2013年考研英语(一)真题及答案

英语一试题

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)

①People are,on the whole,poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.②Atfirst glance this might seem like a strength that1the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by2factors.③But Dr Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big3was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with.4,he theorised that a judge5of appearing too soft6crime might be more likely to send someone to prison7he had already sentencedfive or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.

①To8this idea,he turned to the university-admissions process.②In theory,the9of an applicant should not depend on the few others10randomly for interview during the same day,but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was11.

①He studied the results of9,323MBA interviews12by31admissions officers.②The interviewers had13applicants on a scale of one tofive.③This scale14numerous factors into consideration.④The scores were15used in conjunction with an applicant’s score on the Graduate Management Admission Test,or GMAT,a standardised exam which is16out of800 points,to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.

①Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was0.75points or more higher than that of the one17that,then the score for the next applicant would18by an average of0.075points.②This might sound small,but to19the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need30more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20.

1.[A]grants[B]submits[C]transmits[D]delivers

2.[A]minor[B]external[C]crucial[D]objective3.[A]issue[B]vision[C]picture[D]moment

4.[A]Above all[B]On average[C]In principle[D]For example

5.[A]fond[B]fearful[C]capable[D]thoughtless

6.[A]in[B]for[C]to[D]on

7.[A]if[B]until[C]though[D]unless

8.[A]test[B]emphasize[C]share[D]promote

9.[A]decision[B]quality[C]status[D]success

10.[A]found[B]studied[C]chosen[D]identified

11.[A]otherwise[B]defensible[C]replaceable[D]exceptional

12.[A]inspired[B]expressed[C]conducted[D]secured

13.[A]assigned[B]rated[C]matched[D]arranged

14.[A]put[B]got[C]took[D]gave

15.[A]instead[B]then[C]ever[D]rather

16.[A]selected[B]passed[C]marked[D]introduced

17.[A]below[B]after[C]above[D]before

18.[A]jump[B]float[C]fluctuate[D]drop

19.[A]achieve[B]undo[C]maintain[D]disregard

20.[A]necessary[B]possible[C]promising[D]helpful

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(40points)

Text1

①In the2006film version of The Devil Wears Prada,Miranda Priestly,played by Meryl Streep,scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her.②Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.

①This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with the feverish world described in Overdressed,Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of“fast fashion”.②In the last decade or so,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara,H&M,and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely.③Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory,more frequent releases,and more profit.④These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable—meant to last only a wash or two,although they don’t advertise that—and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks.⑤By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices,Cline argues,these brands have hijacked fashion cycles,shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.

①The victims of this revolution,of course,are not limited to designers.②For H&M to offer a$5.95knit miniskirt in all its2,300-plus stores around the world,it must rely on low-wage overseas labor,order in volumes that strain natural resources,and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals.

①Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma.②“Mass-produced clothing,like fast food,fills a hunger and need,yet is non-durable and wasteful,”Cline argues.③Americans,shefinds,buy roughly 20billion garments a year—aboutitems per person—and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.

①Towards the end of Overdressed,Cline introduced her ideal,a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont,who since2008has made all of her own clothes—and beautifully.②But as Cline is thefirst to note,it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft;her example can’t be knocked off.

①Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M,with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer.②She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability,be it in food or in energy.③Vanity is a constant;people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford not to.

21.Priestly criticizes her assistant for her

[A]lack of imagination.

[B]poor bargaining skill.

[C]obsession with high fashion.

[D]insensitivity to fashion.

22.According to Cline,mass-market labels urge consumers to

[A]combat unnecessarywaste.[B]shop for their garments more frequently.

[C]resist the influence of advertisements.

[D]shut out the feverish fashion world.

23.The word“indictment”(Para.2)is closest in meaning to

[A]accusation.

[B]enthusiasm.

[C]indifference.

[D]tolerance.

24.Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?

[A]Vanity has more often been found in idealists.

[B]The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.

[C]Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.

[D]People are more interested in unaffordable garments.

25.What is the subject of the text?[A]

Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B]

Challenge to a high-fashion myth.

[C]Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.

[D]Exposure of a mass-market secret.

Text2

①An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted—the trouble is,no one knows which half.②In the internet age,at least in theory,this fraction can be much reduced.③By watching what people search for,click on and say online,companies can aim“behavioural”ads at those most likely to buy.

①In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of suchfine-grained information:Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads?Or should they have explicit permission?

