题型有：1. 单项选择题 2. 填空题 3. 名词解释 4. 简答题 5. 论述题
单项选择题
1． Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us. Which of the following words is related to the natural phenomena? ( )
A．Father.
B．Fire.
C．Evil.
D．Old.
正确答案：B
2． The differences between sound and form are due to the following EXCEPT______. ( )
A．the fact of more phonemes than letters in English
B．stabilization of spelling by printing
C．influence of the work of scribes
D．innovations made by linguists
正确答案：D
3． There are ______ functional words in the following sentence: It is fun to play with children. ( )
A．3
B．4
C．5
D．6
正确答案：A
4． The surviving languages fall into eight principal groups. Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian belong to the ______set. ( )
A．Eastern
B．Southern
C．Western
D．Northern
正确答案：A
5． With the growth of______, British tentacles began stretching out to every corner of the globe, thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world. ( )
A．civilization
B．revolution
C．colonization
D．industrialization
正确答案：C
6． Which of the following statements is NOT true? ( )
A．English is more closely related to German than French.
B．Scandinavian languages refer to Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish and Swedish.
C．Old English vocabulary was in essence Germanic with a small quantity of words borrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.
D．Middle English absorbed a tremendous number of foreign words but with little change in word endings.
正确答案：D
7． The word “recollection” comprises______morpheme(s). ( )
A．1
B．2
C．3
D．4
正确答案：C
8． The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT ______. ( )
A．happier
B．worker
C．harder
D．taller
正确答案：B
9． Which of the following words is a root? ( )
A．International.
B．Nation.
C．National.
D．Internationalists.
正确答案：B
10． The expansion of vocabulary in modern English depends chiefly on______. ( )
A．borrowing
B．semantic change
C．word-formation
D．reviving archaic words
正确答案：C
11． The word “brainstorming” belongs to______. ( )
A．adjective compounds
B．noun compounds
C．verb compounds
D．adverb compounds
正确答案：B
12． ______ does not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modifies its meaning. ( )
A．Prefixation
B．Suffixation
C．Affixation
D．Derivation
正确答案：A
13． A word is the combination of form and______. ( )
A．spelling
B．pronunciation
C．meaning
D．sound
正确答案：C
14． ______is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. ( )
A．Reference
B．Concept
C．Sense
D．Motivation
正确答案：B
15． The meaning given in the dictionary and forming the core of word-meaning is______. ( )
A．grammatical meaning
B．lexical meaning
C．conceptual meaning
D．associative meaning
正确答案：C
16． The opposite of semantic elevation in meaning change is called______. ( )
A．derivation
B．deterioration
C．purification
D．pejoration
正确答案：D
17． One of the interesting features about a language is that there are a great many more______ than______ in it. ( )
A．hyponyms…homonyms
B．homonyms…hyponyms
C．synonyms…antonyms
D．antonyms…synonyms
正确答案：C
18． Relative synonyms also called______are similar or nearly the same in denotation, but embrace different degrees of a given quality. ( )
A．close-synonyms
B．respondent-synonyms
C．near-synonyms
D．dependent-synonyms
正确答案：C
19． Angel, martyr and paradise have their meanings______ because of the influence of Christianity. ( )
A．elevated
B．degraded
C．narrowed
D．extended
正确答案：A
20． Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation and______. ( )
A．sense
B．reference
C．association
D．transfer
正确答案：D
21． The well-known semanticist Ullmann notes, “language is more______than civilization, material as well as moral. “ ( )
A．creative
B．conservative
C．radical
D．constructive
正确答案：B
22． Which of the following is NOT one of the types of context? ( )
A．Linguistic context.
B．Non-linguistic context.
C．Extra-linguistic context.
D．Intra-linguistic context.
正确答案：D
23． Which of the following may NOT lead to ambiguity? ( )
A．Grammatical structure.
B．Polysemy.
C．Antonymy.
D．Hyponymy.
正确答案：D
24． Which of the following is NOT true about linguistic context? ( )
A．It can be subdivided into grammatical context and lexical context.
B．It embraces the people, time and place.
C．It refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears.
D．It may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.
正确答案：B
25． 25.The idiom ‘“live by one’s pen” is a______as far as figures of speech are concerned. ( )
A．simile
B．metaphor
C．metonymy
D．personification
正确答案：C
26． “Cut and dried” is an idiom______in nature. ( )
A．verbal
B．nominal
C．adjectival
D．adverbial
正确答案：C
27． The change of idiom “A round peg in the squarest of holes” from the original form is______. ( )
A．dismembering
B．position-shifting
C．addition
D．shortening
正确答案：A
28． According to the textbook, the best-known unabridged dictionary is______. ( )
A．The Word Book Dictionary
B．The Encyclopedia Americana
C．Webster’s New World Dictionary
D．Webster’s Third New International Dictionary
正确答案：D
29． Which of the following dictionaries is NOT a bilingual dictionary? ( )
A．Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English with Chinese Translation.
B．A New English-Chinese Dictionary.
C．Longman Dictionary of Phrasal Verbs.
D．A Chinese-English Dictionary (1995).
