
×1 the middle class in the united states---- Dictionary: middle class
×The socioeconomic (社会经济学的)class between the working class and the upper class, usually including professionals, highly skilled laborers, and lower and middle management.
×Broadly speaking, the middle class is the social group between the upper or the wealthy and working classes, including professional and business workers and their families. The middle class is sometimes divided into lower middle
×and upper middle classes --- a division based on occupational and educational differences. Since World War II, the middle class has been the largest class in the United States, where the middle class participate more in political and voluntary organizations than do the subordinate classes, that is, the lowest paid wage earners and the jobless poor. The middle class in the U.S. also has a higher rate of religious participation than any other class.
×2.Slums and ghettos in the united states
×Dictionary definitions of slum and ghetto:
× Slum --- a thickly populated, squalid part of a city inhabited by the poorest people
Ghetto --- In former times, in most European countries, a section of a city inhabited by Jews. In the U.S. today, a thickly populated slum area in a city inhabited predominantly by a minority group.
In many cities in the U.S., particularly in the
×East and the Middle West, slums developed where unemployment led to great suffering and over-crowdedness; moreover, pauperism and crime are widespread.
×In the U.S., ghetto is a term used to describe segregated residential areas in the northern U.S. They are typically overcrowded, and have poor housing and high unemployment. They are largely a result of segregation.
3. the labor movement in the united states
×The general purpose of unions has been to protect and advance the well-being of workers. Some participants in and observers of the U.S. labor movement have viewed unions as institutions with the potential to establish industrial democracy and socialism. Until the
×1930s, U.S. labor unions suffered severe legal disadvantages. Before 1842 strikes were often prohibited by the courts.
×In 1932 antistrike injunctions were outlawed. U.S. unions finally gained full legal recognition in 1935. The workers were then given the right to form and join unions and to engage in collective bargaining.
Dictionary work
perennial: 1.lasting or continuing forever or for a long time ;持久的, 长久的,持续的,反复出现的。
E.g.: the perennial blue jeans 四季都穿的牛仔裤
the perennial problem of water shortage 缺水这个老问你题
That perennial favourite,hamburger. 汉堡包,这种永远受喜爱的食品。
×2.( of plants植物)living for two years or more多年生的
×3.perennially. A perennial popular subject(长年的热门话题)
×rut:1. a deep track that a wheel makes in soft ground车辙
×2.a boring way of life that doesn’t change 刻板乏味的生活
×E.g.: if you don’t go out and meet new people, it‘s easy to get into a rut.如果你不出门结识新朋友,你的生活就容易变得刻板乏味.
×be in a rut 墨守成规,一成不变
×rutted roads: roads with deep, narrow marks made by the wheels of vehicles 有车辙的路;凹凸不平的路
×be exempt from: be freed from a duty, service, payment, etc. 被豁免;被免除
×E.g.: Charitable organizations are exempt from taxation.
×John is exempt from physical education because of poor health.
×Tenements: a large building divided into flats apartments, especially in a poor area of a city.
×尤指城市贫困的经济公寓,廉租公寓。
×affluent: having a lot of money and a good standard of living. 富裕的. Prosperous wealthy:
×Affluent western countries 富裕的西方国家
×A very affluent neighborhood 富人区
×compound: make worse by adding (something) to … (often used in the passive) 增加;加重
×E.g.: compound a problem 使问题复杂化
× compound difficulties (losses) 加重困难(损失)
× His difficulty was compounded by a sense of insecurity / uncertainty.
×Existential(only before noun): connected with human existence 关于人类存在的,与人类存在有关的
×Connected with the theory of existentialism 关于存在主义的
×lurid: sensational, shocking 可怕的;惊人的; 骇人听闻的;过分渲染得
×E.g.: lurid accounts of the carnage 骇人听闻的大报道
× He painted a lurid picture of prison life. 他把监狱生活描写得十分可怕。
× lurid crimes (stories) 耸人听闻的罪行(故事
×Dispossess: to take sb’s property, land or house away from them 剥夺夺取(某人的财产土地房屋)
×The dispossessed:( noun) people who have had property taken away from them 被剥夺财产者
×The nobles were dispossessed after the revolution.
×後剥夺了贵族们的地产.
×Cynical:believing that people only do things to help themselves rather than for good or honest reasons.认为人皆自私的,愤世嫉俗的
× a cynical view/smile 愤世嫉俗观点,讥笑
×Involvement(in /with sth):the act of taking part in sth 参与加入插手
×E.g:us involvement in European wars
×美国对欧洲战争的干预
×in the old rhetoric of reform: reform in the old days that was stated in a language that was fine to hear or read but that really did not mean much 以往的改革
×Rhetoric in its general sense means “the art of speaking or writing in a way that is likely to persuade or influence people.” But in this context, rhetoric is used in its derogatory sense, meaning “speech or writing that sounds fine and important, but is really insincere or without meaning.”
