
Definition
A brief restatement of the essential thought of a longer composition.
length
Depends on your purposes.
A summary can be:
As short as a single sentence (a nutshell statement)
Or as long as 30% of the length of the original (a detailed summary).
Purposes
For writers:
Capture what they understand about an article
For readers:
Assess the writer's understanding of the article
Help decide if they want to read the original article
Requirements
Make sure your grasp of the main trend of thought
Reduce explanation and illustration to the essential minimum
Use the most economical wording possible
Process (1)
Previewing the work
Title/ subtitle
First and last several paragraphs
Other items
heads or subheads
pictures, charts, or diagrams
italic type or boldface print
Process (2)
Reading the article thoroughly
Do not slow down or turn back
Mark main points and key supporting details
Pay special attention to all the items noted in the preview.
Look for definitions, examples, and enumerations
Process (3)
Rereading the work carefully
Reread more carefully the areas you have identified as most important
Focus on other key points that may have been missed
Taking notes
Main ideas
Key supporting points
Process (4)
Preparing the first draft (1)
Identify at the start of the summary the title and author of the work. Include in parentheses the date of publication. For example, “In ‘Beyond the Gender Myths’ (Time, October 19, 1998), Margot Hornblower states…”
Process (4)
Preparing the first draft (2)
Do not write an overly detailed summary.
Remember that the purpose of a summary is to reduce the original work to its main points and essential supporting details.
Process (4)
Preparing the first draft (3)
Express the main points and key supporting details in your own words. Do not imitate the style of the original work.
Process (4)
Preparing the first draft (4)
Quote from the material only to illustrate key points. Also, limit your quotations. A one-paragraph summary should not contain more than one or two quoted sentences.
Process (4)
Preparing the first draft (5)
Revise your first draft, paying attention to the principles of effective writing (unity, coherence, conciseness and transition).
Write the final draft of the paper.
Strategies
The key is to use your own words to generalize about the entire article, rather than following the organization and/or wording exactly as the author has described it.
The Cult of Busyness
------------ Barbara Ehrenreich
Not too long ago a former friend and soon-to-be acquaintance called me up to tell me how busy she was. A major report, upon which her professional future depended, was due in three days; her secretary was on strike; her housekeeper had fallen into the hands of the Immigration Department; she had two hours to prepare dinner party for eight; and she was late for her time-management class. Stress was taking its toll, she told me: her children resented the fact that she sometimes got their names mixed up, and she had taken to abusing white wine.
All this put me at a distinct disadvantage, since the only thing I was doing at the time was holding the phone with one hand and attempting to touch the opposite toe with the other hand, a pastime that I had perfected during previous telephone monologues. Not that I'm not busy too: as I listened to her, I was on the alert for the moment the dryer would shut itself off and I would have to rush to fold the clothes before they settled into a mass of incorrigible wrinkles. But if I mentioned this little deadline of mine, she might think I wasn't busy enough to need a housekeeper, so I just kept on patiently saying "Hmm" until she got to her parting line: "Look, this isn't a good time for me to talk. I've got to go now."
I don't know when the cult of conspicuous busyness began, but it has swept up almost all the upwardly mobile, professional women I know. Already, it is getting hard to recall the days when, for example "Let's have lunch" meant something other than "I've got more important things to do than talk to you right now.'' There was even a time when people used to get together without the excuse of needing something to eat -- when, in fact, it was considered rude to talk with your mouth full. In the old days, hardly anybody had an appointment book, and when people wanted to know what the day held in store for them, they consulted a horoscope.
It's not only women, of course; for both sexes, busyness has become an important insignia of upper-middle-class status. Nobody, these days, admits to having a hobby, although two or more careers -- say, neurosurgery and an art dealership -- is not uncommon, and I am sure we will soon be hearing more about the tribulations of the four-pay-check couple. Even those who can manage only one occupation at a time would be embarrassed to be caught doing only one thing at a time. Those young men who jog with their headsets on are not, as you might innocently guess, rocking out, but are absorbing the principles of international finance law or a lecture on one-minute management. Even eating, I read recently, is giving way to "grazing" -- the conscious ingestion of unidentified foods while drafting a legal brief, cajoling a client on the phone, and, in ambitious cases, doing calf-toning exercises under the desk. All the bustle, my busy friends would explain -- they want to succeed.
