Paraphrase
1. And it is an activity only of humans.
—And conversation is an activity which is found only among human beings.
2. Conversation is not for making a point.
—Conversation is not for persuading others to accept our idea or point of view. (In a conversation we should not try to establish the force of an idea or argument.)
3. In fact, the best conversationalists are those who are prepared to lose.
—In fact, a person who really enjoys and is skilled at conversation will not argue to win or force others to accept his point of view.
4. Bar friends are not deeply involved in each other’s lives.
—People who meet each other for a drink in the bar of a pub are not intimate friends for they are not deeply absorbed or engrossed in each other’s lives.
5. ....it could still go ignorantly on.
—The conversation could go on without anybody knowing who was right or wrong.
6. There are cattle in the fields, but we sit down to beef ( boeuf ).
—These animals are called “cattle” when they are alive and feeding in the fields; but when we sit down at the table to eat, we call their meat “beef”.
7. The new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him by building their French against his own language.
—The new ruling class by using French instead of English made it difficult for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers.
8. ...English had come royally into its own.
—The English language received proper recognition and was used by the King once more.
9. The phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and even facetiously by the lower classes.
—The phrase , the King’s English, has always been used disparagingly and jokingly by the lower classes. (The working people often make fun of the proper and formal language of the educated people.)
10. The rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there.
—There still exists in the working people, as in the early Saxon peasants, a spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class.
11. There is always a great danger, as Carlyle pt it, that “words will harden into things for us”. “
—There is always a great danger that we might forget that words are only symbols and take them for things they are supposed to represent.
Translation
1. However intricate the ways in which animals communicate with each other, they do not indulge in anything that deserves the name of conversation.
动物之间的信息交流,不论其方式何等复杂,也称不上聊天。
2. Argument may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the argument is not to convince. There is no winning in conversation.
聊天中常有争论,不过其目的并不是为了说服对方。聊天之中不存在输赢胜负。
3. Perhaps it is because of my upbringing in English pubs that I think bar conversation has a charm of its own.
或许是由于我年轻时常常光顾英国小酒馆的缘故,我觉得酒馆里的聊天别有一番韵味。
4. I do not remember what made one of our companions say it—she clearly had not come into the bar to say it , it was not something that was pressing on her mind—but her remark fell quite naturally into the talk.
我不记得一起聊天的人是在什么情况下说出那句话来的—显然她不是有备而来,那也不是什么非说不可的要紧话—但她那句话十分自然地融进了我们的闲谈里。
5. There is always resistance in the lower classes to any attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for “English as it should be spoken .”
每当上流社会想给“规范英语”制定一些条条框框时,总会遭到下层人民的抵制。
6. Words are not themselves a reality, but only representations of it, and the King’s English, like the Anglo-French of the Normans, is a class representation of reality.
词语本身并不是现实,它不过是用以表达现实的一种形式而已。标准英语就像诺曼人的盎格鲁式法语一样,也是一种对现实的阶级表达。
7. Perhaps it is worth trying to speak it, but it should not be laid down as an edict, and made immune to change from below.
让人们学着去讲规范英语也许不错,但不应当把它作为一条必须执行的法令,也不应当使它完全拒绝来自下层的改变。
8. There is no worse conversationalist than the one who punctuates his words as he speaks as if he were writing , or even who tries to use words as if he were composing a piece of prose for print.
要是有谁聊天时像写文章那样标点分明,或者像写一篇要发表的散文一样咬文嚼字的话,那他一定是个最糟糕的聊天者。
9. When E.M. Forster writes of “ the sinister corridor of our age,” we sit up at the vividness of the phrase , the force and even terror in the image.
当福斯特笔下写出“当今时代的阴森可怖的长廊”时,其用语之生动及由此所产生的生动有力甚至可怖的形象不禁令我们心头一震。
10. There would have been no conversation the other evening if we had been able to settle at once the meeting of “ the King’s English.”
