I. Fill in the blanks:
1.European culture is made up of many elements, two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are the Greco-Roman（希腊罗马的） element and the Judeo-Christian （犹太教与教的）element.
2.Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century.
3.In the second half of the 4th century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule of Alexander, king of Macedon.
4.In 146 B. C. the Romans conquered Greece.
5.Revived in 16, the Olympic Games have become the world’s foremost amateur sports competition.
6.Ancient Greeks considered Homer to be the author of their epics.
7.The Homer's epics consisted of_ Iliad and Odyssey .
8.The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy.
9.The Odyssey deals with the return of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home, island of Ithaca.
10.The representation form of Greek Democracy is __ citizen-assembly._（公民大会）
11.Of the many lyric poets of ancient Greece, two are still admired by readers today: Sappho and Pindar.
12.Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.
13.Pindar is best known for his odes celebrating the victories at the athletic games, such as the 14 Olympic odes.
14.The three great tragic dramatists of ancient Greece are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides.
15.Aeschylus wrote such plays as Prometheus Bound, Persians and Agamemnon.
16.Sophocles wrote such tragic plays as Oedipus the King（俄狄浦斯王）, Electra（伊莱克特拉(谋杀其母及其情人者), and Antigone.
Oedipus complex（恋母情结）and Electra complex(恋父情结) derived from Sophocles’ plays.
17.Euripides（欧里庇得斯） wrote mainly about women in such plays as Andromache, Media, and Trojan Women.
18.Comedy also flourished in the 5th century B. C.. Its best writer was Aristophanes, who has left eleven plays, including Frogs, Clouds, Wasps and Birds.
19. Euripides _ is the first writer of "problem plays".
20.Herodotus（希罗多德） is often called “Father of History”. He wrote about the wars between Greeks and Persians.
21.Thucydides（修西得底斯） described the war between Athens and Sparta and between Athens and Syracuse, a Greek state on the Island of Sicily.
22.Pythagoras（毕达哥拉斯） was a bold thinker who had the idea that all things were numbers.
23.Pythagoras was the founder of scientific mathematics.
24.Heracleitus(赫拉克利特) believed fire to the primary element of the universe, out of which everything else had arisen.
25.The greatest names in European philosophy are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle.
26.In the 4th century B. C., four schools of philosophers often argued with each other, they are the Cynics（犬儒学派）, the Sceptics（怀疑论学派）, the Epicureans（伊壁鸠鲁学派）, and the Stoics（斯多葛学派）.
27.Euclid(欧几里得) is well-known for his Elements《几何原本》, a textbook of geometry.
28.To illustrate the principle of the level, Archimedes is said to have told the king: “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world.”
29.Greek architecture can be grouped into three styles: the Doric（多利安式）style which is also called the masculine style; the Ionic（爱奥尼亚式） style which is also called the feminine style; and a later style that is called the Corinthian（科林斯式） style.
30.The Acropolis at Athens（雅典卫城） and the Parthenon(万神殿) are the finest monument of Greek architecture and sculpture in more than 2000 years.
II.Choice
1.Which culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B. C.?
A. Greek Culture B. Roman Culture
C. Egyptian Culture D. Chinese Culture
2.In ___________ the Roman conquered Greece.
A.1200 B. C. B.700 B. C.
C.146 B. C. D. The 5th century
3.Which of the following works described the war led by Agamemnon against the city of Troy?
A. Oedipus the King B. Iliad
C. Odyssey D. Antigone
4.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Aeschylus?
A. Antigone B. Agamemnon
C. Persians D. Prometheus Bound
5.Which of the following is NOT the plays written by Sophocles?
A.Electra B.Antigone
C.Trojan Woman D.Oedipus the King
6.Which of the following is the play written by Euripides?
A.Antigone B Persians
C Electra D Medea
7.Which of the following is NOT the greatest tragic dramatist of ancient Greece?
A Aristophanes B Euripides
C Sophocles D Aeschylus
8.Who ever said that “You can not step twice into the same river”?
A Pythagoras B Heracleitus
C Aristotle
9.Who was the founder of scientific mathematics?
A Heracleitus B Aristotle
C Socrates D Pythagoras
10.Who is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “man is the measure of all things”?
A Protagoras B Pythagoras
C Pyrrhon D Epicurus
III. Interpretation:
1. Plato
Plato was a very famous philosopher of ancient Greece, pupil of Socrates. Plato built up a comprehensive system of philosophy. He argued that men have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth and goodness. Only these “ideas” are completely real, while the physical world is only relatively real. For this reason, Plato’s philosophy is called Idealism, and Plato was called idealist.
2. "Democracy" in ancient Greece
1)Democracy means "exercise of power by the whole people", but in Greece by "the whole people" the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.
2) Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy.
IV. Questions:
1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop?
1) Probably around 1200 B.C., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.
2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C.
A. The successful repulse（击退） of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.
B. The establishment of democracy.
C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.
3) The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.
4) In the second half of the 4th century B.C., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he went and conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.
5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 B.C., the Romans conquered Greece.
2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development?
There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greek culture in Europe and elsewhere rediscovery of Greek culture played a vital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.
1) Spirit of innovation
The Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculated freely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters(束缚) of any inherited orthodoxy(正统的实践活动、风俗或信仰).
2) Supreme Achievement
The Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavor: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.
3) Lasting effect
A. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer's epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes' comedies, Plato's Dialogues, ect.
B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron（拜伦）'s Isles of Greece（《哀希腊》）, Shelley（雪莱）'s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound（《了的普罗米修斯》）and Keats（济慈）'s Ode on a Grecian Urn（《希腊古瓮》）.
C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce（乔伊斯）'s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.
Roman Culture 1
I. Fill in the blanks.
1. The burning of Corinth in 146 B. C. marked Roman conquest of Greece, which was then reduced to a province of the Roman Empire.
