
1.含义
用来表示人,动物,时间,地点,状态或抽象名词。名词是一种实词,名词可以做主语、宾语、定语、同位语、宾补、状语、表语、成分等。
2.分类
| 类别 | 意义 | 举例 | ||
| 专有名词 | 表示人、时间、节日、地方、组织、机构或事物等专有的名称。专有名词中每个实词的首字母要大写。 | China the Great Wall March Mary Christmas the UN SARS AIDS | ||
| 普通名词 | 可数名词 | 个体名词 | 表单个的人、物、事 | child teacher desk book tree accident |
| 集体名词 | 表集合、团体 | class family club group crew police team people machinery jewellery clothing furniture | ||
| 复合名词 | 两个或两个以上名词连在一起构成的名词 | boy-friend passer-by brother-in-law grown-up looker-on | ||
| 不可数名词 | 物质名词 | 表物质或材料的名称,无法判断个体的事、物 | water milk money silk bread tea air fire salt sugar | |
| 抽象名词 | 表示行为、动作、品质、状态、感情等 | life mind peace health luck happiness value pain honesty | ||
1)名词复数规则变化
| 构成方法 | 举例 | |||
| 单数 | 复数 | |||
| 多数名词在词尾加-s | book ball student | books balls students | ||
| 以-s,-x,-sh,-ch结尾的再词尾加es | bus box watch dish buzz | buses boxes watches dishes 碟子 buzzes 电铃声 | ||
| 以y结尾的名词 | 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es | city baby country story | cities babies countries stories | |
| 以元音字母加y结尾的名词和专有名词,在词加s | key Henry Mary | keys Henrys Marys | ||
| 以f或fe结尾的名词 | 一般把f或fe变为v,再加es | leaf thief knife wife | leaves thieves knives wives | |
| 有些直接加s | roof chief belief | roofs chiefs beliefs | ||
| 个别词以上两种变化都有 | beef---beefs/beeves handkerchief---handkerchiefs/handkerchieve手帕 | |||
| 以o结尾的名词,在词尾加es或者s | potato echo tomato | potatoes echoes 回声 tomatoes | ||
| bamboo radio photo | bamboos radios photos | |||
| 构成方法 | 举例 | ||
| 单数 | 复数 | ||
| 变内部元音字母 | 变a为e | man woman Englishman German(特殊) | men women Englishmen Germans |
| 变oo为ee | foot goose tooth | feet geese teeth | |
| 完全不规则 | child ox mouse datum basis medium | children oxen mice data bases media | |
| 复合名词的变化 | 主体词变复数 | armyman looker-on runner-up editor-in-chief passer-by mather-in-law grand-child | armymen lookers-on runners-up editors-in-chief passers-by mothers-in-law grand-children |
| 没有主体词的在最后一个词的词尾加s | go-between grown-up boy-friend | go-betweens grown-ups boy-friends | |
| 由woman和 man构成的复合名词,前后两部分复数 | woman doctor gentleman-farmer man cook | women doctors gentlemen-farmers men cooks | |
1)单复数同行的词
Chinese li里 people Swiss瑞士人 deer means手段 series 系列
Vietnamese越南人 fish mu亩 sheep yuan元 Japanese
2)常用复数形式的词
arms武器 earnings挣的钱 pants裤子socks 袜子 ashes灰烬 findings调查结果 pyjamas 睡衣裤 stairs 楼梯 belongs所有物 firewoods烟火 remains 残余 surroundings环境 clothes衣服 forces武装 savings储蓄 trousers裤子
sweepings 扫拢的垃圾compass指南针 glasses眼镜 scissors剪刀 thanks感激 congratulations 祝贺 jeans牛仔裤 shoes鞋子 tropics热带 doings行为 mountains山脉 shorts短裤
3)形式为复数,意思为单数
News消息 crossroads十字路口 physics物理
politics政治 mathematics 数学 headquarters 司令部
4)表示总体意义,总用作复数
police people 人们,人民 clothes衣服 cattle牛群 public公众
Exercise:用be动词填空
1.Two hundred police____ on duty.
2.A lot of people ____ on the square.
3.Many cattle _____ kept.