那天晚上,如果我们当场弄清了“标准英语”的定义,也就不可能有那一场交谈了。
第9段
有人举出了一个人所共知的例子,它至今仍然值得三思。我们谈到饭桌上的肉食时,使用法语词汇,而谈到提供此类肉食的牲畜时,则用盎格鲁—撒克逊语(英语单词)。在猪圈里的是猪,饭桌上吃的是猪肉(来自法语porc)。在地里放养的叫牛,餐桌上的叫牛肉(来自法语boeuf)。鸡变成禽肉(法语叫poulet)。牛犊变成小牛肉(法语叫veau)。既是为了避免所谓的高雅,我们的菜单也不用法语,但它所用的英语仍然是诺曼式的英语。所有这一切向我们表明在诺曼征服英国后所存在的深刻的阶级裂痕。
第10段
耕种土地、喂养牲畜的撒克逊农民吃不起肉,肉都到了诺曼人的桌上了。农民只能吃在大地上乱窜的兔子。既然这种肉很便宜,诺曼贵族自然不屑去吃。于是吃兔子肉和兔子用的是一个词,而没有变成法语lapin的某种翻版。
第11段
当我们今天听着关于用两种语言进行教育的争论时,我们应设身处地为当时的撒克逊农民想一想。新的统治阶级用法语来对抗撒克逊农民自己的语言,从而在农民周围建立起一道文化屏障。当英国人在“觉醒者赫里沃德”这样的撒克逊领袖带领下起来造反时,他们一定在文化上感到了莫大的羞辱。标准英语—如果那时候有这个词的话—在当时已经变成法语。而九百年后我们在美国这儿任然继承了这种影响。
Lesson Two
Paraphrase
1. The burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky earth, like a derelict building-lot.
—The burying-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be put up.
2. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon that fact.
—All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in the colonies as human beings).
3. They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the graveyard.
—They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve. Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name, and nobody notice that they are dead.
4. A carpenter sits cross-legged at a prehistoric lathe, turning chair-legs at lightning speed.
—Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs he is making.
5. Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jews...
—Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited, all loudly demanding a cigarette.
6. ...every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less impossible luxury.
—Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford.
7. Still, a white skin is always fairly conspicuous.
—However, a white-skinned European is always quite noticeable. ( However, people always notice anyone with a white skin. )
8. In a tropical landscape one's eye takes in everything except the human beings.
—If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region, you see everything but the human beings.
9. No one would think of running cheap trips to the Distressed Areas.
—No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists to visit the poor slum areas ( for these trips would not be interesting ).
10. ...for nine-tenths of the people the reality of life is an endless, back-breaking struggle to wring a little food out of an eroded soil.
—Life is very hard for ninety percent of the people. They can produce a little food on the poor soil only with hard work like an animal.
11. She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say as a beast of burden.
—She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the lowest in the community, that she was only fit for doing heavy work like an animal.
12. People with brown skins are next door to invisible.
—People with brown skin are almost invisible.
13. Their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down khaki uniforms...
—The Senegalese soldiers were wearing second-hand ready-made khaki uniforms which hid their beautiful, well-built bodies.
14. How long before they turn their guns in the other direction?
—How much longer before they turn their guns around and attack the colonialist rulers?
15. Every white man there had this thought stowed somewhere or other in his mind.
—Every white man had this thought hidden somewhere in his mind.
Translation
1. When you walk through a town like this—two hundred thousand inhabitants of whom at least twenty thousand own literally nothing except the rags they stand up in—when you see how the people live, and still more how easily they die, it is always difficult to believe that you are walking among human beings.
当你穿行在这样的城镇——其二十万万居民中至少有两万人除了一身勉强蔽体的破衣烂衫之外完全一无所有——当你看到那些人的生活是如此艰难,而其死亡又是何其容易时,你很难相信自己身处在人类社会。
2. When you go through the Jewish quarters you gather some idea of what the medieval ghettoes were probably like.
当你走过这儿的犹太人聚居区时,你就会知道中世纪的贫民区大概是个什么样子。
3. Many of the streets are a good deal less than six feet wide, the houses are completely windowless, and sore-eyed children cluster everywhere i unbelievable numbers, like clouds of flies.