2. The Roman writer Horace said: “Captive Greece took her rude conqueror captive”.（大意是：征服者反而被被征服者所征服。）
3.In 27 B. C. Octavius（屋大维）took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus（奥古斯都）.
4.The Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting two hundred years, a remarkable phenomenon in history known as the Pax Romana（罗马的和平）.
5.In the 4th century, the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium, renamed it Constantinople ( modern Istanbul ).
6.In 476 the last emperor of the west was deposed by the Goths(哥特人) and marked the end of the West Roman Empire.
7.The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.
8.Julius Caesar recorded what he did and saw in the various military campaigns he took part in and these writings, collected in his Commentaries（高卢战记）, are models of succinct Latin.
9.Virgil was the greatest of Latin poets and wrote the great epic, the Aeneid.
10.The Pantheon is the greatest and the best preserved Roman temple, which was built in 27 B. C. And reconstructed in the 2th century A. D..
11.She-wolf is the statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Roman.
. Choice
1. Who wrote, “I came, I saw, I conquered”?
A.Horace
B.Julius Caesar
C.Virgil
D.Marcus Tullius Cicero
2. The author of the philosophical poem On the Nature of Things(《物性论》) is ___________.
A.Virgil
B.Julius Caesar
C.Horace
D.Lucretius（卢克莱修：罗马哲学家、诗人）
3.Which of the following is not Roman architecture?
A.The Colosseum
B.The Panthenon
C.The Parthenon（巴特农神庙）
D.Pont du Gard（加德桥引水渠）
Roman Culture 2
I. Fill in the blanks.
1. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 B.C.
2. "I came, I saw, I conquered." By _______. Julius Caesar
II. True or false statements
1. Euclid says "Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world". (×) Archimedes
2. Herodotus's historical writing is on the war between Athens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians
III. Interpretation
1.Pax Romana （ 罗马的和平）
In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions（罗马军团）, it was known as Pax Romana
IV. Questions
IV. Questions
1. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Roman culture
1) similarities:
A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.
B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.
C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.
2) differences:
A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn't, except for the brief moment of Alexander's conquests, which soon disintegrated.
B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.
2. What is the Rome historical background?
1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 B.C., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 B.C., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.
2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land area's extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.
3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions（罗马军团）.
4) In the Roman history, there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana.
5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.
6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.
A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine (君士坦丁大帝) moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium（拜占庭）. Renamed it Constantinople (modern Istanbul土耳其伊斯坦布尔)).
B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and West
C. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.
D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.
The Bible and Christianity
The Old Testament
Ⅰ Fill in the blanks：
1.Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the most influential in the West.
2.Both Judaism and Christianity originated in Palestine the hub of migration and trade routes, which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas.
3.Some 3800 years ago the ancestors of the Jews – the Hebrews（希伯来人）– wandered through the deserts of the Middle East.
4.About 1300 B.C., the Hebrews came to settle in Palestine, known as Canaan at that time, and formed small kingdoms.
a)Canaan：迦南 (《圣经》故事中称其为上帝赐给以色列人祖先的"应许之地是巴勒斯坦,叙利亚和黎巴嫩等地的古称)
5.The king of the Hebrews was handed down orally from one generation to another in the form of folktales and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament.
6.The Bible is a collection of religious writings comprising two parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament.
7.The old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are first five books, called Pentateuch（摩西五书）.
8.When the Hebrews left the desert and entered the mountainous Sinai, Moses climbed to the top of the mountain to receive from God message, which came to be known as the Ten Commandments.
9.Chronologically Amos is the earliest prophet in the Old Testament.
a)Amos：阿摩司(前八世纪的希伯来先知)
10.In Babylon in the 6th century B.C., the Hebrews, now known as Jews, formed synagogues to practice their religion.
11.At the age of 30, Jesus received the baptism at the hands of John Baptist.
12.Jesus spent most of his life in Galilee, where he apparently made a sensation.
a)Galilee：加利利(巴勒斯坦北部一多山地区)
13.Jesus of Nazareth（(巴勒斯坦地区北部古城)拿撒勒） lived in Palestine during the reign of the first Roman Emperor Augustus.
14.Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover, but was betrayed by Judas.
15.In 313 the Edict of Milan(米兰敕令) was issued by Constantine I and granted religious freedom to all and made Christianity legal.
16.In 392 A.D, Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religions of the empire and outlawed all other religions.
17.After Jesus died, St. Peter and St. Paul led the disciples of Jesus to spread gospel in the Mediterranean regions.
18.By 300 A.D. each local church was called a parish（教区） and had a full time leader known as priest.
19.Towards the end of the fourth century four accounts were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of Christianity.
20.When as Jesus’ mother Mary was espoused to Joseph, before they came together, she was found with child of the Holy Ghost
21.Jesus went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the Passover（逾越节）, but was betrayed by Judas and caught at the Last Supper.
22. Christianityis by far the most influential in the West.
23.The Hebrews history was recorded in __ The Old Testament of the Bible.
24.The New Testament is about the doctrine of Jesus Christ.
25.The story about God's flooding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis, Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as Noah's Ark.
26.The Birth of Jesus was recorded in Matthew(马太福音).
27.The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as The Last Supper.
28.The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.