①In December2010America’s Federal Trade Commission(FTC)proposed adding a“do not track”(DNT)option to internet browsers,so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed.②Microsoft’s Internet Explorer and Apple’s Safari both offer DNT; Google’s Chrome is due to do so this year.③In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance(DAA)agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.①On May31st Microsoft set offthe row.②It said that Internet Explorer10,the version due to appear with Windows8,would have DNT as a default.

①Advertisers are horrified.②Human nature being what it is,most people stick with default settings.③Few switch DNT on now,but if tracking is offit will stay off.④Bob Liodice,the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers,says consumers will be worse offif the industry cannot collect information about their preferences.⑤People will not get fewer ads,he says.⑥“They’ll get less meaningful,less targeted ads.”

①It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond.②Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking,although some companies have promised to do so.③Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default,some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.

①Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone.②After all,it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests,though it is still working out how.③If it is trying to upset Google,which relies almost wholly on advertising,it has chosen an indirect method:There is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm.④DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows8—though the firm has compared some of its other products favorably with Google’s on that count before.⑤Brendon Lynch,Microsoft’s chief privacy officer,blogged:“We believe consumers should have more control.”⑥Could it really be that simple?

26.It is suggested in Paragraph1that“behavioural”ads help advertisers to

[A]lower their operationalcosts.

[B]ease competition among themselves.

[C]avoid complaints from consumers.

[D]provide better online services.

27.“The industry”(Para.3)refers to

[A]online advertisers.

[B]e-commerce conductors.[C]

digital information analysts.

[D]internet browser developers.

28.Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default

[A]goes against human nature.

[B]fails to affect the ad industry.[C]will not benefitconsumers.

[D]may cut the number of junk ads.

29.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph6?

[A]Advertisers are willing to implement DNT.

[B]DNT may not serve its intended purpose.

[C]DNT is losing its popularity among consumers.

[D]Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads.

30.The author’s attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of

[A]appreciation.

[B]understanding.

[C]indulgence.[D]

skepticism.

Text3

①Up until a few decades ago,our visions of the future were largely—though by no means uniformly—glowingly positive.②Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.

①Now utopia has grown unfashionable,as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us,from asteroid strike to epidemicflu and to climate change.②You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.

①But such gloominess is misplaced.②The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years—so why shouldn’t we?③Take a broader look at our species’place in the universe,and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens,if not hundreds,of thousands of years.④Look up Homo sapiens in the“Red List”of threatened species of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature(IUCN)and you will read:“Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed,adaptable,currently increasing,and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.”

①So what does our deep future hold?②A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question.③For example,the Long Now Foundation has as itsflagship project a mechanical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence.

①Perhaps willfully,it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about

the more immediate future.②The potential evolution of today’s technology,and its social consequences,is dazzlingly complicated,and it’s perhaps best left to sciencefiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage.③That’s one reason why we have launched Arc,a new publication dedicated to the near future.

①But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance.②As so often,the past holds the key to the future:we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet,and our species,to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants willfind themselves.

①This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be

a passing fad.②To be sure,the future is not all rosy.③But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans,and to improve the lot of those to come.

31.Our vision of the future used to be inspired by

[A]our desire for lives of fulfillment.

[B]our faith in science and technology.

[C]our awareness of potential risks.

[D]our belief in equal opportunity.

32.The IUCN’s“Red List”suggests that human beings are

[A]a misplaced race.

[B]a sustained species.

[C]the world’s dominant power.

[D]a threat to the environment.

33.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph5?

[A]The interest in sciencefiction is on the rise.

[B]Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.

[C]Technology offers solutions to social problems.

[D]Our immediate future is hard to conceive.

34.To ensure the future of mankind,it is crucial to

[A]draw on our experience from the past.

[B]adopt an optimistic view of the world.

[C]explore our planet’s abundant resources.

[D]curb our ambition to reshape history.35.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

[A]Uncertainty about Our Future

[B]Evolution of the Human Species

[C]The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind

[D]Science,Technology and Humanity

Text4

①On afive to three vote,the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday—a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration.②But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an8-0defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.

①In Arizona v.United States,the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law.

②The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to“establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial.③Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.

①Justice Anthony Kennedy,joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the stateflew too close to the federal sun.②On the overturned provisions the majority held that Congress had deliberately“occupied thefield,”and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.

①However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.②That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.

①Two of the three objecting Justices—Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas—agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.

②The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts.

①The8-0objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as“a shocking assertion of federal executive power”.②The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.③In effect,the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwiselegitimate state law that it disagrees with.

①Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government,and control of citizenship and the borders is among them.②But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status,it could.③It never did so.④The Administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes,no state should be allowed to do so either.⑤Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.