这儿的很多街道十分狭窄,宽不到六英尺,房屋根本没有窗户,眼睛红肿的孩子随处可见,多得像一群群苍蝇,数也数不清。
4. Even a blind man somewhere at the back of one of the booths heard a rumour of cigarettes and came crawling out, groping in the air with his hand.
甚至在其中一个窝棚后面的盲人也听到了有人在发烟的消息,于是急忙爬出来,伸手在空中乱摸。
5. Ah, that’s only for show! They’re all money lenders really.
“噢,那只不过是装模作样罢了。事实上他们都是些放贷者。”
6. In just the same way, a couple of hundred years ago, poor old women used to be burned for witchcraft when they could not even work enough magic to get themselves a square meal.
恰恰相似的是,一二百年前,常常也有些贫穷的老太婆被当成巫婆给活活烧死,然而事实上她们就连为自己变出一顿像样饭菜的魔法都没有。
7. It takes in the dried-up soil, the prickly pear, the palm tree and the distant mountain, but it always misses the peasant hoeing at his patch.
那干巴巴的土壤、仙人掌、棕榈树和远方的山岭都可以尽收眼底,但那些在地上耕作的农夫却往往没人看得见。
8. Most of Morocco is so desolate that no wild animal bigger than a hare can live on it.
摩洛哥的土地多半一片荒凉,那里最大的野生动物就是野兔了。
9. Except for a day or two after the rare rainstorms there is never enough water.
除了较为罕见的暴雨之后紧接着的那一两天外,这地方总是缺水。
10. It seems to be generally the case in primitive communities that the women, when they get beyond a certain age, shrink to the size of children.
在原始社会里,妇女超过了一定的年纪后,身体便会萎缩得如孩童般大小,这似乎是一种普遍的现象。
第20段
这些人的奇特之处就在于你会对他们视而不见。连续几个星期,每天都在差不多同一个时间,一队老妪背着柴火一颠一颠地从我屋前鱼贯而过。虽然我看到了这一情景,但确实不能说我看见了她们。一队队柴火过去了——这就是我所看到的。直到有一天我碰巧走在她们后面,一堆柴火奇特的起伏动作使我注意到柴火下面的人。我这才第一次看见这些可怜的、年迈的、土色的躯体,一些皮包骨头的躯体,被重量压成弓字形。然而,我踏上摩洛哥的土地还不到五分钟就注意到这里的驴子负重过度,并为此感到气愤。驴子的待遇极为不好,这一点毫无疑问。摩洛哥的驴子不比一只圣伯纳德救援犬大,但它驮的东西,在英国里连一头十五手高的骡子都嫌重,而且驴子的驮鞍经常一连几个星期都不卸下。但怪得很,也可怜得很,它却是世界上最心甘情愿的畜生。它不需要马鞍也不用缰绳,就像狗一样跟着主人。忠心耿耿地干了十几年以后,突然倒下死了,于是主人就把它扔进沟里,尸骨还未寒,村里的狗就把它的五脏六腑给扒了出来。
第21段
这样的事令人无比愤怒,然而一般来说,人的困境却没有引起同样的反应。我不是在发表议论,我仅仅是指出一个事实。本地棕色皮肤的人几乎是的,谁都会同情一头磨伤脊背的驴子,但往往要出于某种偶然因素,人们才会注意到压在柴火下面的老妪。
Lesson Three
Paraphrase
1. And yet the same revolutionary belief for which our forebears fought is still at issue around the globe....
Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to maintain that all men were created equal and God had given them certain unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from them. But today this issue has not yet been settled in many countries around the world.
2. This much we pledge--- and more.
We promise to do this much and we promise to do more.
3. United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.
United and working together we can accomplish a lot of things in a great number of joint bold undertakings.
4. ....our last best hope in an age where the instruments of war have far outpaced the instruments of peace...
The United Nations is our last and best hope of survival in an age where the tools to wage war have far surpassed and exceeded the tools to keep peace.
5. ...to enlarge the area in which its writ may run.
We pledge to help the United Nations enlarge the areas in which its authority and mandate could continue to be in effect or in force.
6. ....before the dark powers of destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in planned or accidental self-destruction.