II Choice：
1. Which of the following is by far the most influential in the West?_______
A. Buddism B. Islamism C. Christianity D. Judaism
2. The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called __________.
A. Exodus B. Commandments C. Amos D. Pentaeuch（摩西五书）
3. Which of the following is NOT the content of the Ten Commandments?_______
Honour your father and your mother
Do not commit suicide
Do not desire your neighbour’s wife
Do not take the name of God in vain
4. When in Babylon the Hebrews formed synagogues to practise their religion? ______
A. in 169 B.C. B. in the 4th century
C. in 76 B.C. D. in the 6th century
5. After the _______ century Nestorianism reached China.
A. sixth B. fifth C. second D. third
(Nestorianism: 聂斯托里教;景教: 5世纪君士坦丁大主教 Nestorius 创立的)
6. Which of the following emperors made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions? __________
A. Theodosius B. Augustus C. Constantine I D. Nero Caesar
7. Which of the following emperors issued the Edict of Milan and made Christianity legal in 313? __________
A. Augustus B. Thedosius C. Nero D. Constantine I
8. At the age of 30, Jesus Christ received the baptism at the hands of _________.
A. St. Peter B. St. Paul C. John Baptist D. John Wycliff
9. By 1693, the whole of the Bible had been translated in _________languages.
A. 228 B. 974 C. 1202 D. 154
10. The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as ________.
A. the Latin Vulgate B. the Aristeas
C. the “Authorized” D. the Septuagint(）《旧约圣经》的希腊文译本)
11. When printing was invented in the 1500’s, the _______ Bible was the first complete work printed.
A. English B. Latin C. Aramaic D. Hebrew
12. When did the standard American edition of the Revised Version appear? _______
A. 1885 B. 1611 C. 1901 D. 1979
III. Interpretation:
1. The Old Testament
The Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word "Testament" means "agreement", the agreement between God and Man.
2. Pentateuch
The Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.
3. Genesis
Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.
4. Exodus
Exodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious history of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God's Law. Joshua brought the people safely back to Canaan.
5. The Book of Daniel
The Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. It tells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.
Questions:
1. What are the beliefs of Christianity
Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it from all other religions.
1)One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.
2)The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoever believes in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.
2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible
1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.
2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 A.D. By St. Jerome in common people's language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.
3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the Latin Vulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers led by John Wycliff.
4) After John Wycliff's version, appeared William Tyndale's version. It was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.
5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷ in 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale's work.
6) The most important and influential of English Bible is the "Authorized" or "King James" version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.
7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition of the Revised Version in 1901.
8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.
3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible
1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.
2) Miltion's Paradise Lost, Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, Byron's Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck's East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.
The Middle AGES
Fill in the blanks:
1.In European history, the thousand year period following the fall of the West Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.
2.Between the fifth and eleventh centuries, West Europe was the scene of frequent wars and invasions.
3.The Middle Age is a period in which classical, Hebrew and Gothic heritage merged.
4.Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding – a system of holding land in exchange for military service.
5.In 732 Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs as a reward for their service.
6.The center of medieval life under feudalism was the manor.
7.By the 12th century manor houses came to be called castle, which were made of stone and designed as fortress.
8.As a knight, he was pledged to protect the weak, to fight for the church, to be loyal to his lord and to respect women of noble birth. These rules were known as code of chivalry, from which the western idea of good manners developed.
9.In the medieval days a knight was trained for war by fighting each other in mock batters called tournaments.
10.After 1054, the Church was divided into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.
11.The most important of all the leaders of Christian thought was Augustine of Hippo who lived in North Africa in the fifth century. （奥古斯丁：罗马帝国教思想家; 北非希波主教)）
12.Under feudalism, people of western Europe were mainly divided into three classes: clergy, lords and peasants.
13.The Pope not only ruled Roman and parts of Italy as a king, he was also the head of all Christian churches in western Europe.
14.In the Medieval times the Church set up a church court – the Inquisition(宗教审判所) to stamp out so-called heresy.
15.One of the most important sacraments（圣礼） was Holy Communion（圣餐礼）, which was to remind people that Christ had died to redeem man.
16.To express their religious feelings, many people in the Middle Ages went on journeys to sacred places where early Christian leaders had lived. The most important of all was Jerusalem（耶路撒冷：巴勒斯坦著名古城)）.
17.With a return attack against the Moslems, the Western Christians launched a series of holy wars called the Crusades.
18.Charlemagne, who temporarily restored order in western and central Europe, was perhaps the most important figure of the medieval period.
19.Charlemagne was crowed “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800.
20.The Summa Theologica（《神学大全》） by St. Thomas Aquinas （阿奎那：神学家和哲学家；经院哲学杰出代表）forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology.
21.Roger Bacon was one of the earliest advocates of Scientific research and called for careful observation and experimentation.
22.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular(本国的) languages – that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages.
23.Beowulf is an Anglo-Sexon epic, in alliterative verse, originating from the collective efforts of oral literature.
24.Dante Alighieri was the greatest poet of Italy, his masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.
25.Chaucer was a great English poet, The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work for their power of observation, piercing irony, sense of humor and warm humanity.
26.Chaucer writers in dialect used by Londoners, and by the sheer weight and popularity of his writings he sets it firmly on the way towards Modern English.
27.The style of architecture under Romanesque art is characterized by massiveness, solidity and monumentality with all overall blocky appearance.
28.The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of western Europe.
Choice:
1.In the later part of the 4th century, which of the following tribes swept into Europe from central Asia, robbing and killing a large numbers of the half civilized Germanic tribes?
A. the Mongolians B. the Huns（匈奴人）
C. the Turkish D. the Syrians
2.The Middle Ages is also called the _________.
A. “Age of Christianity” B. “Age of Literature”
C. “Age of Holy Spirit” D. “Age of Faith”
3.According to the code of chivalry, which of the following is not pledged to do for a knight?
A. To be loyal to his lord B. To fight for the church
C. To obey without question the orders of the abbot（修道院）
D. To respect women of noble birth
4.In 732, who gave his soldiers estates known as fiefs（封地, 采邑） as a reward for their service?
A. Charles Martel, a Frankish ruler B. Charles I, a Turkish ruler
C. Constantine I, a Frankish ruler D. St. Benedict, a Italian ruler
5.When was the Church divided into the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church?_________
A. after 1066 B. after 1296 C. after 1054 D. after 476
6.Which of the following about the knight or noble in the Middle Ages in Western Europe is NOT true?____________
A. Almost all nobles were knights in the Medieval days.
B.A noble began his education as a page at the age of seven.
