In a preparation outline, you should state your specific purpose and central idea, and identify main points and sub-points using a consistent pattern, the speaking outline should consist of brief notes to help you while you deliver the speech. It should contain key words or phrases to bolster you memory. In making up your speaking outline, follow the same visual framework used in your preparation outline, keep the speaking outline as brief as possible and be sure it is plainly legible.
演讲要有效,提纲很重要。列提纲可以把相关的思想联系在一起,是你的思想从一个自然过渡到另一个, 你的讲话结构连贯流畅。你的演讲提纲可能回包括两种形式—详细的准备提纲和简单的讲话提纲。
在准备提纲的过程中,通过使用统一的格式明确主要信息和次要信息。在演讲提纲中应该包括能够帮助你演讲的简单注解。发言提纲还应包括能够帮助你记忆的关键词或短语。在写发言提纲时,可沿用准备提纲中所有的相同的视觉框架,演讲提纲尽可能保持简洁,并确保清晰易读。
当你发表学术演讲时,首先要做好充分的准备;其次,你演讲的主要观点要明确,层次要清楚。演讲时,语速不要太快,语言要清晰。不要总是在读你准备好的稿子。最后,你应该经常看一下你的听众。这样,一方面你对你的听众表示尊重,另一方面,你可以更顺利地进行你的演讲。
Before you deliver an academic speech, firstly, you should make a good preparation for it. Then, you should make your major points and organization clear in your speech. During your speech, speak it explicitly and don’t speak too fast. Don’t always read the script that you have prepared. Finally, you should often look at your audience. So that, on one hand, you can show your respect to them; on the other hand, you can deliver your speech more smoothly.
Energy has dual relation ship with human well-being. For mots of human history, man has been concerned mainly about the benefit side of the energy — well-being equation thanks to the low costs involved in energy use. However, with the staggering scale of energy demand brought forth by 100 years of unprecedented population growth, coupled with an equally remarkable growth in per capita demand of industrial energy forms, energy entails increasingly higher costs, both external and internalized. On the one hand, energy resources are reducing at an accelerating speed and energy supply requires higher in put. In the other hand, the external costs seem more worrisome because energy use poses serous threats to public health and safety, keeps disrupting the global ecosystem, and may trigger large-scale military conflict.
能源与人类幸福有着双重关系。在人类社会的大部分历史中,由于能源使用成本低廉,人们一直考虑的是能源与人类利益这个等式中有利的部分,然而在过去的100年中,人口有了史无前例的增长,能源需求达到了惊人的规模,同时人均工业能源的需求也增长显著,所以能源成本越来越高。这种成本既包括内部成本,也包括外部成本。一方面,能源资源正在加速减少,能源供应的投入更高,另一方面,能源利用严重威胁公共健康和安全,不断破坏全球生态系统,并有可能引发大范围军事冲突,这些外部成本似乎更令人担忧。
以上各种因素究竟如何影响能源供应的资金成本难以量化,部分原因是许多非环境因素实际上同环境因素交织在一起。比如,造成工程施延误的原因,不但有挂历上的,而且有工程、管理以及质量监控等方面的问题。然而在美国,过去20年中由于环境影响,石油产品供应的资金成本至少上升了25%,而火电和核电产生的资金成本则上升了40%,甚至更多。
The monetary costs of energy supply affected by the above factors are difficult to quantify, partly because many non-environmental. For example, the reason for construction delay includes not only management constraint, but also problems of engineer, management and quality control. However, in America, in the past 20 years, the monetary costs of the supply of petroleum produces have risen by 25% because of environmental impacts and the monetary costs of energy of electricity from coal and nuclear energy have grown by 40% or more.
Two fatal wrecks in less than a 24-hour period over the Thanksgiving weekend killed three people, bringing to six the number of deaths in the past two weeks on Springfield city streets.
With one month left in the year, at least 17 people have been killed in fatality accidents in Springfield, including the three members of a Chicago family who died the weekend before on Interstate 44.
On Sunday, Springfield husband and wife Jon Bauer, 58, and Juanity Bauer,59, died in the 2400 block of South Glenstone Avenue.
According to police, Jon Bauer’s southbound 2001 Hyundai Santa Fe sideswiped a 1995 Chrysler Cirrus, also heading southbound, driven by Chadd Rohde, 27, of Mountain Home, Ark., at around 10:30 a.m.
Jon Bauer’s vehicle continued south and stuck a brick wall and utility pole at Springfield National Cemetery.
