
【2019·全国III】阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中,选出最佳选项。
A
OPENINGS AND PREVIEWS
Animals Out of Paper
Yolo!Productions and the Great Griffon present the play by Rajiv Joseph,in which an origami(折纸术)artist invites a teenage talent and his teacher into her studio. Merri Milwe directs. In previews. Opens Feb.12.(West Park Presbyterian Church,165 W.86th St.212-868-4444.)
The Audience
Helen Mirren stars in the play by Peter Morgan,about Queen Elizabeth II of the UK and her private meetings with twelve Prime Ministers in the course of sixty years. Stephen Daldry directs. Also starring Dylan Baker and Judith Ivey. Previews begin Feb.14.(Schoenfeld,236 W.45th St.212-239-6200.)
Hamilton
Lin-Manuel Miranda wrote this musical about Alexander Hamilton,in which the birth of America is presented as an immigrant story. Thomas Kail directs. In previews. Opens Feb.17.(Public,425 Lafayette St.212-967-7555.)
On the Twentieth Century
Kristin Chenoweth and Peter Gallagher star in the musical comedy by Betty Comden and Adolph Green,about a Broadway producer who tries to win a movie star's love during a cross-country train journey. Scott Ellis directs,for Roundabout Theatre Company. Previews begin Feb.12.(American Airlines Theatre,227 W.42nd St.212-719-1300.)
21. What is the play by Rajiv Joseph probably about?.
A. A type of art. B. A teenager's studio.
C. A great teacher. D. A group of animals.
22. Who is the director of The Audience?
A. Helen Mirren. B. Peter Morgan.
C. Dylan Baker. D. Stephen Daldry.
23. Which play will you go to if you are interested in American history?
A. Animals Out of Paper. B. The Audience.
C. Hamilton. D. On the Twentieth Century.
B
For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western creative.
"It's no secret that China has always been a source(来源)of inspiration for designers," says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at A+E Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion(时尚)shows.
Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of China-inspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese works of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics(美学)on Western fashion and how China has fueled the fashionable imagination for centuries. The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.
"China is impossible to overlook," says Hill. "Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion — they are central to its movement. "Of course, only are today's top Western designers being influenced by China-some of the best designers of contemporary fashion are themselves Chinese." Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking on Galiano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs-and beating them hands down in design and sales," adds Hil.
For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion. "The most famous designers are Chinese, so are the models, and so are the consumers," she says. "China is no longer just another market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about China-its influences, its direction, its breathtaking clothes, and how young designers and models are finally acknowledging that in many ways."
24. What can we learn about the exhibition in New York?
A. It promoted the sales of artworks. B. It attracted a large number of visitors.
C. It showed ancient Chinese clothes. D. It aimed to introduce Chinese models.
25. What does Hill say about Chinese women?
A. They are setting the fashion. B. They start many fashion campaigns.
C. They admire super models. D. They do business all over the world.
26. What do the underlined words "taking on" in paragraph 4 mean?
A. learning from B. looking down on C. working with D. competing against
27. What can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Young Models Selling Dreams to the World
B. A Chinese Art Exhibition Held in New York
C. Differences Between Eastern and Western Aesthetics
D. Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends
C
Before the 1830s,most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America, usually $8 to $10 a year. Today $8 or $10 seems a small amount of money, but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens. Accordingly, newspapers were read almost only by rich people in politics or the trades. In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience. They were dull and visually forbidding. But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.
The trend, then, was toward the "penny paper"-a term referring to papers made widely available to the public. It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.
This development did not take place overnight. It had been possible(but not easy)to buy single copies of newspapers before 1830,but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printer's office to purchase a copy. Street sales were almost unknown. However, within a few years, street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities. At first the price of single copies was seldom a penny-usually two or three cents was charged-and some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents. But the phrase "penny paper " caught the public's fancy, and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.
This new trend of newspapers for "the man on the street" did not begin well. Some of the early ventures(企业)were immediate failures. Publishers already in business, people who were owners of successful papers, had little desire to change the tradition. It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.
28. Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before the 1830s?
A. Academic. B. Unattractive. C. Inexpensive. D. Confidential.
29. What did street sales mean to newspapers?
A. They would be priced higher. B. They would disappear from cities.
C. They could have more readers. D. They could regain public trust.
30. Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at?
A. Local politicians. B. Common people.
C. Young publishers. D. Rich businessmen.
31. What can we say about the birth of the penny paper?
A. It was a difficult process. B. It was a temporary success.
C. It was a robbery of the poor. D. It was a disaster for printers.
D
Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.
Here's how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.
After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.
When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate(低估)a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic: When adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction(小部分)of the smaller number to it.
"This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains, "Dr. Livingstone says. “But in this experiment what they're doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.”