5) 有些集合名词既可以表示单数,也可以表示复数
| 例词 | 单数词义 | 复数词义 | 例词 | 单数词义 | 复数词义 |
| class team committee club army | 班级 对 委员会 俱乐部 | 班里成员 队员 委员会成员 俱乐部成员 军人 | family group youth crew government | 家庭 群 青年 全体船员 | 家庭成员 一群人 青年人 同事们 成员 |
集合名词若作为一个整体看待的话,谓语用单数;若作为个体看待,谓语用复数。
Exercises:
1 My family ___ (be) a big one.
2 When I came in, his family ____ (be) watching TV.
3 The football team ____ (be) very good.
4 The team ____ (be) bathing.
6)有些名词在中国人看来不可数,当在英语表达中却可以加a/an.
e.g a/an coffee/hurry/pleasure/success
a/an rain/income/population/surprise
a/an education/increase/rest/time
a/an headache/interest/reward/trip
a/an help/knowledge/ride/voice/walk
a/an history/salary/sight/pity/honor/whisper
e.g1) I had a good time at the party.
2) After supper we go out for a walk.
3) The snow that covers the top of the mountain is a beautiful sight.
4) He got a good education when he was in England.
5) China has a population of 1.3 billion.
6) China is a large country with a long history.
7). 有些名词通常用作单数,表示整体,比如hair, fruit, vegetable,但是表示若干种头发,若干水果,若干蔬菜时,则需要用复数形式。
e.g 1) Mother’s hair is grey.
She has a few white hairs.
2)The fruit is ripening.
Her daughter likes pears, apples, and other juicy fruits.
8) 有些名词单复数意思不同。
people人们 ---peoples人民 game游戏--- games运动会
compass指南针--- compasses圆规 interest兴趣--- interests 利益
manner方法--- manners礼貌 custom习惯,风俗--- customs海关,关税
5.名词的量
1) 常表示一双,一对、一副,如:a pair of shoes a pair of glasses a pair of socks
2)其他的量、数、单位词
a.常搭配不可数名词:piece片、块、张、条, slice落片, cup,glass杯, lump块, bar条, block块、片, sum一笔, drop一滴, sheet片、张、页, loaf块、个, grain粒, cake块, ear穗, bottle瓶
b. 搭配可数名词:set组、套 , row排, copy本、复印本, group组、群, team队, line行, suit套, bunch捆、束, pocket包、袋, basket篮
3)限定词
a. 只能修饰可数名词:many, few, a number of
b. 只能修饰不可数名词:much, little, a large mount of, a great deal of
c. 两者都可以修饰:some, any, plenty of, a lot of, a large quantity of
6.名词所有格
1.构成
1.1 ’s所有格
| 类别 | 构成形式 | 举例 |
| 一般名词 | +’s | my friend’s dog |
| 复数名词以s或es结尾 | +’ | the students’ classroom |
| 以s或x结尾的专有名词 | +’s或+’ | Children’s day |
| 并列名词各自所有 | 两个名词都+’s | Mary’s and Tom’s rooms |
| 并列名词共同所有 | 最后一个名词+’s | Mary and Tom’s room |
1)表示有生命的东西的所有格(如上表),但在某些习惯用语中也表示无生命的东西的所有格。
e.g The beach is within a stone’s throw. 到海边只有一步之遥。
2)表时间、距离、国家、城市、团体机构等无生命名词的所有格。
e.g a ten minutes’ walk China’s industry today’s newspaper
3)表类别、属性 men’s shoes a doctor’s degree children’s books
a summer’s day a worker’s family
4)表动作的执行者或承受者 my teacher’s praise children’s education
5)’s所有格后面的名词如果指商店、家宅、教堂、诊所等地点时,该名词常被省略。
the doctor’s诊所 the tailor’裁缝店 the butcher’s肉店 the grocer’s食品店
the barber’s理发店 my uncle’我叔叔家 Queen’s 女王学院 Johnson’s 约翰逊的家/商店
6)’s所有格修饰的名词,如果上文已经提到,常省略,避免重复。
e.g This is not Tom’s book, it’s his friend’s.
