A.时间关系
1. after a while 不久, 过一会儿 2. afterward 然后, 后来 3. as soon as 一…就… 4. at first 首先 5. at last =eventually 最后,终于 6. meantime=at the same time 同时 7. immediately 立即,立刻8. presently 现在, 目前 9. recently 最近10. since then 自从那时起11. to begin with=to start with 首先
B.举例说明
1. a case in point 恰当的例子 2. as an illustration 举例来讲 3. for example (instance) 例如4. for one thing…for another…一来…二来… (相似观点) 5. on the one hand…on the other hand 一方面…另一方面… (相异观点)6. namely =that is to say 即, 就是, 换句话说 7. firstly…secondly…thirdly…finally 8. in the first (second, third) place 第一(二、三)9. take…as an example=take…for example 以…为例10. such as … 例如,诸如
C.解释或定义
1. in other words 换而言之2. in simple terms = simply speaking =in brief 简而言之3. namely =that is to say=that is 即, 就是, 换句话说
D.递进关系
1. furthermore=moreover= what’s more 而且2. in addition= additionally=besides 此外3. not only…but also 不但…而且…4. also=too 也
E.条件关系
1. as long as … 只要…就…2. provided/providing (that…) 在…情况或条件下;假若,如果 3. even though=even if 即使… 4. on condition that 在…条件下 5. supposing (that) 假设,假定 6. otherwise=or 不然;否则7. unless 除非
F.强调关系
1. above all 最重要, 尤其2. anyway = in any case无论如何 3. in fact=as a matter of fact=actually 实际上4. in particular=especially or specifically 尤其;特别 5. on no account 决不6. obviously 显而易见地7. no doubt无疑地
G.因果关系
1. accordingly相应地; 于是, 从而, 因此2. as a result 因此3. consequently 所以,因此 4. because (since, as, for) 5. due to=owing to=because of 6. hence 所以,因此 7. now that … 既然…8. therefore=so 9. thus 因此, 从而
H.转折关系
1. although 虽然2. but, however, yet 但是;然而3. nevertheless (尽管如此)还是, 然而, 不过4. in contrast to … 与…相对照;与…相反5. on the contrary 与此相反6. in spite of … 尽管…7. on the one hand…on the other hand
I.比较与对比关系
1. by contrast /on the contrary 相反地 2. compared to/with 与…相比较3. differ from 与…不同4. have…in common 与…有相同之处5. in comparison with 与…相比较6. in the same way/similarly/likewise 相似地
J.总结与归纳
1. in the short run 短期来看 in the long run 长期来看2. above all 最重要的; 尤其 3. by and large 总的说来 4. all in all 总而言之 5.in a word 总而言之一句话6. in brief 简而言之=in short7. in conclusion (表示结论)最后 8. in summary 总的说来; 归纳起来 =to sum up
K.发表个人观点
1. as far as …be concerned 就…而言2. as for sb 关于;至于3. as to …关于;至于4. in one’s eyes/opinion 在…看来5. it seems to sb that…在某人看来,似乎… 6. when it comes to… 当谈到…的时候
L.引用他人观点
1. as it is known to all,…正如大家所知道的2. as sb puts it, …正如(某人)所言3. as the proverb goes,…正如(某谚语)所说4. it is said/reported/predicted/believed that 据说/据报道/据预测/据信 5. some people hold/claim/think that…but others argue that…有人认为…但是另一些人认为…
M.图表说明
1. The figure of the graph/table shows that…图表的数据表明…2. according to the figure/number/statistics 根据数据/统计数据…3. in the table/chart, it can be seen that… 由图表可知…4. the figure indicates/shows/suggests/proves that… 图标表明…5. As shown in Table 1/Figure 1, there was a gradual/sudden rise/decline in… 正如图一所示,…有缓慢/急剧的上升/下降。6. from the two graphs, it may be inferred that…从这两个图表中,可以推断…