Before the terrible forces of destruction, which atomic bombs can now release, wipe out mankind, which may be planned or brought about by an accident
7. ....yet both racing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the band of mankind’s final war.
Yet both groups of nations are trying to change as quickly as possible this uncertain balance of terrible military power which restrains each group from launching mankind’s final war.
8. So let us begin anew, remembering on both sides that civility is not a sign of weakness...
Let us start over again. We must bear in mind that being polite does not mean one is weak.
9. Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.
Let both sides try to use science to produce good and beneficial things for man instead of employing it to bring frightful destruction.
10. ....each generation of Americans has been summoned to give testimony to its national loyalty.
Americans of every generation have been called upon to prove their loyalty to their country (by fighting and dying for their country’s cause).
11. With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love...
We will lead the country we love, knowing our sure reward will be a good conscience, and history will finally judge whether we have done our task well or not.
Translation
We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change.
我们今天庆祝的并不是政党的胜利,而是自由的胜利;它象征着结束,也象征着开端;它意味着更新,也意味着变革。
Let the word go forth from this time and place , to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans, born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of these human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.
我谨向我们的朋友们和敌人们郑重宣布:火炬已经传递给了新一代的美国人。而这代人在本世纪出生,他们经历过战争的洗礼,也接受过冷酷严峻的和平的考验;他们为我们过去的传统而自豪,但又决不愿目睹,更不愿容忍逐渐遭到践踏。美国一直为这些而奋斗。而且,今天我们正在国内和全世界为之奋斗。
Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship , support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.
让每一个国家都知道----无论它们是希望我们更好还是希望我们更糟----为了确保自由的存在和胜利,我们愿意付出任何代价,承受任何重担,克服任何艰辛,支持任何朋友,反对任何敌人。
United, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.
团结起来,我们在很多合作型事业中就会战无不胜。
Divided, there is little we can do, for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.
如果彼此,我们就将一事无成,因为在分歧和中,我们不敢面对强有力的挑战。
If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.
一个自由的社会若不能帮助众多的穷人,也就不能保全那少数的富人。
We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.
我们不敢以懦弱来引诱他们。只有当我们的军备强大到不容置疑的时候,我们才能确保这些军备永远不会被使用。
In your hands, my fellow citizens, more than mine, will rest the final success or failure of our course.
同胞们,我们事业成败的最终成败掌握在你们手中,而非在我的手中。
Now the trumpet summons us again----not as a call to bear arms, though arms we need; not as a call to battle , though embattled we are; but a call to bear the burden of a long twilight struggle , year in and year out , “rejoicing in hope , patient in tribulation,” a struggle against the common enemies of man: tyranny, poverty disease and war itself.
现在,号角再度吹响----不是号召我们拿起武器,虽然我们需要武器;也不是召唤我们去参战,虽然我们严阵以待。它召唤我们去肩负起漫长斗争的重任,年复一年,”在希望中获得欢乐,在磨难中保持坚韧“, 去反对人类共同的敌人----、贫困、疾病和战争本身
With a good conscience our only sure reward, with history the final judge of our deeds, let us go forth to lead the land we love, asking His blessing and His help, but knowing that here on earth God’s work must truly be our own.
问心无愧是我们唯一可靠的奖赏,历史是我们行动的最终裁判。让我们引导我们所热爱的国家向前进,祈求上帝的祝福和帮助,但我们知道上帝在尘世的工作必须由我们自己努力去完成。
第23段
为反对这些敌人,从而确保全人类享有更为富裕的生活,我们:南方和北方,东方和西方,能不能组成一个庞大的、全球性的联盟?你们是否愿意加入到这一具有历史意义的行动中来呢?
第24段
在世界悠久的历史中,只有少数几代人有幸在自由遭受最大危机时被赋予保卫自由的使命。我不会推卸这份责任;我乐于承担这份责任。我认为我们中间不会有人愿意跟别人或另一代人调换位置。我们从事这项事业的那种精力、信念与奉献精神将照耀我们的国家以及所有为此努力的人。这一火炬所发出的光芒将真正照亮世界。
第25段
因此,同胞们:不要问你的国家能为你做什么,而要问你能为你的国家做些什么。
第26段
全世界的公民们:不要问美国将要为你们做些什么,而应问我们一起能为人类的自由做些什么。
Lesson Four
1. A nice enough young fellow, you understand, but nothing upstairs.
He is a nice enough young fellow, you know, but he is empty-headed.
