
韩,非常感谢您!谢谢您做介绍时的友好言辞。今天我们很高兴来到这里。我和我夫人为有这次机会再次来到中国访问感到荣幸。感谢贵国对我们的欢迎,特别感谢复旦大学的热情接待。我们为此感到不胜荣幸,谢谢你们!我们此行带来了布什总统和美国人民的良好祝愿。
我知道在座的许多人很快就要从这所优秀的大学毕业。我听说贵校有极为严格的标准,得到复旦大学的学位代表着多年的刻苦攻读和自我约束。我祝贺在座各位学业有成。对各位老师坚持复旦大学99年追求卓越的传统我深表钦佩。
1.4 Speech by Wang Guangya at Princeton University
Ladies and Gentlemen,
Good evening.
I am honored to be invited to your seminar tonight. For me, for my colleagues and for many other Chinese, Princeton has long been a familiar name. With a history longer than the country, it has produced many outstanding people, Woodrow Wilson, the 28th US president, Albert Einstein, the great scientist, and T. S. Eliot, the famous poet, to name but a few. As former president Bill Clinton said in 1996 at the celebrations for the 250th anniversary of Princeton, “At every pivotal moment in American history, Princeton, its leadership, faculty and its students have played a crucial role.”
I am more pleased to learn that all of you have a keen interest in China. Though our two countries are geographically far apart, we have a great deal in common in the everyday life. While many Chinese enjoy Hollywood movies and McDonald’s fast food, many Americans find that their clothes and daily necessities are made in China. I hope that today’s seminar will help you gain a better understanding of China and its foreign policy, thus deepening further our friendship and cooperation.
1.5 新工厂落成典礼上的讲话
各位尊敬的来宾,女士们,先生们:
下午好!
欢迎大家前来参加我们公司在中国的首家新厂房的落成典礼!感谢各位拨冗光临,与我们共同庆祝这一盛大的活动!
我谨代表公司对今天来参加典礼的各位供应商、客户嘉宾、各位员工和业务伙伴说声“谢谢!”
公司管理层深深为我们的新工厂感到骄傲,我们能干的员工感到骄傲,他们发展了工厂的业务,使之达到国际水平。新厂房标志着公司对中国业务的重视和承诺。
各位供应商,我们希望与你们携手共进,使我们的业务更上一层楼。
各位经销商,我们将继续向你们提供尖端的高质量产品,以协助你们做好客户支持,改善中国和东南亚许许多多人士的生活。
各位邻居和朋友,我们将成为良好的企业公民,与各位同行一起维护在中国开展业务的规范性。
最后,我们承诺给员工们提供一个安全、舒适的工作环境。
再次感谢各位与我们共同庆祝今天的典礼!
Lesson 2
2.3 Yo-Yo Ma
今天将与我们见面的是我们这个时代最伟大的大提琴家-马友友。作为大提琴演奏家,马友友的职业生涯已经横跨了20多个年头,期间他发布了50多张专辑。他的音乐获得过许多奖项,其中包括令人叹服的14项格莱美大奖。他也曾经在许多重要的场合演奏,如格莱美的颁奖仪式和奥运会的庆典活动。
马友友是出生在法国的华裔,父母都是音乐家,母亲是歌唱家,父亲是作曲家。第一次正式登台演出的时候,马友友只有5岁。随后他随家人迁居到了美国。4年后,年仅9岁的马友友就在纽约极具声望的卡耐基音乐大厅登台演出了。后来马友友进入朱莉亚音乐学院学习提琴演奏。从那儿他转入哈佛大学,并获得人类学学位。他在哈佛的求学经历以及多元的文化背景都造就了今天的马友友。
而今,马友友仍在继续他的音乐之路,并且积极地与来自世界各地的各种流派的音乐家合作。他的音乐灵感受到人和大自然的激发。在马友友看来,大提琴是他声带的延伸。他演奏时最重要的一点就是全时全情地投入,并且努力将音乐的内容传递给现场观众。
2.4 CNN interview with Jet Li
CNN 记者:祝贺《英雄》所取得的成功。请问您在《英雄》里扮演的角色是否与你通常演的角色很相似呢?
JL: It is a very special part and a very special movie. I think it’s one of the most important action movies in my life.
CNN 记者:为什么你会这样说呢?你演过近30部电影,而《英雄》是如何与其他影片不同的呢?
JL: Usually action films have a formula: a child whose parents have been murdered by the bad guys tries hard to learn martial arts and he grows up into an outstanding Kongfu master. He takes revenge and kills the bad guys. But “Hero” has a much broader theme.