But if success is the goal, it seems clear to me that the fast track is headed the wrong way. Think of the people who are genuinely successful: path-breaking scientists, best-selling novelists, and designers of major new software. They are not, on the whole, the kind of people who keep glancing shiftily at their watches or making small lists entitled "To Do." On the contrary, many of these people appear to be in a daze, like the distinguished professor I once had who, in the middle of a lecture on electron spin, became so fascinated by the dispersion properties of chalk dust that he could not go on. These truly successful people are childlike, easily distractible, fey sorts, whose usual demeanor resembles that of a recently fed hobo on a warm summer evening.
The secret of the truly successful, I believe, is that they learned very early in life how not to be busy. They saw through that adage, repeated to me so often in childhood, that anything worth doing is worth doing well. The truth is, many things are worth doing only in the most slovenly, halfhearted fashion possible, and many other things are not worth doing at all. Balancing a checkbook, for example. For some reason, in our culture, this dreary exercise is regarded as the supreme test of personal maturity, business acumen, and the ability to cope with math anxiety. Yet it is a form of busyness which is exceeded in futility only by going to the additional trouble of computerizing one's checking account -- and that, in turn, is only slightly less silly than taking the time to discuss, with anyone, what brand of personal computer one owns, or is thinking of buying, or has heard of others using.
If the truly successful manage never to be busy, it is also true that many of the busiest people will never be successful. I know this firsthand from my experience, many years ago, as a waitress. Any executive who thinks the ultimate in busyness consists of having two important phone calls on hold and a major deadline in twenty minutes, should try facing six tablefuls of clients simultaneously demanding that you give them their checks, fresh coffee, a baby seat, and a warm, spontaneous smile. Even when she's not busy, a waitress has to look busy -- refilling the salt shakers and polishing all the chrome in sight -- but the only reward is the minimum wage and any change that gets left on the tables. Much the same is true of other high-stress jobs, like working as a telephone operator, or doing data entry on one of the new machines that monitors your speed as you work: "success" means surviving the shift.
Although busyness does not lead to success, I am willing to believe that success -- especially when visited on the unprepared -- can cause busyness. Anyone who has invented a better mousetrap, or the contemporary equivalent, can expect to be harassed by strangers demanding that you read their unpublished manuscripts or undergo the humiliation of public speaking, usually on remote Midwestern campuses. But if it is true that success leads to more busyness and less time for worthwhile activities -- like talking (and listening) to friends, reading novels, or putting in some volunteer time for a good cause -- then who needs it? It would be sad to have come so far -- or at least to have run so hard -- only to lose each other.
Summary Writing (40 points)
1. Content: 30
1) proper citation: the title, writer’s name; (5 points)
2) theme: the author questions the relationship between busyness and success and points out the real significance of life; (5 points)
3) key points:
a. by illustrating her personal experience with a busy friend who called her, the author observes that there’s a wrong worship of busyness among modern people; (5 points)
b. she argues that the secrete of the truly successful people is to learn what not to do and she offers some examples of the distinguished professor; (5 points)
c. and she also points out that the busiest people may never be successful and then she recalls her past life as a waitress to support this ; (5 points)
d. finally she concludes that even when the true success comes, people still should not forget what are more important in their lives, such as communicating with friends, enjoying spiritual works and helping others; (5 points)
2. Wording: 5 points (Copying of the original sentences should be avoided.)
3. Mechanism: 5 points (coherence and conjunction)
Computers and Education in America
--Dudley Erskine Devlin
INTRODUCTION PART:
(Background/ Hook)
In the last decade, computers have invaded every aspect of education, from kindergarten through college. The figures show that schools have spent over two billion dollars installing two million new computers. Recently, with the explosive increase of sites on the Internet, computers have taken another dramatic rise. In just five years, the number of Internet hosts has skyrocketed from 2 million to nearly 20 million. It is not uncommon for 6th graders to surf the Net, design their own home pages, and e-mail their friends or strangers they have "met" on the Web. Computer literacy is a reality for many junior high students and most high school students.