The Springfield Fire Department extracted the couple from the vehicle. Juanita Bauer was pronounced dead at the scene. Jon Bauer, who was unconscious, was transported to St. John’s Region Medical Center, where he was later pronounced dead.
Traffic was shut down for four hours as police investigated the crash.
在这个感恩节周末不到24小时内,2起严重的交通事故造成3人死亡,这使得斯普林菲尔德街道在过去2周的死亡人数上升至6人。
在本年度最后一个月,在斯普林菲尔德市,至少17人死于严重车祸,其中包括来自芝加哥的一家三口。他们与上周末死于44号洲际公路。
周日,在南格林斯通大街2400街区,一对夫妇死于车祸,男性名为Jon Bauer,58岁,女性叫Juanita Bauer,59岁。
据讲,上午10:30左右,Jon Bauer驾驶一辆2001款现代版圣达菲汽车向南行驶,与一辆同向行驶的1995款克莱斯勒柔斯汽车发生刮擦,车主是Chadd Rohde,27岁,来自阿肯瑟洲山居地区。
Jon Bauer驾驶汽车继续向南行驶,撞上斯普林菲尔德公墓旁的一堵砌墙和一根公用电线杆。消防队把乔恩夫妇从车中拉出,Juanita Bauer当场死亡,Jon Bauer已经失去意识,被送往xxx医疗中心,随后被宣告死亡。
调查了这起事故,当地交通也因此被封闭4个小时。
Perhaps it is our social concept of what is feminine and what is masculine that reinforces the stereotype that women talk more than men, and even causes these different patterns of communication. Maybe a woman is labeled talkative or is criticized for interrupting if she does it at all, because our culture — as wall as many other cultures — teaches that women should be quiet if they want to be “feminine”. Perhaps masculine culture encourages boys and men to dominate talk and to interrupt more often, and males who talk a lot and interrupt often are not criticized for doing so. These differences in the patterns of communication and styles of communicating are studied by experts who study the effects of gender on communication. They study these effects in order to understand why misunderstanding occur between men and women in conversation. Often, it’s because their styles and patterns of conversation are so different. It is important that we learn to recognize these differences so that we can learn to communicate better with people of the other gender.
或许我们关于女性什么样男性什么样的社会观念强化了女性比男性说话多的成见,这个观念甚至导致了不同的交际模式。我们的文化和许多其他文化都这样教育女性:要想有女人的样子,就应该保持沉默。或许因为如此,如果一个女人总是插嘴,她就会被贴上多嘴的标签或者遭到批评。或许男性文化鼓励男孩和男人们主导昙花,并且可以频繁插话。男人并不会因为说话多和经常插话受到批评,研究性别对交流的影响的专家们针对交流模式和交流风格的不同进行了探究,他们的目的是为了理解男女之间谈话为什么产生误解,正是因为他们说话风格和方式的不同。因此我们有必要认识这些差异,才能更好的与异性进行交流。
In the age of instantaneous communications, it has become harder to hide wrongdoings: corrupt officials and businesspeople are now exposed by private whistleblowers, government leaks, aggrieved competitors, and investigative reporters. Publicity is an important deterrent because corruption can terminate careers. During the past year alone, scandals have brought down the prime minister of the Ukraine, the deputy president of South Africa, the leader of Brazil’s ruling party, key Kenyan government ministers, and the majority leader of the U.S. House of Representatives. But systematic changes are necessary to ensure that corruption scandals stop repeating themselves like prurient TV show reruns.
Leadership changes have occurred or are about to occur in key entities: the World Bank, the OECD, the UN, Transparency International, and the International Chamber of Commerce. The resulting set of new leaders should get together with NGOs and leaders from other key organizations, such as export-credit entities and international law-enforcement agencies, to map out a broad anticorruption strategy and develop a consensus for near-term and middle-term action.
在这个信息可以及时传达的时代,恶性越来越难以掩盖,私人告密者、泄露消息者、愤愤不平的消费者和善于调查的记者,都会吧的揭露出来。由于能使一个人的职业生涯终止,所以曝光是一种重要的威慑。在过去的仅仅一年中,乌克兰总理、南非副总统、巴西执政党的领袖都以内丑闻而被迫下台。为了确保丑闻不再像色情电视节目那样不断上演,就必须做出系统性的变革。
在一些重要机构中,如世界银行、联合国、透明国际、联合商会,已经进行或即将进行领导层的变革,变革后的新的另大集体,应是与非组织和其他重要组织(比如信贷机构和国际执法机构)的领导人合作,已制定全面的反战略,并就近期和中期的行动达成共识。