2. Fads, I submit, are the very negation of reason.
A passing fashion or craze, in my opinion, shows a complete lack of reason.
3. I should have known they’d come back when the Charleston came back.
I ought to have known that raccoon coats would come back to fashion when the Charleston dance, which was popular in the 1920s, came back.
4. “All the Big Men on Campus are wearing them. Where've you been?”
All the important and fashionable men on campus are wearing them. How come you don’t know?
5. My brain , that precision instrument, slipped into high gear.
My brain, which is precision instrument, began to work at high speed.
6. With one omission, Polly fitted these specifications perfectly.
Except for one thing(intelligence)Polly had all the other requirements.
7. She was not yet of pin-up proportions, but I felt sure that time would supply the lack.
She was not as beautiful as those girls in posters but I felt sure she would become beautiful enough after some time.
8. In fact, she veered in the opposite direction.
In fact, she went in the opposite direction, that is, she is not intelligent but rather stupid.
9. “In other words, if you were out of the picture, the field would be open. Is that right?”
If you were no longer involved with her (if you stopped dating her) others would be free to compete to get her as a girlfriend.
10. Back and forth his head swiveled, desire waxing, resolution waning.
His head turned back and forth (looking at the coat and then looking away from the coat). Every time he looked his desire for the coat grew stronger and his resolution not to give away Polly became weaker.
11. This loomed as a project of no small dimensions...
To teach her to think seemed to be a rather big task.
12. Admittedly it was not a prospect fraught with hope, but I decided to give it one more try.
One must admit the outcome does not look very hopeful, but I decided to try one more time.
13. There is a limit to what flesh and blood can bear.
There is a limit to what any human being can bear.
14. I was not Pygmalion; I was Frankenstein, and my monster had me by the throat.
I planned to be Pygmalion, to fashion an ideal wife for myself, but I turned out to be Frankenstein because Polly (the result/product of my hard work) ultimately rejected me and ruined my plan.
15. Frantically I fought back the tide of panic surging through me.
Desperately I tried to stop the feeling of panic that was overwhelming me.
Translation
My brain was as powerful as a dynamo, as precise as chemist’s scales. As penetrating as a scalpel.
我的大脑像发电机一样给力,像化学家的天平一样精确,像手术刀一样锋利。
To be swept up in every new craze that comes along, to surrender yourself to idiocy just because everybody else is doing it---this, to me, is the acme od mindlessness.
遇到一个新潮流就紧跟,沉溺于愚蠢之事,仅仅因为别人都在那么干----这在我看来,简直愚蠢透顶。
Let me emphasize that my desire for this young woman was not emotional in nature.
我要特别说明的是,我像得到这个妙龄少女不是由于情感的驱使。
It is, after all, easier to make a beautiful dumb girl smart than to make an ugly smart girl beautiful.
毕竟,使一个漂亮的傻姑娘变得聪明比使一个聪明的丑姑娘变得漂亮要容易些。
He was a torn man. First he looked at the coat with the expression of a waif at a bakery window. Then he turned away and set his jaw resolutely.
他的心情极其矛盾,犹豫不决。他先是用面包店窗前的流浪儿的那种馋涎欲滴的神情望着那件皮大衣,接着扭过头去,坚定地咬紧牙关。
Maybe somewhere is the extinct crater of her mind, a few embers still smoldered.
说不定在她头脑里死火山口中的什么地方,还留有一些残余的火星呢。
After all, surgeons have X-rays to guide them during an operation, lawyers have briefs, to guide them during a trial, carpenters have blueprints to guide them when they are building a house.
毕竟,医生在做手术时可以看X光片,律师在审案时可以看案由,木匠在造房子时可以看蓝图。
If Madame Curie had not happened to leave a photographic plate in a drawer with a chunk of pitch blend, the world today would not know about radium.