C.As a knight, he was pledged to fight for the church.
D.At about fourteen, the page became a knight.
7. When was a noble crowned as a knight in the Middle Ages in Western Europe? _______
A.At the age of 14.
B.When he was taught to say his prayers, learned good manners and ran errands for the ladies.
C.At a special ceremony known as dubbing（骑士爵位的授与）.
D.When he was pledged to fight for the church.
8. Which of the following is NOT true about what the monks must do before entering the monastery according to the Benedictine Rule?
A. They had to attend service 6 times during the day and once at midnight.
B. They could promise to give up all their possession before entering the monastery.
C.They were expected to work 5 hours a day in the fields surrounding the monastery.
D.They had to obey without question the orders of the abbot.
9.Under feudalism, what were the three classes of people of western Europe?_
A. clergy, knights and serfs B. Pope, bishop and peasants
C. clergy, lords and peasants D. knights, nobles and serfs
10.By which year the Moslems had taken over the last Christian stronghold and won the crusades and ruled all the territory in Palestine that the crusaders had fought to control?
A. 1270 B. 1254 C. 1096 D. 1291
11. Which of the following was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the Pope in 800?
A. St. Thomas Aquinas B. Charlemagne
C. Constantine D. King James
12.Who was the ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex and contributed greatly to the medieval European culture? _________
A. Charles I B. Constantine I
C. Alfred the Great D. Charles the Great
13.Does Song of Roland belong to which country’s epic? _________
A. English B. Germanic C. Hebrew D. French
14.Who is the author of the Opus Maius（《新工具论》）? ________
A. Roger Bacon B. Dante Alighieri
C. Chaucer D. St. Thomas Aquinas
Interpretation:
1. the Middle ages
In European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.
2. Feudalism
Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding- a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word "feudalism" was derived from the Latin "feudum", a grant of land.
3. The Manor
The centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manors were founded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.
4. Carolingian Renaissance
Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne's name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.
5. Gothic
1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.
2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other style in history.
3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.
6. Benedictine（本笃会） Rule
It was founded by St. Benedict, a great monk in 529 A.D.. The monks who followed Benedict’s rule promised to give up all their possession before entering the monastery. They wore simple clothes and ate certain simple foods. They could not marry and had to obey without question the orders of the abbot. They had to attend service seven times during the day and once at midnight. In addition they were expected to work five hours a day in the fields surrounding the monastery.
7. The Crusades
In 1071 Palestine ell to the armies of the Turkish Moslems who attacked the Christians pilgrims, killing many of them and sold many others as slaves. News of this kind roused great indignation among Christians in eastern Europe. The result was a series of holy wars called the Crusades which went on about 200 years because all the soldiers going to Palestine wore a red cross on the tunics as a symbol of obedience to God. There were altogether eight chief Crusades from 1096 to 1291. Although the crusades did not achieve their goal to regain the Holy land, they had an important effect on the future of both the East and the West. They brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.
8. The Development of Scholasticism
The importance of Christianity in medieval society made it certain that theology would play a central role in the European intellectual world. Theology was the formal study of religion. In the new universities, theology was queen of the sciences.
Beginning in the 11th century, the effort to apply reason or logic analysis to the church’s basic teachings had a significant impact on the study of the theology. The word scholasticism is used to refer to philosophical and theological system of the medieval schools. Scholasticism tried to reconcile faith and reason, to show that what was accepted on faith was in harmony with what could be learned by reason.
The chief task of Scholasticism was to harmonize Christian teachings with the work of the Greek philosopher Aristotle. In the 12th century, largely because of the work of Muslim and Jewish scholars, western Europe was introduced to a large number of Greek works and, above all, to the work of Aristotle. However, Aristotle’s works upset many Christian theologians.
Aristotle was highly regarded and was, in fact, called “the philosopher”. The problem was that he had arrived at his conclusion by rational thought -- not by faith -- and some of his ideas contradicted with the teaching of church. The most famous attempt to reconcile Aristotle and the doctrines of Christianity was that of saint Thomas Aquinas.
While he was teaching in Paris, Thomas Aquinas finished his famous Summa Theologicas ( a summa of theology. A summa was a book of knowledge that attempted to bring together all the knowledge on a given subject into a single whole ). Aquinas’ fame is based on his attempt to reconcile faith and reason. He took it for granted that there were truths arrived at by reason and truth arrived by faith. He was certain, however, that two kinds of truth could not be in conflict with each other. The natural mind, unaided by faith, could arrive at truths concerning the physical universe. Without the help of God’s grace, however, unaided reason alone could not grasp spiritual truths, such as the Trinity or the Incarnation.
Questions:
1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith
1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.
2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.
3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe was a Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning for hundreds of years.
4) It shaped people's lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the "Age of Faith".
2. What is the great significance of the Crusades
1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.
2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.
3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantines and Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.
4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people's interest in learning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra, and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.
5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.
3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages
1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:
A. He was crowned "Emperor of the Romans" by the pope in 800.
B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne's name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.
2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:
A.He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.
B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.
3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:
4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:
A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.
B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus Maius（《新工具论》）.
4. How did literature develop in the middle ages
1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. "National epic" refers to the epic written in vernacular languages-that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.
2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:
A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.
B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.
C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.
3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:
A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.
B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer's innovation by introducing into the native alliterative verse the French and Italian styles.
C. Chaucer is thus to be, regarded as the first short story teller and the first modern poet in English literature.
D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.
5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain
1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature. "National epic" refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting point of a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.
2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.
3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.
6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in the Medieval times
1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.
2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churches of the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors, with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.
3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans' daily life and almost everyone became a member of the Church. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiritual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.
4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.
5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning throughout the "Age of Faith". For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious; in learning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monks' work on copying and translating ancient books, the Church Fathers' philosophy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science.
