
Passage Three
Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.
War may be a natural expression_r of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in the human species. Natural impulses of anger, hostility, and territoriality (守卫地盘的天性) are expressed through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals. Aggression is a kind of innate (天生的) survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation that allows animals to defend themselves from threats to their existences of human violence are always conditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior. In human societies violence has a social function. It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order. Religious traditions have taken a leading role in directing the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and ethical (道德上的) patterns within which human violence has been directed.
The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law. The more developed a legal system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to deal with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgment and punishment upon the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected, the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the state assumes responsibility for their protection.
The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. While the one protects the individual from violence, the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of the state. In war the state affirms its supreme power over the individuals within its own borders. War is not simply a trial by combating to settle disputes between states; it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon its people for their commitment allegiance, and supreme sacrifice. Times of war test a community’s deepest religious and ethical commitments.
31. Human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior in that ________.
A) it threatens the existing social systems
B) it is influenced by society
C) it has roots in religious conflicts
D) it is directed against institutions of law
32. The function of legal systems, according to the passage, is ________.
A) to control violence within a society
B) to protect the world from chaos
C) to free society from the idea of revenge
D) to give the government absolute power
33. What does the author mean by saying “... in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused” (Lines 4-5, Para. 2)?
A) Legal systems greatly reduce the possibilities of physical violence.
B) Offenses against individuals are no longer judged on a personal basis.
C) Victims of violence find it more difficult to take revenge.
D) Punishment is not carried out directly by the individuals involved.
34. The word “allegiance” (Line 4, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to ________.
A) loyalty
B) objective
C) survival
D) motive
35. What can we learn from the last paragraph?
A) Governments tend to abuse their supreme power in times of war.
B) In times of war governments may extend their power across national borders.
C) In times of war governments impose high religious and ethical standards on their people.
D) Governments may sacrifice individuals in the interests of the state in times of war.
Passage Four
Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.
Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying must take extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with them from their own culture. For example, they must make sure they construct measures that are meaningful for each of the cultural or ethnic minority groups being studied.
In conducting research on cultural and ethnic minority issues, investigators distinguish between the emic approach and the etic approach. In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and important to the people in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures. If researchers construct a questionnaire in anemic fashion, the concern is only that the questions are meaningful to the particular culture or ethnic group being studied. If, however, the researchers construct a questionnaire in an etic fashion, they want to include questions that reflect concepts familiar to all cultures involved.
How might the emic and etic approaches be reflected in the study of family processes? In the emic approach, the researchers might choose to focus only on middle-class White families, without regard for whether the information obtained in the study can be generalized or is appropriate for ethnic minority groups. In a subsequent study, the researchers may decide to adopt an etic approach by studying not only middle-class White families, but also lower-income White families, Black American families, Spanish American families, and Asian American families. In studying ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. If so, the emic approach would reveal a different pattern of family interaction than would the etic approach, documenting that research with middle-class White families cannot always be generalized to all ethnic groups.
36. According to the first paragraph, researchers unfamiliar with the target cultures are inclined to ________.
A) be overcautious in constructing meaningful measures
B) view them from their own cultural perspective
C) guard against interference from their own culture
D) accept readily what is alien to their own culture
37. What does the author say about the emic approach and the etic approach?
A) They have different research focuses in the study of ethnic issues.
B) The former is biased while the latter is objective.
C) The former concentrates on the study of culture while the latter on family issues.
D) They are both heavily dependent on questionnaires in conducting surveys.
38. Compared with the etic approach, the emic approach is apparently more ________.
A) culturally interactive
B) culturally biased
C) culture-oriented
D) culture-specific
39. The etic approach is concerned with ________.
A) the general characteristics of minority families
B) culture-related concepts of individual ethnic groups
C) features shared by various cultures or ethnic groups
D) the economic conditions of different types of families
40. Which of the following is true of the ethnic minority families in the ________ U.S. according to the passage?
A) Their cultural patterns are usually more adaptable.
B) Their cultural concepts are difficult to comprehend.
C) They don’t interact with each other so much as White families.
D) They have closer family ties than White families.
Part III Vocabulary (20 minutes)
Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.
