
4. Syntax
1 What is syntax
2 Categories
3. Syntactic category
----a word or phrase that perform a particular grammatical function such as subject or object. It includes lexical category such as nouns, adjectives, pronouns; or phrases such as NP, VP, PP etc.
4. determiner—degree—qualifier
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5. phrase category
6. Phrase structural rules
---- a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combination of words to form phrases and sentences. P46
7. Coordination rule
8. sentence rule
9. transformations
Put the following terms in a tree diagram to show their logical relationship:
affix suffix free root bound root derivational affix
inflectional affix prefix morpheme bound morpheme free morpheme
Match each expression under A with the one statement under B that characterizes it.
A B
a. noisy crow 1) compound noun
b. scarecrow 2) root morpheme plus derivational prefix
c. the crow 3) phrase consisting of adjective plus noun
d. crowlike 4) root morpheme plus inflectional affix
e. crows 5) root morpheme plus derivational affix
6) grammatical morpheme followed by lexical morpheme
comment on the difference between the morphemes “-er” in the following two words
Londoner----teacher
Explain the difference between derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes.
Why have prefix and suffix morphemes been called bound morphemes?
What are the main inflectional affixes in English? What grammatical meaning do they convey?
Explain the differences of the morpheme “-er ” in the following three words.
greater singer eraser
List the bound morphemes to be found in the following words:
Misleads, shortened, unhappier, fearlessly
How do you distinguish inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?
.Inflectional affixes are affixes (1) attached to the end of words; (2) to indicate grammatical relationships, while derivational affixes are affixes; (3) added to other morphemes; (4) to create new words.
True or False
1. Sentences are considered grammatical if they are judged by native speakers, instead of
grammarians, to be well-formed sentences.
2.Phrase structure rules can generate an infinite number of sentences and sentences with infinite length, due to their recursive properites.
3.The syntactic rules of a language are finite in number, yet there is no limit to the number of sentences that could be produced.
4. A sentence is a grammatical unit that can be endlessly long and at the same time can be realized by a single morpheme.
5. Open class words can also be described as content words while closed class words function words.
6. “The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture” and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student” belong to the same syntactic category.
7. Sentences are not formed by randomly combining lexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rules that arrange linguistic elements in a particular order.
8. The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole.
9. Application of the transformational rules yields deep structure.
10. Number and gender are categories of noun and pronoun.
11. The relationship between an embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to a whole.
12. Transformational rules do not change the basic meaning of sentences.
13. S-structure is a level of syntacitic representation after the operation of necessary syntactic movement.
Multiple Choice
1. Syntax is the study of ______.
A. language functions B. sentence structures
C. textual organization D. word formation
2 .Transformational rules do not change the basis _____ of sentences.
A) meaning B) structure C) form D) sound pattern
3. TG grammar is a type of grammar first proposed by ____ in his book language .
A) Sapir B) Bloomfield C) Saussure D) Chomsky
4. In the phrase structure rule “S→NP VP”, the arrow can be read as __________.
A) is equal to B) consists of C) has D) generates
5. Hanging at the bottom of the tree diagram of a sentence is ____.
A) finite clause B) words groups
C) sentence D) individual morphemes
6. Transformations may be obligatory or optional. An optional rule refers to one which ____.
A)must be applied B) must not be applied
C) may or may not be applied D)need not be applied
7. A phrase is different from a clause in that it ________.
A) is a group of words B) forms a grammatical unit
C) functions only as a word D) does not contain a finite verb
8. We can make an infinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length. This is due to ______.
A) combinational rules
B) phrase structure rules
C) recursive property of phrase structure rules
D) X-bar theory
9.The phrase “men and women” belongs to the ______ construction.
A) predicate B)coordinate C) subordinate D) exocentric
10.The most elemental grammatical units in a language are ____.
A) phones B) words C) morphemes D) phrases
11. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.
A) grammatical rules B) selectional restrictions
C) semantic rules D) semantic features
12. The major components of a transformational grammar are __________
A)syntactic,phonological,and semantic
B)base, deep structure, and surface structure
C)deletion, copying ,addition, and reoridering
D)generation and transformation
13. The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place is commonly termed the _______.
A) phrase structure B) surface structure
C) syntactic structure D) deep structure.
14. The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula "S→NP VP".
A) hierarchical B)linear C) tree diagram D) vertical
15. The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is ______.
A) the city B) Rome C) city D) the city and Rome
16. ______ is a sub-field of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language.
A) Morphology B) Syntax C) Semantics D) Pragmatics
17. ______ does not belong to major syntactic categories.
A) Auxiliary B) NP C) N D) PP
18. ______ refers to construction where one clause is coordinated with another.
A) Conjoining B)Embedding C) Concord D) Government
19. In a complete sentence, the incorporated, or subordinate clause is normally called a(n) ______.
A) finite B) non-finite C) embedded D) matrix
20. The phrase “my small child’s cot” is an ambiguous phrase, which can be revealed by ______ tree diagram.
A) one B) two C) three D)four
Questions and Answers
1.Examine each of following sentences and indicate if it is a simple, compound, and complex sentences:
1)Jane did it because she was asked to.
2)The soldiers were warned to remain hidden and not to expose themselves.
3)David was never there, but his brother was.
4)She leads a tranquil life in the country.
5)Unless I hear from her, I won’t leave this town.
2Draw phrase structure tree for each of the following sentences.
1) Marie become very ill
2) He often reads detective stories.
3) John went to the supermarket.
3 What are the deep-structure for each of the sentence given?
1) The leader of the majority party was severely criticized by the media.
----The media severely criticized the leader of the majority party.
2) The man threw the rake away in the yard.
----the man threw away the rake in the yard.
3) Will the new shop owner hire her?
----The new shop owner will hire her.
4) What can the robot do for us?
----the robot can do what for us.