假若居里夫人没有碰巧把一张底片放在装有一块沥青铀矿石的抽屉里,那么世人今天就不会知道什么是镭。
Suddenly, a glimmer of intelligence ----the first I had seen--- came into her eyes.
突然,一道智慧之光----这是我从未看到过的---闪现在她的眼中。
Heartened by the knowledge that Polly was not altogether a cretin, I begin a long, patient review of all I had told her.
看到波莉并不那么傻,我的信心大增。于是,我便开始把对她讲过的一切,花了很长时间耐心地给她复习了一遍。
第142-151段
我擦了擦额上的汗。“波莉,”我声音嘶哑地说,“不要那么死板地去接受这些东西。我是说那只是在课堂上讲讲的。你要知道学校里学的东西跟现实生活毫不相关。”
“草率结论,”她说道,顽皮地向我摇指头。
我受够了。我猛地跳起来,像一头公牛似的吼叫着,“你想还是不想跟我确定关系?”
“我不想。”她答道。
“为什么不想?”我追问道。
“因为今天下午我答应皮蒂.伯奇,我愿意跟他把关系定下来。”
这种背信弃义的丑事把我气得倒退了好几步。皮蒂答应我,跟我达成了协议,还跟我握了手,完了又去干这种事。“这个出卖朋友的家伙!”我扯着嗓子大叫,把一块块草皮给踢了起来。“你不能跟他好,波莉。他谎话连篇,他是个骗子,他是个出卖朋友的家伙。”
“井里下毒,”波莉说道。“你别大叫大嚷了。我认为大叫大嚷一定也是一种谬误。”
我以极大的意志力将语气缓和下来。“好吧,”我说。“你是一个逻辑学家。那就让我们从逻辑上来分析一下这件事。你怎么会看中皮蒂,而不是我呢?你瞧我----一个出色的学生,一个了不起的知识分子,一个前途有绝对保障的人。再看看皮蒂----一个笨蛋,一个感情不专一的家伙,吃了上顿顾不上下顿。你能给我一个合乎逻辑的理由来说明为什么要跟皮蒂相好吗?”
“当然,”波莉道,“他有一件浣熊皮大衣。”
Unit10
1. It is a complex fate to be an American.
The fate of an American is complicated and hard to understand.
2...they were no more at home in Europe than I was.
They were as uneasy and uncomfortable in Europe as I was.
3...we were both searching for our separate identities.
American writers, black and white, were both trying to find their own special individualities.
4. I do not think that could have made this reconciliation here.
I don't think I could have accepted in America my black status without feeling ashamed.
5...it is easier to cut across social and occupational lines there than it is here.
It is easier in Europe for people of different social groups and occupations to intermingle and have social contact than in America.
6. A man can be as proud of being a good waiter as of being a good actor, and in neither case feel threatened.
In Europe a good waiter and a good actor are equally proud of their social status and functions in society. They are not jealous of each other and do not live in fear of losing their status.
7. I was born in New York, but have lived only in pockets of it.
I was born in New York but have lived only in some small areas of the city.
8. This reassessment, which can be very painful, is also very valuable.
This process of reconsidering many things that one had taken for granted in the past can be very painful (because you have to admit that some ideas you held were wrong), but is also very valuable and important.
9. On this acceptance, literally, the life of a writer depends.
The life of a writer really depends on accepting the fact that no matter where he goes or what he does he will always carry the marks of his origins.
10. American writers do not have a fixed society to describe.
American writers live in a mobile society where nothing is fixed, so they do not have a fixed society to describe.
11.Every society is really governed by hidden laws, by unspoken but profound assumptions on the part of the people.
Every society is influenced and directed by unwritten laws, and by many things deeply felt and taken for granted by the people, though not openly spoken about.
Translation
America's history, her aspirations, her peculiar triumphs, her even more peculiar defeats, and her position in world ---yesterday and today ---are all so profoundly and stubbornly unique that the very word “America” remains a new, almost completely undefined and extremely controversial proper noun.