41. It was ________ that the restaurant discriminated against black customers.
A) addicted
B) alleged
C) assaulted
D) ascribed
42. The medicine ________ his pain but did not cure his illness.
A) activated
B) alleviated
C) mediated
D) deteriorated
43. He is the only person who can ________ in this case, because the other witnesses were killed mysteriously.
A) testify
B) charge
C) accuse
D) rectify
44. Professor Hawking is ________ as one of the world’s greatest living physicists.
A) dignified
B) clarified
C) acknowledged
D) illustrated
45. The financial problem of this company is further ________ by the rise in interest rates.
A) increased
B) strengthened
C) reinforced
D) aggravated
46. We shall probably never be able to ________ the exact nature of these sub-atomic particles.
A) assert
B) impart
C) ascertain
D) notify
47. All the people in the stadium cheered up when they saw hundreds of colourful balloons ________ slowly into the sky.
A) ascending
B) elevating
C) escalating
D) lingering
48. Many years had ________ before they returned to their original urban areas.
A) floated
B) elapsed
C) skipped
D) proceeded
49. What you say now is not ________ with what you said last week.
A) consistent
B) persistent
C) permanent
D) insistent
50. Military orders are ________ and cannot be disobeyed.
A) defective
B) conservative
C) alternative
D) imperative
51. Some educators try to put students of familiar abilities into the same class because they believe this kind of ________ grouping is advisable.
A) homogeneous
B) instantaneous
C) spontaneous
D) anonymous
52. Even sensible men do ________ things sometimes.
A) abrupt
B) absurd
C) acute
D) apt
53. The commission would find itself ________ at every turn if its members couldn’t reach an agreement.
A) collided
B) savaged
C) crumbled
D) hampered
54. Grain production in the world is ________,but still millions go hungry.
A) staggering
B) shrinking
C) soaring
D) suspending
55. He developed a ________ attitude after years of frustration in his career.
A) sneaking
B) disgusted
C) drastic
D) cynical
56. They believed that this was not the ________ of their campaign for equality but merely the beginning.
A) climax
B) summit
C) pitch
D) maximum
57. Several guests were waiting in the ________ for the front door to open.
A) porch
B) vent
C) inlet
D) entry
58. As the mountains were covered with a ________ of cloud, we couldn’t see their tops.
A) coating
B) film
C) veil
D) shade
59. We couldn’t really afford to buy a house so we got it on hire purchase and paid monthly ________.
A) investments
B) requirements
C) arrangements
D) installments
60. The magician made us think he cut the girl into pieces but it was merely an ________.
A) illusion
B) impression
C) image
D) illumination
61. A good education is an ________ you can fall back on for the rest of your life.
A) asset
B) ethic
C) inventory
D) obligation
62. Giving a gift can convey a wealth of meaning about your appreciation of their ________ and the importance you place upon the relationship.
A) solidarity
B) priority
C) superiority
D) hospitality
63. The designer has applied for a ________ for his new invention.
A) tariff
B) discount
C) version
D) patent
. The toy maker produces a ________ copy of the space station, exact in every detail.
A) minimal
B) minimum
C) miniature
D) minor
65. An energy tax would curb ordinary air pollution, limit oil imports and cut the budget ________.
A) disposition
B) discrepancy
C) defect
D) deficit
66. They have decided to ________ physical punishment in all local schools.
A) put away
B) break away from
C) do away with
D) pass away
67. Astronauts are ________ all kinds of tests before they are actually sent up in a spacecraft.
A) inclined to
B) subjected to
C) prone to
D) bound to
68. Individual sports are run by over 370 independent governing bodies whose functions usually include ________ rules, holding events, selecting national teams and promoting international links.
A) drawing on
B) drawing in
C) drawing up
D) drawing down
69. Up until that time, his interest had focused almost ________ on fully mastering the skills and techniques of his craft.
A) restrictively
B) radically
C) inclusively
D) exclusively
70. All the ceremonies at the 2000 Olympic Games had a unique Australian flavor, ________ of their multicultural communities.
A) noticeable
B) indicative
C) conspicuous
D) implicit