(Ask questions/ State thesis)
In the midst of this technological explosion, we might well stop and ask some key questions. Is computer technology good or bad for education? Are students learning more or less? What, exactly, are they learning? And who stands to benefit from education's current infatuation with computers and the Internet?
In the debate over the virtues of computers in education, the technological optimists think that computers and the Internet are ushering us into the next literacy revolution, a change as profound as Gutenberg's invention of the printing press. In contrast, a much smaller but growing number of critics believe that cyberspace is not the ideal classroom. I agree with the critics. If you consider your own experience, you'll agree that the benefits of computer literacy are at best wildly overrated. At their worst, computers and the Internet pander to the short attention spans and the passive viewing habits of a young television generation.
(Preview the target points)
The technological optimists sing a siren song of an enchanted new land where the educational benefits of computers and the Internet are boundless. First, they boast that children can now access information on every conceivable subject. If little Eva or little Johnny wants to learn about far-away cultures, they can access sites from their own homes that will teach them about the great languages and cultures of the world. Second, these starry-eyed optimists warble about how the Internet has created a truly democratic space, where all children--rich, poor, black, white, and brown--have equal access to information and education. Third, they claim that computers will allow students to have e-mail conversations with experts on any subject around the world. No longer will students be limited by their own classroom, their teacher, or their environment. Distance learning is the wave of the future, and classrooms will become obsolete or at least optional. In the words of John Sculley, former CEO of Apple Computer, the new technologies have created an "avalanche of personal creativity and achievement" and they have given students the "ability to explore, convey, and create knowledge as never before." Children who used to hate going to school will now love to learn to read and write, to do math and science. They will voluntarily spend hours learning on the Web instead of being bored to death by endless books and stodgy teachers.
BODY PART:
(Refute point by point)
Sound too good to be true? Let's examine these claims, one by one. First, promoters of computer learning are endlessly excited about the quantity of information available on the Internet. The reality, however, is quite a different story. If you've worked on the Internet, you know that finding and retrieving information from a Web site can sometimes be tedious and time consuming. And once you find a site, you have no idea whether the information will be valuable. Popular search engines such as Yahoo! are inefficient at finding relevant information, unless you just want to buy a book on Amazon.com or find a street map for Fargo, North Dakota. Information is definitely available on the Web, but the problem is finding relevant, reliable, and non-commercial information.
Next, the optimists claim that the Internet is truly a democratic space with equal access for everyone. Again, the reality falls short. First, access to an Internet provider at home costs over a hundred dollars a month, once you add up service and long distance fees. And then there's the technology barrier--not every person has the skills to navigate the Web in any but the most superficial way. Equal access is still only a theoretical dream, not a current reality.
Finally, computers do allow students to expand their learning beyond the classroom, but the distance learning is not a utopia. Some businesses, such as Hewlett Packard, do have mentoring programs with children in the schools, but those mentoring programs are not available to all students. Distance learning has always been a dream of administrators, eager to figure out a cheaper way to deliver education. They think that little Eva and Johnny are going to learn about Japanese culture or science or algebra in the evening when they could be talking with their friends on the phone or watching television. As education critic Neil Postman points out, these administrators are not imagining a new technology but a new kind of child: "In [the administrator's] vision, there is a confident and typical sense of unreality. Little Eva can't sleep, so she decides to learn a little algebra? Where does little Eva come from? Mars?" Only students from some distant planet would prefer to stick their nose in a computer rather than watch TV or go to school and be with their friends.
(Supplement)
In addition to these drawbacks are other problems with computers in education. There is the nasty issue of pornography and the rampant commercialism on the Internet. Schools do not want to have their students spend time buying products or being exposed to pornography or pedophiles. Second, the very attractiveness of most Web sites, with their color graphics and ingenious links to other topics, promotes dabbling and skimming. The word "surfing" is appropriate, because most sites encourage only the most surface exploration of a topic. The Internet thus accentuates what are already bad habits for most students: Their short attention spans, their unwillingness to explore subjects in depth, their poor reading and evaluation skills. Computers also tend to isolate students, to turn them into computer geeks who think cyberspace is actually real. Some students have found they have a serious and addictive case of "Webaholism," where they spend hours and hours on the computer at the expense of their family and friends. Unfortunately, computers tend to separate, not socialize students. Finally, we need to think about who has the most to gain or lose from computers in the schools. Are administrators getting more students "taught" for less money? Are big companies training a force of computer worker bees to run their businesses? Will corporate CEO's use technology to isolate and control their employees?