6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.
Renaissance and Reformation
Renaissance in Italy
Ⅰ Fill in the blanks.
1.Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid 17th century.
2.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.
3.In essence, Renaissance was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of bourgeoisie（资产阶级）, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman Church authorities.
4.Renaissance started in Florence and Venice with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture.
5.Beginning from the 11th century, cities began to rise in central and north Italy.
6.Decameron(《十日谈》) is a collection of 100 tales told by 7 young ladies and 3 younger gentlemen on their way to escape the Black Death of 1348.
7.Petrach was best known for Canzoniers（诗集）, a book of lyrical songs written in his Italian dialect.
8.The Renaissance artists introduced in their works scientific theories of anatomy and perspective.
9.The four representative artists of High Renaissance in Italy are Leonardo da Vinci, michelangelo, Raphael and Titian.
10.Loenardo da Vinci’s major works: Last Supper is the most famous of religious pictures; Mona Lisa probably is the world’s most famous portrait.
11.Michelangelo created a style of art in which he freed himself from the old tradition of decoration on the one hand and documentary realism on the other.
12.Titian’s painting is acknowledged to have established oil colour on canvas as the typical medium of the pictorial tradition in western art.
13.In world trade, Italy had lost its supremacy because of the discovery of America in 1492 and the rounding of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, the opening of an all-water route to India which provided a cheaper means of transport.
14.Petrarch(彼特拉克) is looked up as the father of modern poetry.
15.Italy is regarded as the birthplace of the Renaissance.
Ⅱ Choice
1.Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture? _______
A. in Greece and Rome B. in Florence and Venice
C. in Milan and Florence D. in Italy and Germany
2.When did the Renaissance reach its height with its center moving to Milan, then to Rome, and created High Renaissance? ___________
A. in the 11th century B. in the 15th century
C. in the 16th century D. in the 17th century
3.Which of the following works is written by Boccaccio? _______
A. Decameron B. Canzoniers C. David D. Moses
4.Who is the author of the painting, Kiss of Judas? (见下图)
a)Giotto(乔托:意大利画家、雕刻家、建筑师) B. Brunelleschi C. Donatello D. Giorgione
5.Which of the following High Renaissance artists is the father of the modern mode of painting?
A. Raphael B. Titian C. da Vinci D. Michelangelo
6.Which of the following High Renaissance artists was best known for his Madona (Virgin Mary)?
A. Titian B. da Vinci C. Michelangelo D. Raphael
7.Which of the following paintings was based on the story in the Bible with Maria riding on a donkey ready to face the hardship ahead? ________
A. Tempesta B. Sacred and Profane Love
C. Flight into Egypt(见下图) D. The Return of the Hunte
Ⅲ Interpretation
A.Renaissance
B.Decameron
Ⅳ Questions
1.What made Italy the birthplace of the Renaissance?
2.What are the main elements of humanism? How are these elements reflected in art and literature during the Italian Renaissance?
3.How did Italian Renaissance art and architecture break away from medieval tradition?
4.In what way was Leonardo da Vinci important during the Renaissance?
Reformation and Counter-Reformation
Ⅰ Fill in the blanks
1.The Reformation led by Martin Luther which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed at opposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible.
2.Martin Luther was the German leader of the Protestant Reformation. His doctrine marked the first break in the unity of the Catholic Church.
3.When the Pope refused to recognized Henry’s marriage with Anne Boleyn, British Parliament, in 1534, passed the Act of Supremacy（确立英皇权力高于教会的法令） which marked the formal break of the British with the Papal authorities.
4.Ignatius and his followers called themselves the Jesuits, members of the Society of Jesus.
5.John Calvin put his theological thoughts in his Institutes of the Christian Religion（《教原理》）, which was considered one of the most influential theological works of all times.
Ⅱ Choice
1.Who took up the translation of the Bible into English for the first time? ________
A. Jan Hus B. John Wyliff C. Martin Luther D. John Calvin
2.Who is the author Institutes of the Christian Religion?
A. John Wycliff B. Jan Hus C. John Calvin D.Erasmus
3.In whose reign did the formal break of the British with the papal（教皇制度的） authorities take place?____
A. Elizabeth I B. William I C. Edward III D. Henry VIII
4.After the formal break of the British with the papal authorities, who was the head of the church?
A. King B. Pope C. Bishop D. Queen
Ⅲ Interoretation
1.Calvinism
2.the Council of Trent
3.Counter-Reformation
Ⅳ Questions
6.What are the doctrines of Martin Luther?
7.What was the significance of the Reformation in European civilization?
Renaissance in other Countries
Ⅰ Fill in the blanks
1.The Protestant group in France was known as the Huguenots（法国胡格诺派教徒） whose rivalry with the Catholic Church led to the wars of religion from 1562 to 1598.
2.In 1492 the Moors（摩尔人） that had ruled Spain for four centuries were driven out from their last stronghold.
3.In 1492 Columbus discovered American and claimed America for Spain.
4.The author of Don Quixote（《堂吉诃德》） is Cervantes（塞万提斯）.
5.Albrecht Dürer was the leader of the Renaissance in Germany. His engravings are unsurpassed and his paintings of animals and plants are exceedingly sensitive.
6.Under the reign of Elizabeth I, England began to embark on the road to colonization and foreign control that was to take it onto its heyday of capitalist development.
7.Thomas More was a great humanist during the Renaissance. Among his writings the best known is Utopia.
8.Cervantes crowned literature of Spain and Shakespeare of England during the Renaissance.
