上古时期：Old English 450-1066 典型诗歌： 中世纪时期：Medieval English 1066 - middle 14th century 杰弗里·乔叟 Geoffrey Chaucer the father of English poetry 文艺复兴时期 ：The Renaissance - rebirth or revival Humanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being & the importance of the present life 埃德蒙·斯宾塞 Edmund Spenser the poets' poet诗人中的诗人 : 克里斯托夫·马洛 Christopher Marlowe University Wits大学才子派, the pioneer of English drama Blank verse无韵体, hyperbole夸张 威廉·莎士比亚 William Shakespeare above all writers in the past and in the present time Four tragedies - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear & Macbeth To be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take action Soliloquy or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters 弗兰西斯·培根 Francis Bacon brevity, compactness & powerfulness, his essays is an important landmark in the development of English proseInductive method归纳法 in place of deductive method演绎法 约翰·邓恩 John Donne metaphysical poetry - break away from love poetry, a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moodsConceits, syllogism三段论 约翰·弥尔顿 John Milton 新古典主义时期Neoclassicism - a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion抑制情感 & accuracyEnlightenment - a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & science Gothic novel - mystery, horror & castles 约翰·班扬 John Bunyan 亚历山大·蒲伯 Alexander Pope 丹尼尔·笛福 Daniel Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class people 乔纳森·斯威夫特 Jonathan Swift a master satirist In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. Proper words in proper places 《一个温和的建议》 亨利·菲尔丁 Henry Fielding Father of English novel, Prose HomerComic epic in prose 塞缪尔·约翰逊 Samuel Johnson first combine an English dictionary, last neoclassicist enlightener 《英文大辞典》 理查德·比·谢拉丹 Richard Brinsley Sheridan the only important English dramatist of the 18th century 托马斯·格雷Thomas Gray The Graveyard School "墓地诗歌派" 浪漫主义时期Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace The romantic period began with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's 威廉·布莱克 William Blake -engraver雕刻家 “扫烟囱的小男孩”选自《天真之歌》a happy and innocence world from children's eye “扫烟囱的小男孩”选自《经验之歌》a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy忧郁的tone from men eyes Childhood, paradoxes, a pairing of opposites 威廉·华兹华斯 William Wordsworth the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous, worshipper of nature'Lake Poets' - William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert SoutheyHe defines the poet as a 'man speaking to men', and poetry as 'the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in 'emotion recollected in tranquillity'. 《我如行云独自游》 the poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils水仙 and poet's philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts. 塞·特·科勒律治 Samuel Taylor Coleridge - supernatural, remotePoet can be divided into two groups - the demonic (supernatural) & the conversational The demonic group includes 3 masterpieces - 乔治·戈登·拜伦 George Gordon Byron 'Byronic hero' is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in 珀·比·雪莱 Percy Bysshe Shelley 约翰·济慈 John Keats 4 great odes - 简·奥斯汀 Jane Austen 维多利亚时期The Victorian Period Darwin's 查尔斯·狄更斯 Charles Dickens one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age Character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his worksA mingling of humor and pathos悲伤 《双城记》 勃朗蒂姐妹 The Bronte Sisters Charlotte Emily & AnneEmily, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of nature. 阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生 Alfred Tennyson invents dramatic monologue, Poet Laureate桂冠诗人, a real artist honoured by all of them 罗伯特·布朗宁 Robert Browning the most original poet, who improve and mature the dramatic monologue 乔治·艾略特 George Eliot--As a woman of exceptional特有的intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women 托马斯·哈代 Thomas Hardy - both a naturalistic and a critical realist writerLocal-colored, Wessex, 'novels of character and environment' 美国文学 浪漫主义时期American Romantic Period Started with Washington Irving's 华盛顿·欧文 Washington Irving father of the American short stories, the American Goldsmith Perfected the best classic style that American literature ever produced First novel 《纽约史》 拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生 Ralph Waldo Emerson the spokesman of New England Transcendentalism movement 内森尼尔·霍桑 Nathaniel Hawthorne Interior of the heart, there is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life, but circumstances may rouse it to activity 沃尔特·惠特曼 Walt Whitman Openness, freedom, individualism I - me, my nation (society), Free verse, Envelope structure, Catalogue (Listing) A new ideal, a new world, a new life-style 赫尔曼·麦尔维尔 Herman Melville - a master of allegory and symbolism, like Hawthorne 现实主义时期Realistic period - the Gilded Age, the poor poorer and the rich richer, people's attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence Local colorism, social Darwinism, bestiality, beyond man's control 马克吐温 Mark Twain the true father of American literature Local colorist, vernacular, simple sentence, 'the damned human race' The Gilded Age 3 boyhood books ： 亨利·詹姆斯 Henry James international theme, psychological realistStream of consciousness, interior monologue, free association 艾米莉·狄金森 Emily Dickinson Based on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys 《我死时——听见一只苍蝇嗡鸣 》description of a moment of death 《我喜欢看他舔食着一路向前》 Dickinson makes the train part of nature by animalizing it, like a horse. 西奥多·德莱塞 Theodore Dreiser America's literary naturalists Case history including everything Determinism (heredity biological & environment), survival of the fittest, the jungle law Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲 现代时期The modern period - the second American Renaissance, the expatriate movement, the Lost Generation, a transformation from order to disorder Seize the day, enjoy the present, spiritual wasteland, collective unconscious, psychoanalysis Imagist movement, Jazz Age 埃兹拉·庞德 Ezra Pound a leading spokesman of the 'Imagist Movement'
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