正确答案：C
30． Which of the following is true about an American Dictionary? ( )
A．It is always better than a British dictionary.
B．It contains more encyclopedic information in the main body.
C．One can never expect to find British usages in it.
D．It includes more grammatical information.
正确答案：B
填空题
31． A word is a ______ form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.
正确答案：free
32． In the Middle English period, the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of______words into English.
正确答案：French
33． The basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity is called a______.
正确答案：root
34． The method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes is called______.
正确答案：back-formation
35． Words such as “vicious, tyrant, determined, famous, notorious” usually indicate the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question. They have______meaning in themselves.
正确答案：affective
36． A word which is related to other words is related to them in______.
正确答案：sense
37． Car which used to be a “two-wheel cart drawn by horses and used in______” has taken on the meaning “automobile” with the development of modern car industry.
正确答案：war
38． In the sentence “Copernicus believed in a heliocentric universe, rather than in the geocentric theory.”, the word “heliocentric” is explained by the clue of______structure.
正确答案：word
39． Due to structural______of idioms, the word order of the idiom “by twos and threes” cannot be turned into “by threes and twos”.
正确答案：stability
40． Against the traditional practice of lexicography, ______ creates an extra column arranged alongside the definitions.
正确答案：CCELD
名词解释
41． archaisms
正确答案：Archaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.
42． stem
正确答案：A stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.
43． grammatical meanings
正确答案：Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms.
44． amelioration
正确答案：Elevation or amelioration refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.
45． rhetoric characteristics of idioms
正确答案：Apart from the stylistic features, idioms manifest apparent rhetorical colouring in such respects as of phonetic manipulation, lexical manipulation and figures of speech.
简答题
46． What are the three periods in view of the development of English vocabulary?
正确答案：The three periods of the development of English vocabulary are (l)Old English, which is the language used between 450 and 1150 and which has a vocabulary of 50, 000 ~ 60, OOOwords; (2) Middle English, which refers to the language spoken from 1150 to 1500; (3)Modern English, which is divided by early modern English (1500 — 1700) and late modern English(1700 up to now).
47． What is the difference between partial and full conversion? Explain them with examples.
正确答案：When adjectives are converted into nouns, some are completely changed, thus known as full conversion, and others are partially changed, thus known as partial conversion. Adjectives which are fully converted can achieve a full noun status, e. g. , having all the characteristics of nouns, that is, they can take “a/an” or “-s/-es” to indicate singular or plural forms: a native, a Republican, a pair of shoes, finals. Adjectives which are partially converted can still keep adjective features. They should always be used with “the”, and they cannot take “-s/-es” to show plural forms. Moreover, the words can have comparative or superlative degrees: the poor, the poorer, the young, the very unfortunate.
48． The word “happy” has two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being negative and the other opposite. What are they?
正确答案：Of the two antonyms of the word “happy”, the negative one is “unhappy”, the opposite one is “sad”.
49． Can you determine the meanings of the following sentences? Explain and make some alterations in the context so as to pin down the meaning. (a) The fish is ready to eat. (b) I like Mary better than Jean.
正确答案：Yes. On a grammatical basis, both sentences can have two interpretations. The first sentence may mean “ The fish is cooked or served, so ready for people to eat” or “The fish is ready to eat things”. However, in the context of “What a nice smell! The fish is ready to eat”, “fish” definitely means the former. To achieve clarity, we can say “The fish is ready to be eaten”. The second sentence can be regarded as an elliptical one, which gives rise to ambiguity:”I like Mary better than I like Jean” or “I like Mary better than Jean likes Mary”. To achieve clarity, we can either say “I like Mary better than Jean does” or “I like Mary better than I do Jean” or “I like Mary better as Jean is untidy”, etc.
论述题
50． Comment on the following groups of words to illustrate semantic features and grammatical features of compounds. Group 1 “a green hand”, “flowerpot” Group 2 “bad-mouth”, “new-borns”
正确答案：Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word. For instance, “a green hand” is an “inexperienced person”, not a hand that is green in colour. The meaning of such example cannot be easily inferred from the two components of the compound.Nevertheless, a lot of compounds are transparent, that is, the meaning can be inferred from the separate elements of compounds. The compound “flowerpot” can be an example. But the two elements are inseparable and the change of element will result in the loss of original identity. A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence, for example, a verb, a noun, or an adjective. “Bad-mouth” used as a verb can take the third person singular “-s”and the past tense marker “-ed”, e. g. ,”He bad-mouthed me. “ Compounds can show their plural forms by taking inflectional “-s” at the end, e. g. , “new-borns”. Of course, there are exceptions such as brothers-in-law, lookers-on. In spite of this their single grammatical role is apparent.
51． Analyze and comment on the following sentences based on the concept that antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. [A] How tall is his sister? [B] How short is his sister?
正确答案：Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively. In many pairs, we find that one member is more specific than the other and the meaning of the specific is included in that of the general.So far as the meaning is concerned, sentence A includes the meaning of B. The use of “tall” does not exclude the possibility of “his sister being very short”. But sentence B is much more restricted in sense and is considered semantically abnormal unless the speaker is particularly interested in how short his sister is.
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