36.Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they

[A]overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.

[B]disturbed the power balance between different states.

[C]deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.

[D]contradicted both the federal and state policies.

37.On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?

[A]States’independence from federal immigration law.

[B]Federal officers’duty to withhold immigrants’information.

[C]States’legitimate role in immigration enforcement.

[D]Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.

38.It can be inferred from Paragraph5that the Alien and Sedition Acts

[A]violated the Constitution.

[B]stood in favor of the states.

[C]supported the federal statute.

[D]undermined the states’interests.

39.The White House claims that its power of enforcement

[A]outweighs that held by the states.

[B]is established by federal statutes.[C]

is dependent on the states’support.[D]

rarely goes against state laws.

40.What can be learned from the last paragraph?

[A]Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.

[B]The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.

[C]Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.

[D]Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.Part B

Directions:

In the following text,some sentences have been removed.For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable one from the list A-G tofit into each of the numbered blanks.There are two extra choices,which do notfit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)

The social sciences areflourishing.As of2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from allfields in the world,working both inside and outside academia.According to the World Social Science Report2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about11%every year since2000.

Yet this enormous resource is not contributing enough to today’s global challenges, including climate change,security,sustainable development and health.(41)Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger,from genetically engineered crops to artificial fertilizers.Here,too,the problems are social:the organization and distribution of food, wealth and prosperity.

(42)This is a shame—the community should be grasping the opportunity to raise its influence in the real world.To paraphrase the great social scientist Joseph Schumpeter:there is no radical innovation without creative destruction.

Today,the social sciences are largely focused on disciplinary problems and internal scholarly debates,rather than on topics with external impact.Analyses reveal that the number of papers including the keywords“environmental change”or“climate change”have increased rapidly since2004.(43)

When social scientists do tackle practical issues,their scope is often local:Belgium is interested mainly in the effects of poverty on Belgium,for example.And whether the community’s work contributes much to an overall accumulation of knowledge is doubtful.

The problem is not necessarily the amount of available funding.(44)________This is an adequate amount so long as it is aimed in the right direction.Social scientists who complain about a lack of funding should not expect more in today’s economic climate.

The trick is to direct these funds better.The European Union Framework funding programs have long had a category specifically targeted at social scientists.This year,it was proposed that the system be changed:Horizon2020,a new program to be enacted in2014,would not have such a category.This has resulted in protests from social scientists.But the intention is not to neglectsocial science;rather,the complete opposite.(45)That should create more collaborative endeavors and help to develop projects aimed directly at solving global problems.

[A]It could be that we are evolving two communities of social scientists:one that is discipline-

oriented and publishing in highly specialized journals,and one that is problem-oriented and publishing elsewhere,such as policy briefs.

[B]However,the numbers are still small:in2010,about1,600of the100,000social-sciences

papers published globally included one of these keywords.

[C]The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories,including

health and demographic change;food security;marine research and the bio-economy;clean, efficient energy;and inclusive,innovative and secure societies.

[D]The solution is to change the mindset of the academic community,and what it considers to be

its main goal.Global challenges and social innovation ought to receive much more attention from scientists,especially the young ones.

[E]These issues all have root causes in human behavior:all require behavioral change and social

innovations,as well as technological development.Stemming climate change,for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.

[F]Despite these factors,many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems.And in

Europe,some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development. [G]During the late1990s,national spending on social sciences and the humanities as a percentage

of all research and development funds—including government,higher education,non-profit and corporate—varied from around4%to25%;in most European nations,it is about15%.

Part CDirections:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)

It is speculated that gardens arise from a basic human need in the individuals who made them: the need for creative expression.There is no doubt that gardens evidence an irrepressible urge to create,express,fashion,and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge;(46)yet when one looks at the photographs of the gardens created by the homeless,it strikes one that,for alltheir diversity of styles,these gardens speak of various other fundamental urges,beyond that of decoration and creativeexpression.

One of these urges has to do with creating a state of peace in the midst of turbulence,a“still point of the turning world,”to borrow a phrase from T.S.Eliot.(47)A sacred place of peace, however crude it may be,is a distinctly human need,as opposed to shelter,which is a distinctly animal need.This distinction is so much so that where the latter is lacking,as it is for these unlikely gardeners,the former becomes all the more urgent.Composure is a state of mind made possible by the structuring of one’s relation to one’s environment.(48)The gardens of the homeless,which are in effect homeless gardens,introduce form into an urban environment where it either didn’t exist or was not discernible as such.In so doing they give composure to a segment of the inarticulate environment in which they take their stand.