CNN 记者:就比如很像《卧虎藏龙》?
JL: No, it’s totally different. I think Ang Lee is a very talented director. He uses martial arts to talk about love and girls, you know… But Zhang Yimou tries to tell about Chinese culture, Chinese thinking and their hopes through martial arts.
CNN 记者:含义的确很深。我们知道您的处女作是1979年拍摄的〈少林寺〉,那时你还是个十几岁的少年。影片在亚洲引起了轰动,并且还加拍了两部续集。我想问的是,您是如何从一位武术冠军成为一名好莱坞的动作明星的?
JL: I think the most important thing is that when I was young, I learnt martial arts, that is my special key. I can use my unique martial arts skills in the film. But after a few years, I really want to do something different… like using martial arts to talk about peace and achieve peace.
CNN 记者:这听起来似乎是矛盾的,对吗?您是一个打斗专家,但您却要谈和平?
JL: That’s right, because Chinese culture is not just martial arts. That’s only the physical part. It’s not true that the Chinese people are all Kongfu masters and can just beat up people; and that they have no brains, no thoughts. As a matter of fact, we have a deep, strong and sophisticated philosophy. I feel I have the responsibility to share this information with the worldwide audience.
2.5
美国兴起在线实时信息传递的狂热大约始于五、六年前,那时我刚上大学。开始我对什么是网上聊天还一无所知,但我很快就明白了,没多久就对网上聊天着了迷,只要有时间我就网上聊天。那时我刚上大学当我把越来越多的人加到我的“网友名单”上时,其他人也在做同样的事。网上聊天真是越来越普遍,很快就“人人为之”了。
我的打字技能应归功于长时间的网上聊天。然而令人遗憾的是,当我的打字速度提高后,一切语法规则也丢掉了。要知道,网上聊天有他们自己的速记语言,语法并不重要。
渐渐地,网上聊天的狂热在美国降了温,之后我就来到了中国。
在这里,我发现对在线实时信息的狂热不是一种而是两种,第一种就是QQ,它让我回想起当年的痴迷。因此,那个循环又重新开始了。
在QQ之外,还有一种恐怕是更为流行的快速传递信息的潮流,你一定猜到了—手机短信。
我在中国的头几个月没有手机,也就与之没有关联。但最近我买了一个手机,才知道了手机短信是多么有用,以及其广为流行的原因。
我承认当我走在外面或坐在地铁里发送短信息时有点不好意思,但有谁不这样做?无论我走到哪儿,都能看到人们在手机上收发短信。实际上,倒是很少看到谁拿着手机在讲话。
看来,无论我走到世界的什么地方,都无法逃避实时信息传递的狂热。显然,这个潮流不会改变。然而,最终我并不对此抱怨。因为实时信息传递又快又便宜,又简单又非常有趣。再说了,每个人都在这么做啊。
Lesson3
3.3 史蒂夫 福布斯谈《福布斯》
我祖父20世纪初来到美国。他离开英格兰时身上没什么钱。连他在内兄弟姐妹10人,不过他自小就受到很好的教育。像许多人一样,他也是满怀憧憬和理想来到美国的。他创办了《福布斯》杂志,报道那些实干家,那些改变商业社会的人。
我祖父常说,做生意不是堆积百万财富,而是为带来幸福快乐。如今我们讲到公司、经营,文章中会用到许多数字,但焦点一直放在人上面。对公司来说,最重要的是人,而不是资产负债表。以前我祖父是这样看的,我们现在也是这样看的。
当前的世界信息泛滥,足以将人淹没,人们迫切需要一本刊物来解读这些信息,告诉读者哪些重要,哪些不重要。这就是《福布斯》的价值所在。我们提供额外的视角和判断。我们从不停留于表面,总想看看公司到底是如何经营的,正是当今芜杂繁多的信息使得《福布斯》日益重要。
3.4 Introduction to an arts and crafts company
Distinguished guests, dear friends,
I feel honored to have this opportunity to introduce our company to you through the platform provided by this conference.
Founded 15 years ago, we are a company specializing in the design, manufacture and sales of handicrafts. Fifteen years ago our staff numbered 50; now the figure is 1,700. Fifteen years ago we rented a facility covering a floor space of 4,500 square meters; now our own facility covers a floor space of 24,000 square meters. These figures speak loudly and clearly of our success.
Our leading products are various architectural exotic European cathedrals, the Empire State Building, the White House, and the Pentagon in the U.S., along with cartoon animal toys and Christmas gifts with a variety of designs. Our designs have become trend setters in the industry.
