色格调。
The kiln production celadon porcelain with black, to western also produce green glaze late brown spot porcelain, that is, in the main part of the artifacts and brown color points, to break the celadon monochromatic style
三国时越窑的产品胎质坚硬细腻,呈浅灰色;釉汁纯净,以淡青色为主,黄或青黄色少见;器型有碗、碟、罐、壶、洗、盆、钵、盒、盘、耳杯、香炉唾壶、虎子、水盂、泡菜坛等日用瓷。西晋时又出现了了扁壶、鸡壶、烛台和辟邪等新产品。南朝时佛教盛行,瓷器上多以莲瓣或莲花作为装饰。从三国到隋统一前的数百年中,以越窑为代表的瓷器生产有了长足的发展。它的品种繁多,式样新颖,已深入到生活的各个领域。成为人们不可须臾离开的用具。
The more kiln products three TaiZhi hard is exquisite, the pale grey; Glaze juice pure, color is given priority to with weak cyan, yellow or green yellow rare; A bowl, disc, ware cans, pot, wash, basin, bowls, box, plate, ear cups, censer salivary pot, nothing, water dishes, kimchi altar porcelain, etc. When western and arisen flat pot, chicken pot, candlestick and to ward off evil spirits and other new products. When in the Buddhism prevailed, porcelain in Ephraim disc or lotus as decoration. From The Three Kingdoms to sui unity of hundreds of years before, to the kiln, as a representative of the porcelain production has developed rapidly. Its wide variety, the design is novel, has deep into life in all areas. People do not become instant leave tools.
此外,在南方当时还有婺州窑、湘阴窑和丰城窑等著名窑址。
In addition, in the south at the time and WuZhou kiln, XiangYin kiln and the famous kiln fengcheng kiln.
北方瓷器的出现要晚于南方,大致是从北魏晚期到隋(公元581-618年)统一前的近百年中发展起来的。北朝青瓷的器型有碗、盘、杯、罐、壶、瓶、盒等,多为日常用品,陈设品较少。莲瓣罐是北朝典型产品。它有三系、四系、六系和方系、圆系、条系的区别,均从肩至腹堆塑成肥硕的莲瓣,有六瓣或八瓣不等,底有圈足。最能代表北方青瓷生产水平的器物,是河北景县封氏墓出土的4件莲花尊。其体积最大的一件高约70厘米,口至肩部有三周贴花,饰飞天纹、宝相花纹、兽面纹和蟠龙纹。肩有六系,其下有六层堆塑上覆下仰莲瓣纹。
The north of China appear to be late in the south, approximately from the northern wei dynasty the late sui (A.D. 581-618) before the unity of the nearly years development it up. The northern celadon ware have bowl, plate, cup, cans, pot, bottle, boxes and other, more for everyday items, display product is less. Ephraim tank is typical product north Korea to double. It has three departments, and four are, the six departments and party are, the circle is the difference between the article, is, all from the shoulders to the large abdominal pile of shaping his Ephraim disc, there are six or eight disc disc to differ, the bottom of ring foot. Most representative of the north of the production level celadon artifacts, is JingXian seal's tomb in hebei province unearthed 4 pieces of lotus honour. The volume of the largest a high of about 70 centimeters, mouth to shoulder three weeks decals, act the role ofing flying grain, treasure in the decorative pattern, coil dragon grain and exercised wen. The shoulder has six department, under which there are six layers of plastic on the overlaying AngLian disc grain under.
此外,在南方当时还有婺州窑、湘阴窑和丰城窑等著名窑址。
In addition, in the south at the time and WuZhou kiln, XiangYin kiln and the famous kiln fengcheng kiln.
北方瓷器生产虽晚于南方数百年,但它一旦掌握了青瓷生产之后,便迅速改进生产技术,提高工艺水平,并结合北方的人文特点,导致了白瓷的出现.
The north China production is later than the south hundreds of years, but once it is mastered celadon production after, rapidly improving production technology, improve the technique level, and combined with the humanistic features the north, leading to the emergence of the porcelain.
北齐武平六年(公元575年)范粹墓出土的10件白瓷器,是目前已知时代最早的白瓷器,有碗、杯、三系罐、四系罐、长颈瓶等。
WuPing quanbeiqiwen six years (575 AD) FanCui tomb of a white porcelain from 10, is the earliest known at present age of white porcelain, bowl, cup, three department cans, four in cans, long neck bottle, etc.
唐代(公元618-917年)南方的青瓷、北方的白瓷 、三彩瓷;以及湖南长沙窑的复彩瓷均有较大的发展。
In the tang dynasty (AD 618-917), the north to the south of the celadon porcelain, three-color porcelain; Hunan changsha kiln and complex colour porcelain are larger development.
其中,长沙窑的瓷器在亚非13个国家、73个地点都有出土,说明它的影响遍及国内外。从其产品中的胡人雕塑、椰枣、棕榈纹样及书写阿拉伯文等方面来看,可能出现了专门为外销而生产的瓷器
Among them, changsha kiln in the world of China in 13 countries, 73 sites have unearthed, explain its influence throughout both at home and abroad. From its product much of the sculpture, dates, palm grain 。
宋代(公元960-1279年)在唐代的基础之上,出现了“定、汝、官、哥、均”五大名窑并称于世的现象。
The song dynasty (960-1279) in the tang dynasty on the basis, the emergence of a "set, ru, officials, the elder brother, are" five of ancient jun said the phenomenon in the world.
元代(公元1279-1368年)是中国瓷器生产承前启后的转折时期,元代景德镇在制瓷工艺上有了新的突破,最为突出的则是青花和釉里红的烧制。
The yuan dynasty (AD 1279-1368) is the Chinese porcelain production turning period link, jingdezhen yuan dynasty in porcelain making craft had the new breakthrough, the most outstanding is green and youligong of fire.
明(公元1368-14年)清(公元14-1911年)两代是中国瓷器生产最鼎盛时期,瓷器生产的数量和质量都达到了高峰.
Ming (A.D. 1368-14) qing dynasty (AD 14-1911) two generations of Chinese porcelain production is the most heyday, porcelain production quantity and quality have reached the peak.
进入汉代,著名的“丝绸之路”沟通了中外文化间的交流,中国逐渐被誉为“丝国”;进入中世纪后,伴随着中国瓷器的外销,中国又开始以“瓷国”享誉于世。
In the han dynasty, the famous "silk road" communication between the Chinese and foreign cultural exchanges, China was gradually known as "silk kingdom"; In the middle ages, along with China's export of China, China began with "porcelain kingdom" reputation in the world.
宋元到明初是中国瓷输出的第二个阶段.
Song yuan to Ming is China porcelain output of the second stage.
明代中晚期至清初的200余年是中国瓷器外销的黄金时期。输出的瓷器主要是景德镇青花瓷、彩瓷、广东石湾瓷、福建德化白瓷和青花瓷、安溪青花瓷等。
The Ming dynasty to qing dynasty middle-late of more than 200 years is the golden age of Chinese porcelain export. The output of China is mostly is jingdezhen porcelain, guangdong, the color blue ShiWan porcelain, fujian dehua white porcelain and blue, blue anxi, etc.
在17和18世纪,中国瓷器通过海路行销全世界,成为世界性的商品,对人类历史的发展起了积极作用。
In the 17 and 18 th century, Chinese porcelain marketing around the world by sea, and become the world's goods, to the development of human history plays a positive role.
