一、代词的定义和分类
代词是代替名词或一句话的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词、连接代词和不定代词九种。
表一 代词的分类
单数 | 复数 | ||||||
第一人称 | 第二人称 | 第三人称 | 第一人称 | 第二人称 | 第三人称 | ||
人称代词 | 主格 | I | you | he she it | we | you | they |
宾格 | me | you | him her it | us | you | them | |
物主代词 | 形容词性 | my | your | His her its | our | your | their |
名词性 | mine | yours | His hers its | ours | yours | theirs | |
反身代词 | myself | yourself | himself herself itself | ourselves | yourselves | themselves | |
指示代词 | this that such | these those such | |||||
相互代词 | 宾格 | each other one another | |||||
所有格 | each other’s one another’s | ||||||
不定代词 | 可数 | one, each, many, (a) few, both, another, either, neither | |||||
不可数 | much, (a) little | ||||||
可数不可数 | any, other, all, some | ||||||
复合不定代词 | anyone, anything, anybody, somebody, something, someone, everyone, everything, everybody, nobody, nothing | ||||||
疑问代词 | who, whom, whose, which, what | ||||||
连接代词 | who, whom, whose, which, what | ||||||
关系代词 | who, whom, whose, which, that |
二、人称代词的用法
人称代词是表示我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们的词;是表示自身或人称的代词。
人称代词分主格和宾格两种:在句中作主语用主格;作宾语或表语用宾格。
表二 人称代词人称、数和格
主格 | 宾格 | 主格 | 宾格 | |
第一人称 | I | me | we | us |
第二人称 | you | you | you | you |
他 | he | him | they | them |
她 | she | her | they | them |
它 | it | it | they | them |
不定 | one | one | ones | ones |
You are a good teacher.
She is a little girl.
Our teacher is very strict with us.
I give her a book.
Don’t tell him about it.
She is always ready to help us.
三、物主代词的用法
表示所有关系的代词叫做物主代词。物主代词可分为形容词性物主代词(带名词)和名词性物主代词(不带名词)两种。
表三 物主代词的分类
我的 | 你的 | 他的 | 她的 | 它的 | 我们的 | 你们的 | 他们的 | |
形容词性物主代词 | my | your | his | her | its | our | your | their |
名词性物主代词 | mine | yours | his | hers | its | ours | yours | theirs |
I love my country.
Is this your car?
That car is mine, not yours.
These books are ours.
Whose bag is it? It’s hers.
That piece of bread is mine, not yours.
The future world is ours.
Whose beautiful car is it? It's hers.
四、反身代词的用法
表示我自己,你自己,他自己,我们自己,你们自己,他们自己等的词叫做反身代词。
反身代词第一、二人称构成是由形容词性物主代词加-self(复数加-selves)构成。
第三人称反身代词是由人称代词宾格形式加-self(复数加-selves)构成。
反身代词可用作宾语、表语、主语的同位语和宾语的同位语。用作同位语时表示强调本人、自己。
表四 反身代词的单复数
单数 | Myself | Yourself | Himself | Herself | Itself |
复数 | Ourselves | Yourselves | Themselves |
I teach myself computer.
Take good care of yourself.
The child himself drew this picture.
You should ask the children themselves.
五、名词替代中it, that, one, ones, that, those的区别
It和that都可替代“the+单数名词”,都是特指,都可替代可数和不可数名词;但it指前面提到的“同一”事物,而that是指前面提到的“同类”事物。
one替代“a+单数可数名词”,表示泛指;其复数形式ones替代泛指的复数名词。
the one是one的特指,替代“the+单数可数名词”,相当于that;其复数形式the ones,替代“the+复数名词”,在口语中也可用those代替。当后面有of短语时,多用that或those;当有前置修饰语时,只能用one(s)。
例句:
Don’t take the notebook away. My wife is using it (=the notebook).
I’m moving to the countryside because the air there is much fresher than that (=the air) in the city.
We’ve been looking at houses but haven’t found one (=a house) we like yet.
Many will fail to find jobs or lose the ones (=the jobs) they have.
六、all, both, either, neither, each, none的用法比较
both, either和neither都表示两者,可作主语、宾语和定语。both还可作同位语。neither表示两者否定;either表示两者中任何一个,强调个体;both表示“两者都”。
all和none表示三者或三者以上。all表示全部肯定,而none表示全部否定。all可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和同位语;none可作主语、宾语和同位语,但不能作定语。all作主语时,指人时看作复数,指事物时看作单数;none作主语,看作单复数皆可。both, all, each, none作主语同位语时,通常放在行为动词的前面,be动词、助动词和情态动词的后面。all和both与not连用表示部分否定。
七、other, the other, another, others的用法比较
指代单数时,若是泛指,用another;若是特指,则用the other。
指代复数时,若是泛指,用other修饰名词的复数形式;若是特指,用the other修饰名词的复数形式。
others不能作定语,表示的是复数意义,相当于“other+复数名词”;the others相当于“the other+复数名词”。
another一般表示单数,其后接可数名词的单数形式。但若其后有数词或few时,则可接复数名词。
八、some, any及其相应复合不定代词的辨析
some多用于肯定句,any多用于否定句、疑问句。
1. 在下列情况下常用some
some后接单数可数名词,意为“某一”时,相当于“a certain + 单数可数名词”。
在表示请求或邀请的句子中,当期望对方给予一个肯定的答复时,通常用some,不用any。
2. 在下列肯定句中常用any
用于陈述句或祈使句中,意为“任何;无论哪一个”,后接可数名词单数形式。如:
Any book will do-I just want something to read on the train.
用于肯定的条件句中,意为“什么;一个(些)”;if any是固定词组,意为“若有的话”。如:
He asked me if I had any books in my desk.
注: some, any, every常与-one, -body, -thing构成复合不定代词,其基本用法与some, any, every用法相当。
九、含反身代词的短语
1. 介词+反身代词
For oneself 为自己;亲自地
To oneself 对自己;独用
Of oneself 自动地
By oneself 独自地
2. 动词+反身代词
dress oneself 自己穿衣
make oneself at home不要客气
seat oneself=be seated就坐
teach oneself自学
come to oneself苏醒
devote oneself to = be devoted to致力于
enjoy oneself过得愉快,玩得高兴
help oneself to自行取用,请自便
accustom oneself to=be accustomed to习惯于
amuse oneself消遣,自娱
behave oneself表现良好
apply oneself to sth. 致力于
explain oneself说明自己的意图
express oneself表达自己的思想
abandon oneself to沉迷于,放纵