Another urge or need that these gardens appear to respond to,or to arise from,is so intrinsic that we are barely ever conscious of its abiding claims on us.When we are deprived of green,of plants,of trees,(49)most of us give in to a demoralization of spirit which we usually blame on some psychological conditions,until one day wefind ourselves in a garden and feel the oppression vanish as if by magic.In most of the homeless gardens of New York City the actual cultivation of plants is unfeasible,yet even so the compositions often seem to represent attempts to call forth the spirit of plant and animal life,if only symbolically,through a clumplike arrangement of materials, an introduction of colors,small pools of water,and a frequent presence of petals or leaves as well as of stuffed animals.On display here are various fantasy elements whose reference,at some basic level,seems to be the natural world.(50)It is this implicit or explicit reference to nature that fully justifies the use of word garden,though in a“liberated”sense,to describe these synthetic constructions.In them we can see biophilia—a yearning for contact with nonhuman life —assuming uncanny representational forms.

Section III Writing

Part A

51.Directions:

Write an e-mail of about100words to a foreign teacher in your college,inviting him/her to be a judge for the upcoming English speech contest.

You should include the details you think necessary.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the e-mail.Use“Li Ming”instead.

Do not write the address.(10points)

Part B

52.Directions:

Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should

1)describe the drawing briefly,

2)interpret its intended meaning,and

3)give your comments.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)

2013年英语（一）试题参

1.A.grants

2.D.objective

3.C.picture

4.D.For example

5.B.fearful

6.D.on

7.A.if

8.A.test

9.D.success

10. C.chosen

11. A.otherwise

12. C.conducted

13. B.rated

14. C.took

15. B.then

16. C.marked

17. D.before

18. D.drop

19. B.undo

20. A.necessary Section I Use of English

注：英语一2013年完形第2题在考研大纲解析中给定的答案是objective。但此题有争议，建议同学学习视频讲解的时候，着重学习老师的解题思路，不必过于纠结正确答案。

SectionⅡReading Comprehension

Part A

21.D.insensitivity to fashion.

Text1

22.B.shop for their garments more frequently.

23.A.accusation

24.C.Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25.C.Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.

Text2

26.A.lower their operationalcosts.

27.D.internet browser developers

28.C.will not benefitconsumers.

29.B.DNT may not serve its intended purpose.

30.D.skepticism.

Text3

31.B.our faith in science and technology.

32.B.a sustained species.

33.D.Our immediate future is hard to conceive.

34.A.draw on our experience from the past.

35.C.The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind

Text4

36.A.overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.

37.C.States’legitimate role in immigration enforcement.

38.B.stood in favor of the states.

39.A.outweighs that held by the states.

40.D.Justices intended to check the power of the Administration.

Part B

41.E.These issues all have root causes in human behavior:all require behavioral change and social innovations,as well as technological development.Stemming climate change,for example, is as much about changing consumption patterns and promoting tax acceptance as it is about developing clean energy.

42.F.Despite these factors,many social scientists seem reluctant to tackle such problems. And in Europe,some are up in arms over a proposal to drop a specific funding category for social-science research and to integrate it within cross-cutting topics of sustainable development.

43.B.However,the numbers are still small:in2010,about1,600of the100,000social-sciences papers published globally included one of these keywords.

44.G.During the late1990s,national spending on social sciences and the humanities as apercentage of all research and development funds—including government,higher education,non-profit and corporate—varied from around4%to25%;in most European nations,it is about15%.

45.C.The idea is to force social scientists to integrate their work with other categories, including health and demographic change;food security;marine research and the bio-economy; clean,efficient energy;and inclusive,innovative and secure societies.

Part C

46.然而,只要看看无家可归者创造的花园的照片，你就会意识到尽管样式各异，但这些花园除了表达(人类)装饰和创造的欲望之外，更体现了人类其他根本的强烈愿望。

47.安宁的圣地(体现的)是人类特有的需要，无论怎样疏于雕琢,它仍与遮风挡雨之所不同,后者(反映的)是动物特有的需要。

48.这种无家可归者的花园实质上是无定所的花园，它们把“形式”引入城市环境，而城市环境中原本要么没有这种“形式”，要么并没把它当成“形式”看待。

49.我们大多数人通常把陷入精神颓丧归咎于某些心理疾病，直到有一天置身花园，才顿觉压抑感神奇地消失了。

50.虽然有“扩大词义外延”的意昧，但正是这种对大自然或隐晦或明晰的参照让用“花园”一词来描述这些人造组合有了充分的根据。

SectionⅢWriting

Part A

51.（略）

Part B

52.（略）