Ⅱ Choice
1.Which of the following works was written by Rabelais（拉拍雷）, in which he praises the greatness of man, expresses his love of love and his reverence and sympathy for humanist learning? _______
A.Gargantua and Pantagruel（《庞大固埃》和 《卡冈都亚》） B. Don Quixote
C. The Praise of Folly D. Utopia
2.Whose motto put down in his essays “What do I Know?” is world famous?________
A. Cervantes B. Rabelais C. Montaigne(蒙田：法国人文主义思想家) D. Shakespeare
3.Which of the following works is worth reading for Montaigne’s humanist ideas and a style which is easy and familiar?
A. Sonnets B. Decameron C. Rabelais D. Of Repentance
4.Which of the following is NOT French writer poet? _______
A. Cervantes B. Pierre de Ronsard C. Rabelais D. Montaigne
5.In 1516 who published the first Greek edition of the New Testament?
A. Bruegel B. Erasmus（伊拉兹马斯） C. El Greco D. Rabelais
6.“To be, or not to be, -- that is the question ” from whose works? _______
A. Chaucer B. Dante C. Roger Bacon D. Shakespeare
Ⅲ Questions
1.Why did England come later than other countries during the Renaissance? In what way was English Renaissance different from that of other countries? Who were the major figures and what were their contributions?
Science and Technology during the Renaissance
Ⅰ Fill in the blanks
1.The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.
2.Columbus was a Genoese-born navigator and discoverer of the New World.
3.Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope.
4.Vasco da Gama（达伽马） was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the year of 1497 and 1498.
5.Amerigo Vespucci（韦斯普奇） was the Italian navigator in whose honor America was named
6.Amerigo Vespucci discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon（亚马逊河） and accepted South America as a new continent.
7.Copernicus（哥白尼） came to be known as father of modern astronomy.
8.During his life time Leonardo da Vinci dissected more than thirty corpse and was a great anatomist in Italy.
9.Andreas Vesalius（维萨里） was the founder of modern medicine.
10.Vesalius was a Flemish anatomist. His work Fabrica（《人体结构》） marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy（解剖学）.
11.Machiavelli（马基雅弗利）was called “Father of political science” in the West.（政治学之父）
12.The Reformation shattered Medieval Church’s stifling（沉闷的；令人窒息的）control over man, thus paving the way for capitalism.
Ⅱ Questions
1.What were some of the scientific advances during the Renaissance?
The Seventeenth Century
Science
Ⅰ Fill in the blanks
1.Although Copernicus（哥白尼） did not belong to the 17th century, he was the immediate forerunner of modern science.
2.In the 15th century, the Ptolemaic system（天动说） had been accepted by almost all learned men, which said that the earth was the center of the universe, which was in agreement with religious doctrines.
3.Copernicus put forward his theory that the sun is the center of the universe while the traditional Ptolemy’s system held that the earth is the center of the universe.
4.The first important astronomer after Copernicus to adopt the heliocentric theory was the German scientist Kepler（开普勒）.
5.Kepler’s laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation.
6.Galileo was the first to apply the telescope to the study of the skies.
7.Galileo was the first to establish the law of falling bodies.
8.Galileo refused to declare that the Copernican theory was nothing but a hypothesis not yet proved by science and was brought to trail by the Inquisition(中世纪天主教审判异教徒)宗教裁判所）.
9.As a mathematician, Issac Newton invented calculus（微积分学）.
10.Of all Issac Newton’s achievements in physics, his discovery of the law of the universal gravitation（万有引力定律） is the most important.
ⅡChoice
1.Who ever said that “The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.”?
A. Copernicus B. Francis Bacon C. Bertrand Russell（拉塞尔） D. Leibniz
2.The author of The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs is _______?
A. Kepler B. Copernicus C. Galileo D. Newton
3.Galileo is the greatest name in the physics of the 17th century. His telescope magnified objects _______.
A. a thousand times B. a hundred times
C. ten-thousand times D. five-hundred times
4.Which of the following statements about Newton’s contribution to the science is NOT true? _______
A.He discovered the law of the universal gravitation.
B.He invented calculus.
C.He discovered that white light is composed of all the colors of the spectrum.
D.He discovered the law of relativity.
5.Which of the following about Galileo is NOT true?_________
A.He invented the telescope and was the first to apply the telescope to the study of the skies.
B.He discovered the law of inertia.
C.He discovered the importance of acceleration in dynamics.
D.He was the first to establish the law of falling bodies.
6.The first major advance of modern science occurred in ______.
A. anatomy B. astronomy C. printing D. geographical discoveries
7.________ and Newton invented independently the differential and integral calculus._______
A. Descartes B. Copernicus C. Leibniz D. Kepler
8.Engels（恩格斯）said:“The revolutionary act by which natural science declared its independence… was the publication of the immortal work…”, what does the immortal work refer to ?_______
A.Sidereus Nuncius
B.New Eassays Concerning Human Understanding
C.New system of Nature
D.The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs
Ⅲ Interpretation
1. Kepler’s Laws
2. the law of the universal gravitation
Ⅳ Questions
1.What were Galileo’s contributions to modern science?
2.How did Kepler’s laws clarify and amend Copernican theory?
3.Why is Newton generally considered to be the greatest scientist that ever lived?
4.What were the merits shared by the greatest scientists of the 17th century?
Philosophy, Politics and Literature in England
Ⅰ Fill in the blanks
1.Francis Bacon held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be blended with it as in scholasticism.
2.Francis Bacon rejected the traditional deductive method and founded the inductive method.
3.Thomas Hobbs was the author of Leviathan（《圣经》中象征的)海中怪兽）, which was one of the most celebrated political treatises in European literature.
4.According to Hobbes’ theory of the social contract, the best form of government is monarchy.
5.In the first Treatise of Civil Government, Locke flatly rejected the theory of divine right of kings.
6.The serfdom in the English countryside had begun breaking up from the 15th century as a result of the Enclosure Movement（圈地运动）.
7.In 12, the Civil War broke out. With the support of the people and the leadership of Oliver Cromwell, the English bourgeoisie won the victory.
8.In 16, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament.