CONCLUSION PART:
(Restate thesis/ Make analogs/ Offer other solutions)
In short, the much ballyhooed promise of computers for education has yet to be realized. Education critic, Theodore Roszak has a warning for us as we face the brave new world of computer education.
Like all cults, this one has the intention of enlisting mindless allegiance and acquiescence. People who have no clear idea of what they mean by information or why they should want so much of it are nonetheless prepared to believe that we live in an Information Age, which makes every computer around us what the relics of the True Cross were in the Age of Faith: emblems of salvation.
I think if you examine your own experience with computers, you'll agree that the cult of computers is still an empty promise for most students. Computers, the Internet, and the Web will not magically educate students. It still must be done with reading, study, good teaching, and social interaction. Excellence in education can only be achieved the old fashioned way--students must learn it.
Mei Long's work:
With the development of the Internet, it becomes more and more difficult for people to live without the Internet. As everything goes both ways, when bringing much convenience to life, Internet also carries massive false information. So the discussion that whether network real name system should be extended to all of the Internet arouses most people's interest.
In the discussion of "whether network real name system should be extended to all of the Internet ", LIFANGFANG believed that network real name system can decrease the crime rate in the network, and concerning the security of personal privacy is not difficult problem, which I find it quite questionable for the following reasons.
First of all, if network real name system can decrease the crime in the network, let's see what happened in South Korea. South Korea is the first country who has put the network real name system in force. A survey found that the number of BBS libel decreased from 13.9% to 12.2% after the implementation of network real name system. But at the same time the average number of BBS users decreased from 2585 to 737. We can see it's the decrease of netizen which helped reduce the crime rate, rather than the network real name system.
The network real name system is really harmful to the communication on the Internet. The most important characteristic of Internet is user anonymity. If network real name system carry out, maybe the number of grumble and rumor on the Internet will decrease, but it will also harm the netizen's enthusiasm of participating in politics and monitoring the government. People will choose to cancel the registration on the website or reduce their speech because they are afraid of being revenged.
Moreover, the security of personal privacy is a big problem. It's very dangerous that let's strangers get your personal information. The criminal can use it for swindle, steal and so on. Network real name system makes websites more vulnerable by hackers. On July 2011, some information losing cases happened in South Korea, many non-governmental organizations and experts blamed these accidents to network real name system. The administrative security department of South Korea claimed that the government would cancel the network real name system gradually.
From the above, I think it's not the right time for the network real name system extending to all of the Internet. What we should do is being responsible for our words and deeds on the Internet and creating a better network environment through our efforts. In a word, the civilization of the Internet needs the effort of everyone.
Sample Test for Practice
Part I: Summary Writing (40 points)Read the following article carefully, and then write a summary of it in about 200 words.
Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior
By Amy Chua
A lot of people wonder how Chinese parents raise such stereotypically successful kids. They wonder what these parents do to produce so many math whizzes and music prodigies, what it's like inside the family, and whether they could do it too. Well, I can tell them, because I've done it.
What Chinese parents understand is that nothing is fun until you're good at it. To get good at anything you have to work, and children on their own never want to work, which is why it is crucial to override their preferences. This often requires fortitude on the part of the parents because the child will resist; things are always hardest at the beginning, which is where Western parents tend to give up. But if done properly, the Chinese strategy produces a virtuous circle. Tenacious practice is crucial for excellence; rote repetition is underrated in America. Once a child starts to excel at something—whether it's math, piano, pitching or ballet—he or she gets praise, admiration and satisfaction. This builds confidence and makes the once not-fun activity fun. This in turn makes it easier for the parent to get the child to work even more.
