
Sense: the semantic links between elements within the vocabulary system is an aspect of their sense, or meaning. The abstract property of an entity
Utterance: an utterance is created by speaking (or writing), a piece of language. ~are real pieces of speech.
Concept: something is abstract, which has no existence in the material world and can only be sensed in our mind.
Sentence: are abstract grammatical elements obtained from utterance. By filtering out certain types of information, we can get to abstract grammatical elements, sentence.
Propositions: one further step of abstraction is possible purpose: to identify propositions. In trying to establish rules of valid deduction, logicians discovered that certain elements of grammatical information in sentence were irrelevant. By going on to filter out certain types of grammatical information, we can get to propositions, which are descriptions of states of affaires and which some writers see as a basic element of sentence meaning.
Types of reference: referring& non referring expressions : constant& variable reference:I You, Eiffel Tower referents & extensions
Denotational approach: emphasizes the links between language and external reality
Representational: emphasizes the links between language and the conceprual structure.
Language of thought: mental process not involving language is often used to argue that cognitive process do not employ a spoken language but makes sense of a separate computational system in the mind.
Homonymy: are unrelated senses of the same phonological word.. we can distinguish different types depending on their syntactic behavior and spelling.不同源
Polysemy: Polysemous are judged to be related and listed under the same lexical entry.(HOOK)
Opposites:simple~,(dead, alive); gradable~(hot); reverse~(right0left); converse~(above below); taxonomic sisters(red, blue)
Hyponymy; inclusion. A hyponym includes the meaning of a more general word (dog& cat_animal)
Meronymy; part-whole relationships between lexical items(cover&page~~book)
DERIVATIONAL verbs: Causative verbs: KILL
Agentive nouns: V+er\\or
Entailment, he killed the king. The king died.hyponymy I bought a dog, I bought an animal. Presupposition: to presuppose something means to assume it..例 合适husband is a fool. She has a husband.B是A的条件
Situation types: is a label for the typology of situations encoded in semantics of language. semantic distinctions like static: view a situation as a steady state (love,know)& dynamic(walk),-------durative(sleep)& punctual(cough, knock), telic(bounded,have a natural completion)& atelic(unbounded) allows a basic classification of situations into(states. Activities and accomplishments) inchoatives(are progresses where or attention is directed to the beginning of a new state,or to a change of state# the ice melted)& resultatives(have a final point of completion# Bill baked a cake)
(A)STATE; desire, want ,love hate (B)ACTIVITIES(unbounded process): run, walk
(B)ACCOPLISHMENT(bounded):walk to school (D)ACHIEVEMNT recognize, stop
(E)SEMELFACTIVES the gate banged.
Modality& Evidentiality: allows the speaker to assume various attitudes towards a proposition.
Modality is a cover term for devices which allow speakers to express varing degree of commitment to, or belief in, a proposition. EPISTEMIC modality reflects various judgements of factuality and DEONTIC modality communicates judgements of moral and legal obligation. Both can be seen as implying a comparison between the real world and the hypothetical versions of it. Evidentiality is a term for the ways in which a speaker qualifies a statement by referring to the sourse of the information.
Thematic Roles:1 AGENT,:DAVID cooked the rushers. The thief stole the wallet.
2 PATIENT; 状态变化The sun melted the rice. The bowl cracked
3 THEME; 位置The book is in the library
4experiencer: 承受者Kevin felt ill. I forget your address.
5.Beneficiary; They baked me a cake
6. instrument; she broke the window with the stone.
7.location; the monster was hiding under the bed
8 goal;Pat told the joke to his friends.
9 source: the plane came back from Beijing
Thematic Role Grids: In the generative grammar literature.the listing of semantic roles.
例子 PUT V : JOHN(AGENT) put the book(THEME) on the shelf(LOCATION) Deixis: Spatial (here, there), person (I, you), social () Background& mutual knowledge. B,common sense, is usually meant the knowledge a speaker might calculate others would have before, or independently of, a particular conversation, by virtue of memberships in community. M是交谈双方直接语境下共有的知识 A; shall we go and get some ice cream? B; I am on a diet (A;Oh, ok) Direct Speech act; the conventionally expected function (question, statement.order,) Indirect ~~; the extra actual function (request, order, threat) Politeness; It is very hot instead please open the window. I am sorry but you are wrong instead of you are wrong Positive face: represents an individual’s desire to seem worthy and deserving of approval Negative face: to be autonomous, unimpeded by others. KATZ”S Theory: 1, semantic rules have to be recursive for the same reasons as syntactic rules 2.the relationship between a sentence and its meaning is not arbitrary and unitary, the meaning is compositional. Dictionary: pairs lexical items with semantic representation, projection rules: show how the meanings of sentences are built up from the meaning of lexical items semantic components dictionary{N}grammatical information [] distinguishers (male)semantic markers Projection rules: they operated on syntactic phrase markers. They used these trees to structure the amalgamation of word meaning into phrase meaning, and then phrase meaning into the sentence’s meaning. Locative alternation? TALMY semantic components: figure, motion, path, ground,and manner. 例子Bill(figure) swam(manner) away from(path) the crocodile(ground) Conflation; 杀,杀死。Go to school.去学校 Jackendoff: event, state, material thing, path, place and property Metaphor: is the basic ability in using and understanding the world. Where properties are transformed from one concept to another. I am feeling up 特点conventionality, systematicity, asymmetry, abstraction Locative alternation: He loaded newspapers onto the van=he loaded the van with newspapers Mapping=linking grammatical rules 和 semantic roles 重合. I ate an apple. Bounded有起始点 +b, -b, =b