9.In English literature John Milton ranks with Shakespeare and Chaucer.
10.Paradise Lost is a long epic poem divided into twelve books, its theme is the fall of men.
11.The Puritan Movement was the religious cause of the English Revolution.
12.There were two leaders in the English Revolution, Cromwell was the man of action and Milton the man of thought.
ⅡChoice
1. Who ever said that “knowledge is power”? ________
A. Shakespeare B. Francis Bacon
C. Thomas Hobbes D. John Locke
2. Which of the following works was not written by Francis Bacon? ________
A. Essay Concerning Human Understanding
B.The Novum Organum (New Method)
C.The New Atlantis
D.The Advancement of Learning
3.Which of the following philosophers believed that man is selfish by nature? _______
A. John Locke B. Descartes
C. Pierre Gassendi D. Thomas Hobbes
4.What kind of government formed in England after the Glorious Revolution and the enactment of the Bill of Rights?
A. constitutional monarchy B. republic
C. anarchy D. absolute monarchy
5.When did the Glorious Revolution in England break out? ________
A. 1660 B. 19 C. 1688 D. 16
6.Which of the following works is NOT written by John Milton? ______
A. Paradise Lost B. Areopagitica
C. Samson Agonistes D. Andromaque
7.In 14, John Milton wrote a protest against a parliamentary decree re-imposing complete censorship of the press. This was his best known prose ______.
A. Andromaque B. Areopagitica
C. Paradise Lost D. Paradise Regained
8.Which of the following is NOT the content of the Bill of Rights which limited the Sovereign’s power in certain important directions? ________
A.Parliament was responsible for all the law making.
B.The power of suspending the laws by royal authority was declared to be illegal.
C.The King should levy no money at any time.
D.The King should not keep a standing army in time of peace without consent of Parliament.
Ⅲ Interpretation
1.the Great Instauration
2.the English Revolution
3.the Glorious Revolution
4.the Bill of Rights
Ⅳ Questions
1.Why do we say that Francis Bacon was a founder of modern philosophy?
2.What were the major differences between Locke’s concept of “Social contract” and Hobbes’?
Descartes; French Classicism
ⅠFill in the blanks
1.It is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Bacon in England and with Descartes（笛卡尔：法国哲学家、数学家） in France.
2.In mathematics, Descartes was the founder of analytical geometry.
3.Corneille（高乃依） was the first great French neoclassical dramatist.
4.Racine（拉辛） was the greatest tragic dramatist of the French neoclassical theatre.
5.Moliere（莫里哀） was the best representative dramatist of French classical comedies.
6.Corneille, Racine, and Moliere are the three major dramatists of the French neoclassicism in the 17th century.
Ⅱ. Choice
1.Which of the following philosophers ever said “I think, therefore I am”? ________
A. Francis Bacon B. Pierre Gassendi
C. Descartes D. John Locke
2. Which of the following works displays the grand style of Corneille’s work? ______
A. Le Cid B. Andromaque C. Tartuffe D. Le Misanthrope
3.Which of the following philosophers believed that knowledge of the universe and certain principle and laws of physics is innate? ________
A. John Locke B. Pierre Gassendi C. Francis Bacon D. Descartes
4.whose slogan is “I think, therefore I am”? _________
A. John Locke B. Pierre Gassendi C. Descartes D. Francis Bacon
Ⅲ. Interpretation
1.Innate Ideas
2.French Classicism
IV. Questions
1.Who was the most well-known writer in the 17th century French literature? Say something about one of his major works.
Art
I．Fill in the blanks
1.Baroque art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France and to Flander and Netherlands in North Europe.
2.Baroque art was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and color.
3.Palace of Versailles Garden Front and East Front of the Louvre are among the masterpieces of architecture which became models for European architects who came to Paris for ideas.
4.The landmark in English architecture is the designing and building of St. Paul’s Catheral by the English scientist and architect Christopher Wren.
5.The New art represented a transformation of its elements into a swelling, emotional style that later generations were to call “baroque”, to characterize the period roughly between 1600 and 1750, the Baroque Period.
II. Choice
1. Which of the following artists helped to bring the Roman Baroque style to its climax?
A. Rubens B. Borromini（普罗密尼） C. Caravaggio D. Bernini
2. Which of the following artists helped to spread the Baroque style to North Europe? ______
A. Rubens（鲁本斯） B. Velazquez C. Borromini D. Bernini
3. In painting of the 17th century, who won international fame and his style is basically classical, his figures are frozen and their action stiff?
A. Christopher Wren B. Rembrandt
C. Poussin（普珊：法国画家） D. Rubbens
4. In the middle of the 17th century, which country was the richest and the most powerful country in Europe? ____________
A. Flander B. the Netherlands C. England D. France
III. Interpretation
1.Baroque Art
IV. Questions
1. What are some of the characteristics of Baroque art?
The Age of Enlightenment
French Philosophy and Literature
Ⅰ Fill in the blanks
1. The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement originating in France, which attracted widespread support among the ruling and intellectual classes of Europe and North America in the second half of the 18th century.
2. The Enlightenment is sometimes called the Age of Reason（理性时代） because it characterizes the efforts by certain European writers to use critical reason to free minds from prejudice, unexamined authority and oppression by Church or State.
3.The most important forerunners of the Enlightenment were two 17th century Englishmen John Locke（洛克） and Isaac Newton.
4.The major force of the Enlightenment was the French philosophers. Among them were such well-known men of letters as Montesquieu（孟德斯鸠）, Voltaire and Rousseau.
5.Diederot, who edited the famous encyclopedia, was also an important French Enlightenment figure.
6.In art and literature, what coincided with the Age of Reason was a period called neo-classicism.
7.In American, The American War of Independence of 1776 ended British colonial rule over that country.
8.The seizure of Bastille marked the end of the French monarchy, and the First French Republic was born in 1792.