Chinese parents can get away with things that Western parents can't. Once when I was young—maybe more than once—when I was extremely disrespectful to my mother, my father angrily called me "garbage" in our native Hokkien dialect. It worked really well. I felt terrible and deeply ashamed of what I had done. But it didn't damage my self-esteem or anything like that. I knew exactly how highly he thought of me. I didn't actually think I was worthless or feel like a piece of garbage.
By contrast, Western parents have to tiptoe around the issue, talking in terms of "health" and never ever mentioning the f-word, and their kids still end up in therapy for eating disorders and negative self-image. (I also once heard a Western father toast his adult daughter by calling her "beautiful and incredibly competent." She later told me that made her feel like garbage.)
Chinese parents can order their kids to get straight as Western parents can only ask their kids to try their best. Chinese parents can say, "You're lazy. All your classmates are getting ahead of you." By contrast, Western parents have to struggle with their own conflicted feelings about achievement, and try to persuade themselves that they're not disappointed about how their kids turned out.
I've thought long and hard about how Chinese parents can get away with what they do. I think there are three big differences between the Chinese and Western parental mind-sets.
First, I've noticed that Western parents are extremely anxious about their children's self-esteem. They worry about how their children will feel if they fail at something, and they constantly try to reassure their children about how good they are notwithstanding a mediocre performance on a test or at a recital. In other words, Western parents are concerned about their children's psyches. Chinese parents aren't. They assume strength, not fragility, and as a result they behave very differently.
For example, if a child comes home with an A-minus on a test, a Western parent will most likely praise the child. The Chinese mother will gasp in horror and ask what went wrong. If the child comes home with a B on the test, some Western parents will still praise the child. Other Western parents will sit their child down and express disapproval, but they will be careful not to make their child feel inadequate or insecure, and they will not call their child "stupid," "worthless" or "a disgrace." If a Chinese child gets a B—which would never happen—there would first be a screaming, hair-tearing explosion. The devastated Chinese mother would then get dozens, maybe hundreds of practice tests and work through them with her child for as long as it takes to get the grade up to an A.
Second, Chinese parents believe that their kids owe them everything. The reason for this is a little unclear, but it's probably a combination of Confucian filial piety and the fact that the parents have sacrificed and done so much for their children. (And it's true that Chinese mothers get in the trenches, putting in long grueling hours personally tutoring, training, interrogating and spying on their kids.) Anyway, the understanding is that Chinese children must spend their lives repaying their parents by obeying them and making them proud.
By contrast, I don't think most Westerners have the same view of children being permanently indebted to their parents. My husband, Jed, actually has the opposite view. "Children don't choose their parents," he once said to me. "They don't even choose to be born. It's parents who foist life on their kids, so it's the parents' responsibility to provide for them. Kids don't owe their parents anything. Their duty will be to their own kids." This strikes me as a terrible deal for the Western parent.
Third, Chinese parents believe that they know what is best for their children and therefore override all of their children's own desires and preferences. That's why Chinese daughters can't have boyfriends in high school and why Chinese kids can't go to sleepover camp. It's also why no Chinese kid would ever dare say to their mother, "I got a part in the school play! I'm Villager Number Six. I'll have to stay after school for rehearsal every day from 3:00 to 7:00, and I'll also need a ride on weekends." God help any Chinese kid who tried that one.
Don't get me wrong: It's not that Chinese parents don't care about their children. Just the opposite. They would give up anything for their children. It's just an entirely different parenting model.
Western parents worry a lot about their children's self-esteem. But as a parent, one of the worst things you can do for your child's self-esteem is to let them give up. On the flip side, there's nothing better for building confidence than learning you can do something you thought you couldn't.
Western parents try to respect their children's individuality, encouraging them to pursue their true passions, supporting their choices, and providing positive reinforcement and a nurturing environment. By contrast, the Chinese believe that the best way to protect their children is by preparing them for the future, letting them see what they're capable of, and arming them with skills, work habits and inner confidence that no one can ever take away. (1087 words)
From The Wall Street Journal
Part II: Essay Writing (60 points)
Please write an essay (title self-made) in about 400 words to refute the opinions of the article in Part I. Choose the main points to focus on and develop your argumentation with the proper logical patterns you have learnt. You need to include the hook, thesis restatement, topic sentences, supporting sentences, and concluding sentences in your article.