1.美国的历史、雄心、其不同凡响的辉煌成就,还有她那更加不同凡响的挫折失败,以及她在世界上的地位——不论是过去还是现在----都是那么深不可测而又一如既往地独一无二,以至于“美国”这个词至今仍是一个崭新的、几乎是没有明确定义且具有极大争议性的专有名词。(para.1)
In my necessity to find the terms on which my experience could be related to that of others, Negroes and whites, writers and non-writers, I proved, to my astonishment, to be as American as any Texas.
2.在我认为有必要去寻求一种能把我的生活经历同其他人----黑人和白人,作家和非作家——的生活经历联系起来的途径的过程中,我惊奇地发现:自己原来也同所有德克萨斯州士兵一样,是非常爱国的美国人。(para3)
The fact that I was the son of a slave and they were the sons of free men meant less, by the time we confronted each other on European soil, than the fact that we were both searching for our separate identities.
3. 当我们在欧洲大地上相遇时,我是奴隶的后代,而他们是自由人的子孙这种差异不那么重要了,更重要的是我们都在努力探求着各自的身份。(para.4)
Once I was able to accept my role-as distinguished, I must say, from my “place” --in the extraordinary drama which is America, I was released from the illusion that I hated America.
4.一旦我能够接受自己在美国这出不同寻常的戏剧中所扮演的角色——应该指出,这里说的角色是就我的特殊“地位”而言——我便从仇恨美国的幻觉中摆脱出来。 (para.8)
It is not until he is released from the habit of flexing his muscles and proving that he is just a “regular guy” that he realizes how crippling his habit has been.
5.只有等到他摆脱了要靠屈伸肌肉亮出本领来证明自己是个“正常人”的习惯之后,他才会认识到这一习惯是多么不健康. (para.10)
A European writer considers himself to be part of an old and honorable tradition-of intellectual activity, of letters-and his choice of a vocation does not cause him any uneasy wonder as to whether or not it will cost him all his friends.
6.欧洲作家把自己看作一种古老而光荣的传统——文化活动或文学创作传统——的一部分。在选择这一职业时,他不用顾虑自己是否会因此而失去所有的朋友。(para.11)
We must, however, consider a rather serious paradox; though American society is more mobile than Europe's, it is easier to cut across social and occupational lines there than it is there.
7.不过,我们还必须考虑一个相当严重的矛盾现象:尽管美国社会提供给人们的改变社会地位的机会比欧洲多,但在欧洲人们却更容易跨越社会和职业的界线。(para.13)
A man can be as proud of being a good waiter as of being a good actor, and in neither case feel threatened.
8.一个人不论是当个好跑堂还是好演员,都会同样地为自己的地位而感到自豪,而且彼此之间也不会感到有任何威胁。(para.14)
This perpetual dealing with people very different from myself caused a shattering in me of preconceptions I scarcely knew I held.
9.同这些与我自己大不相同的人不断交往,消除了我原本并没有意识到的一些偏见。(para.18)
It is the day he realizes that there are no untroubled countries in this fearfully troubled world; that if he has been preparing himself for anything in Europe, he had been preparing himself-for America.
11. 就是在这一天,他终于认识到,在这个多灾多难的世界上并不存在什么太平乐土;如果说他一直在为欧洲承担什么重任而作思想准备的话,他实际上是在为美国而作思想准备。(para.21)
第27段
真正支配每个社会的都是一些无形的规则以及人民没有明示但实际根深蒂固的假想,我们美国社会也不例外。美国作家有责任弄清这些规则和假设。然而这并非易事,尤其在一个人们热衷于打破禁忌然而又不能完全从中解脱的社会里。
第28段
难怪在此期间美国作家不断跑到欧洲去。他的作家之路需要精神食粮,也需要找到最好的榜样。欧洲有着我们还没有的东西,那种认为生活既神秘又充满的感受,简而言之,一种悲剧感。而我们也有他们万分需要的东西,即认为生活充满无限可能。
第29段
在把旧世界和新世界不同的视野结合起来的努力中,不是政治家,而是作家,是我们最强的力量。虽然我们至今并未完全相信,然而内心生活是一种真实的生活,人们看似无形的梦想对世界产生了有形的影响。