9.The Industrial Revolution (1760-1840), beginning with the invention of the steam engine, rapidly changed the face of the world, and ushered in a completely new age.
10.Montesquieu’s doctrines of the separation of powers became one of the most important principles of the U.S. constitution.
11.In The Origin of Human Inequality, Rousseau argues that the social order of civilized society introduce inequality and unhappiness. This social order rests upon private property.
12.Besides Hobbes and Locke, Rousseau is also famous for his theory of social contract.
13.In Elements of Physiology, Diderot developed his materialist philosophy and fore-shadowed the doctrine of evolutions as later proposed by Charles Darwin.
14.Montesquieu is the first of the great French men of letters associated with the Enlightenment.
ⅡChoice
1.Whose doctrines of the separation of powers became one of the most important principles of the U.S. constitution? ________
A. John Locke B. Rousseau C. Montesquieu D. Voltaire
2.Which of the following works is the most famous of Voltaire’s novels?
A. Candide B. The New Heloise C. Emile D. Laocoon
3. “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains” are whose most famous words? _______
A. Montesquieu B. Rousseau C. Voltaire D. Diderot
4. In which of Rousseau’s works, Rousseau argues that Man’s greatest ill are not natural but made by man himself; the remedy lies also within man’s power?________
A. The Origin of Human Inequality B. The New Heloise
C. Emile or On Education D. The Social Contract
5.Who ever said that “Nature made men happy and good, but society makes him evil and miserable”? _______
A. Diderot B. Voltaire C. Montesquieu D. Rousseau
6.In which of Diderot’s works, the author developed his materialist philosophy and fore-shadowed the doctrine of evolutions as later proposed by Charles Darwin? ________
A. Rameau’s Nephew B. Philosophical Thoughts
C. Encyclopedie D. Elements of Physiology
Ⅲ Interpretation
1. The Enlightenment
2.The Industrial Revolution
3.The Spirit of the Laws
4.Rousseau’s The Social Contract
English Literature
Ⅰ Fill in the blanks
1. Pope represented the rationalistic neoclassical tendency in literature and has often been called the spokesman in verse of the Age of Reason..
2. In A Modest Proposal, Swift bitterly criticizes the British Government by suggesting that the children be fatten and eaten. This essay has been regarded by many as the most savage single piece of ironical satire ever written.
3. Richardson, novelist, is often called the founder of the English domestic novel. His type of novel is called the epistolary novel.
4. Fielding, novelist, dramatist and essayist, was called by Sir Walter Scott the “Father of the English novel”.
5.Johnson was the editor of A Dictionary of the English Language (1747-1755), the first great English dictionary.
6.In 18th-century England, two writers must be mentioned as far as the periodical essay is concerned: Addison and Steele.
7.Both Addison and Steele contributed to The Tatler and The Spectator, two series of periodical essays.
8.Gulliver’s Travels is Swift’s best work, a social and political prose satire, in the form of a book of travels.
9.The author of The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe is Daniel Defoe, novelist and political journalist.
German Literature and Philosophy
Ⅰ Fill in the blanks
1. Lessing was the first German dramatist of lasting importance and the most brilliant representative of the German Enlightenment.
2. Goethe was the greatest of all German poets and the outstanding figure of world literature since the Renaissance.
3. In Faust, Goethe draws on an immense variety of cultural materials. It is not only his own masterpiece but the greatest work of German literature.
4. Schiller was a founder of modern German literature. He and his contemporary Goethe are the chief representatives of German classicism.
5.Kant was the key figure of the German classical philosophy and called “Waterhead of modern philosophy”. He exerted an immense influence on the intellectual movements of the 19th and 20th centuries.
ⅡChoice
1. Which of Lessing’s works was his most brilliant dramatic work, a landmark in 18th-century German drama — its first successful comedy and its first truly national drama? ________
A. Nathan the Wise B. Laocoon
C. Hamburgische Dramaturgie D. Minna Von Barnhelm
2. Which of the following works is a classic of modern aesthetics? ________
A. Laocoon B. Faust C. The Robber D. Wallenstien
3. Which of the following works represents Schiller’s most powerful tragedy? _________
A. Wilhelm Tell B. Wallenstein C. Cabal D. The Robber
4. Which of the following philosophers first proposed the well-known “nebular hypothesis”?_____
A. Kant B. Descartes C. Locke D. Hobbes
5. Which play by Schiller is widely known in China? __________
A. The Robber
B. Wallenstein
C. Wilhelm Tell
D. Cabal and Love
Ⅲ Interpretation
1. Faust
Art and Music
I Fill in the blanks
1. During the reign of Luis XIV (1638—1715) and Louis XV (1710—1714) in France, an artistic style became prevalent which was known as Rococo.
2. Watteau and Boucher were the representative French painters of Rococo style.
3. The two major musicians of the Musical Enlightenment were Bach and Handel.
4. The Baroque Period was followed by the Classical Period, roughly between 1750 and 1820.
5. The two major musicians of the Classical Period were Haydn and Mozart.
6. During the second half of the 18th century, instrumental music was the primary mode of expression after centuries of subordination to vocal music.
7. Of the three great composer of the Viennese school, Beethoven occupied a pivotal position, learning in much of his work towards the Romantic Movement in music.
8. The author of The Marriage of Figaro was Mozart who produced a vast output almost in every form of composition.
9. The famous German composer, Schumann said: “Music owes as much to Bach as Christianity does to its Founder”.
10. Rococo style in art is usually associated with architecture and interior decoration.
11. Kant’s three most important critiques are: Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason, and Critique of judgment.
12. The three best-known composers of the Viennese school are Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven.
II Interpretation
1. Rococo Art
Copyright © 2019-2025 51dongshi.net 版权所有
违法及侵权请联系：TEL:177 7030 7066 E-MAIL:11247931@qq.com 本站由北京市万商天勤律师事务所王兴未律师提供法律服务