32. What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?
A. They fed them. B. They named them.
C. They trained them. D. They measured them.
33. How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?
A. By drawing a circle. B. By touching a screen.
C. By watching videos. D. By mixing two drinks.
34. What did Livingstone's team find about the monkeys?
A. They could perform basic addition. B. They could understand simple words.
C. They could memorize numbers easily. D. They could hold their attention for long.
35. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?
A. Entertainment. B. Health. C. Education. D. Science.
答案及解析
A
【答案】21. A 22. D 23. C【解析】【文章大意】 本文是一篇应用文。文章主要介绍了四部不同主题的文化剧。
21. A细节理解题。根据第一小节的第二句话“in which an origami(折纸术)artist invites a teenage talent and his teacher into her studio.”可知,本节介绍的故事内容是一位折纸艺术家邀请一对师生到她的工作室,因此主题是折纸这门艺术。故选A。
22. D 细节理解题。由第二小节的第二句话“Stephen Daldry directs.”可知,The Audience是由Stephen Daldry执导的。故选D。
23. C细节理解题。由第三节的第一句可知,Hamilton的内容是以移民为主题的美利坚合众国的诞生。故选C。
B.
【答案】24. B 25. A 26. D 27. D
【解析】【文章大意】 本文是一篇议论文。本文分析了A+E Networks公司的CCO(首席文化官)Amanda Hil1对近期纽约举办的中国元素服装设计展举世瞩目这一事件的评论,以此展现出中国流行文化在设计领域引领世界潮流的现状。
24. B 细节理解题。由第三段最后一句“The exhibition had record attendance, showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.”可知,这次展览的观众规模空前。故选B。
25.A推理判断题。由第四段Hill的第一句话“Chinese models are the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese women are not just consumers of fashion - they are central to its movement.”可知,Hill认为中国的女性已经占领时尚运动的中心地位,她们正在定义时尚。故选A。
26. D词意猜测题。从本句的后半句and beating them hands down in design and sales可知,Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu正作为中国的时尚设计师代表同Galliano, Albaz, Marc Jacobs这些时尚设计品牌交锋并占据优势,因此句中的take on意为“与……抗衡”。故选D。
27. D主旨大意题。从整篇文章来看,本文是通过A+E Networks公司的CCO(首席文化官)Amanda Hil1对近期在纽约举办的中国元素时尚服装展览盛况空前的评论,得到中国的时尚设计力量正在引起世界注意并逐渐成为主力的结论。故选D。
C.
【答案】28. B 29. C 30. B 31. A
【解析】【文章大意】 本文是一篇说明文。十九世纪三十年代之前报纸由于只能以年为单位订购,几乎仅仅是有钱人的专有物,后来一些有胆略的年轻商人打破现状,逐渐让街上以份售卖成为报纸销售的主流。这就是报纸行业的一场大的变革。
28. B 细节理解题。由第一段第四句“In addition, most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience.”可知,在19世纪30年代之前大部份报纸都没有什么吸引大众的内容,故选B。
29. C细节理解题。由第二段第二句“It meant any inexpensive newspaper; perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.”可知,街上按单份卖的报纸相比之前只能以年为单位订购的报纸,更容易让普通大众消费,也就是有了更多的读者群,故选C。
30. B细节理解题。从第二段第二句The trend, then, was toward the "penny paper" - a term referring to papers made widely available to the public.可知报纸售卖的新潮流目的是向普通大众销售报纸,故选B。
31. A细节理解题。最后一段第一句“This new trend of newspapers for "the man on the street" did not begin well.”就谈到了开始得不顺利,再结合下文的“failure”以及“had little desire to change the tradition”可知,"penny paper"这一新潮流并不顺利,许多成功报纸商不愿改变传统,只是有一些年轻的有胆识的商人努力才促使改革成功。整个过程非常辛苦,故选A。
D.
【答案】32. C 33. B 34. A 35. D
【解析】【文章大意】本文是一篇议论文。文章开篇指出猴子对数字有一定的概念,随后研究人员进行了一系列的实验来验证这一理论。他们发现,猴子不仅能记住简单的数字,还能进行一定的运算。
32. C细节理解题。由第二段第一句“A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward.”可知,研究人员在正式对猴子进行实验前事先对猴子做了相关方面的训练,故选C。
33. B 细节理解题。由第三段最后一句“If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice”可知,猴子在实验中通过触摸相应数字对应区域的屏幕来得到奖励,故选B。
34. A推理判断题。由第四段“... indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.”可知,大量实验结果表明,猴子不仅仅是记住每种数字组合相加的结果值,而是可以完成进一步的简单计算,故选A。
35. D推理判断题。文章首先给出了一个关于猴子对数字有一定概念的结论,随后介绍了研究人员对猴子进行的数学实验的步骤及实验现象,这一类主题一般不在环境、健康板块,而相比教育,科研板块更符合文章实验研究的性质,故选D。