1.2 of 所有格构成:名词+ of+名词
e.g the capital of China, the door of the room,
the life of the poor, the grandpa of the children
1.3 双重所有格构成:of+名词’s (或名词性物主代词)
1)表整体中的部分 a friend of my father’s= one of my father’s friends
a class of mine a class of Tom’s
2) 表示赞赏或厌恶的感情
the performance of teachers’--- teacher’s performance(不欣赏,不赞成)
the wife of Mr. Green’s--- Mr. Green’s wife(带有厌恶情绪)
Exercises:
1.Both Marx and Engels were___.
a. Germans b. Germen c. from German d. Germany
2. My teacher gave me___ just now.
a. an advice b. an advise c. a piece of advice d.a piece of advise
3.I saw____ in the meeting-room.
a. many people b. much people c. many peoples d. a lot of people
4. Have you read____?
a. today b. the today paper c. today’s paper d. the today’s paper
5. My father has had one of his ___ taken out.
a. tooth b. tooths c. teeth d. teeths
6. He made many mistakes in his composition because of___.
a. careless b. careful c. carelessness d. carefulness
7. Where are the ___ clothes?
a. women’s b. women’ c. of women’s d. woman’s
8. After climbing for two hours we were glad to take___ rest.
a. a few minute’s b. a few minutes’ c. a little minutes d. a little minute’s
9. The woman over there is ___.
a. Julia and Mary mother b. Julia and Mary’s mother
c. Julia’s and Mary’s mother d. Julia’s and Mary mother
10. His work is better than___.
a. anyone b. anyone else c. anyone else’s d. anyone’s else
11. He forgot both of the ___.
a. rooms numbers b. room number c. room’s numbers d. room numbers
12. The dictionary is sent by ___.
a. a friend of my father b. a friend of my father’s
c. my father friend d. my father friend’s
13. Li Ying has three ___.
a. brothers-in-law b. brothers-in-laws c. brother-in-law d. brother-in-laws
14. Mr. Smith looks very happy today. He has got ___ good news from home.
a. many b.much c. little d. a few
15. The book you gave me wasn’t really ___.
a. much used b. able to use c. of useful d. of much use
16. There ___ some ____ in the woods.
a. is, deer b. are, deers c. is deers d. are, deer
17. Which do you prefer, ____ or ____?
a. potatos, tomatos b. potatos, tomatoes
c. potatoes, tomatos d. potatoes, tomatoes
18. We will work for the people all our ___.
a. lifes b. lives c. live d. life
19. The ___ of the cottage were covered with___.
a. roofs, leafs b. roofs, leaves c. rooves, leafs d. rooves, leaves
20. Beijing has ___.
a. many populations b. a large population
c. much population d. large population
21. What a lot of __ I have to finish today!
a. works b. work c. job d. working
22. Will you please make ___ for the man outside?
a. space b. place c. room d. seats
23. My younger sister always wears beautiful ___.
a. clothes b. cloth c. clothing d. dressing
24. The little died a heroic____.
a. dying b. dead c. death d. die
25. She has a good___ and sings beautifully.
a. sound b. noise c. voice d. throat
26. Mary regards Shanghai as her second ___ because she has been here for over then years.
a. family b. room c. house d. home
27. Is this a good camera? Can it take color___?
a. portraits b. film shows c. pictures d. paintings
28. Did you see that ___, involving two cars and a bike?
a. accident b. incident c. danger d. event
29. I watched a wrestling ___ on TV the other day.
a. fight b. match c. play d. sport
30. The teacher did according to the students’ ____.
a. advice b. advise c. advices d. suggestion
31. I had to tell Mr. Wood my ___ in the school and at last I told him the truth that I didn’t have any___ in teaching.
a. experiences, experience b. experience, experiences
c. experience, experience d. experiences, experiences
32. The ___ of the fire hasn’t been discovered.
a. excuse b. reason c. source d. cause
33. His parents always let him have his own ___ of living.
a. method b. way c. means d. mean
34. Let’s meet in the garden during the lunch___.
a. rest b. break c. stop d. time
35. ____ must be carried out on the new equipment.
a. Examination b. Experiments c. Tests d. Checks