Nowadays, our products are sold worldwide in more than twenty countries including Japan, Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, America, the UK, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Germany. They are well received by both local importers and customers. For fifteen years our output value has manifested an annual growth rate of 30%.
3.5 财富500强
45年来,〈财富〉杂志一直给美国的大公司排名,这就是一年一度的“财富500强”,有时也将前面的100名成为“财富100强”。上榜的公司基本上都是头年收入名列前茅的美国本土公司。财富杂志根据上市公司的公开数据来计算收入,未上市的公司没有列入,因为它们的股票没有公开发行。国外公司在美国的分公司也不参与排名。
“财富500强”公司是美国规模最大、利润最多、实力最强的公司。论收入,即使500强排名最后的公司也是才大气粗,如去年排名最末的公司收入也超过30亿美圆。
除了介绍美国公司的“财富500强”之外,〈财富〉杂志还推出了“全球500强”,给各国的上市公司排名。当然,由于美国经济在全球经济中的主导地位,许多“财富500强”的美国公司也高居“全球500强”排行榜。
〈财富〉杂志也推出其他排名,如“100家受雇条件最佳公司”、“100家增长最快的公司”等。比较各种排名看看哪些公司重复上榜,是很有意思的事情。比如,在“100家受雇条件最佳公司”榜上排名第一的公司可能根本不在“财富500强”之列,而排在“财富500强”和“全球500强”前列的公司,却上不了“最受人尊敬的公司”排行榜。也许甲壳虫乐队说得对——爱是不能用金钱买来的。
Lesson 4
4.3 西敏斯特大学介绍
非常感谢你们的盛情款待,我们很高兴来到这里。今天很不巧,校长没法来,我谨代表他介绍一下我校的情况。
西敏斯特大学成立于1838年,是英国第一所工科大学,所以我们学校有着悠久的历史。我们的主校区位于英国首都伦敦的中心地带。目前我们的学生来自132个不同国家,人数超过22,700. 所以西敏斯特大学是全英最受国际学生欢迎的15所大学之一。
我们有教师700多人,还有来自各国的客座讲师1,000余人。学校的国际环境为学生日后将要面临的职业生涯打下良好的基础,我们的目标是提供国内和国际环境下高品质的教育和科研。
我们是一所现代大学,在传播、文化和媒体研究、法律、亚洲研究、语言学、艺术设计(包括音乐)、电子工程、政治与国际关系方面占据领先地位,我们的主要学科均获得高度认可。
我们真诚希望与贵校建立交流合作项目。
4.4 Preserve core values of the Lunar New Year
To people of Chinese descent around the world, the Lunar New Year (also called Spring Festival) is undoubtedly the most important festival of the year. Dating back 3,000 years, it celebrates the passing of a peaceful year and welcomes a new year.
The reunion dinner, eaten on New Year’s Eve, is the most special, with members of the extended family gathering for the most significant meal of the year. Even the absent members will endeavor to return home in time for it. It underscores the supreme importance of the family in Chinese culture, and aims at strengthening the sense of togetherness and cohesion.
The way people celebrate the New Year embodies two important core values. The first value is the sense of family togetherness; members of multi-generation families are all there to have a big reunion dinner. Everyone will follow this custom. The female members are always held responsible for preparing the dinner, and some rich families may take on extra hands. The second value lies in the happy visits mutually made between friends and relatives, a good way to strengthen kinship and friendship.
However, economic development has resulted in some changes in lifestyles. After a busy year, people are tired of preparing for the reunion dinner, and would rather hold their reunion dinner in posh restaurants, despite the exorbitant costs. The festival door-to door visits have given way to New Year greetings via telephone or text messages. Some families even go to such extremes as to travel and seek temporary refuge in a hotel so as to avoid being visited.
Some tradition-minded people regard the reunion dinner and visits to relatives and close friends during the New Year as core values, without which the holiday would lose much of its significance. Some pessimists contend that, as the popularity of western culture grows, Chinese traditional festivals gradually lose their original meaning and degenerate into commercial festivals like Christmas.
The Spring Festival is an important part of the Chinese cultural heritage, and it will continue to be celebrated. The modes of celebration may change, but the core value should be sustained: that of respect for kinship and friendship.
4.5 中英教育交流
Q: My question is about educational exchanges. You mentioned in your speech that there are large numbers of Chinese students studying in Britain. As we know, it is extremely difficult to get a scholarship in a British university. But the tuition fees for international students far exceed these for home students. So we can not help wondering about the motivation of British universities in enrolling Chinese students. Is it to promote educational exchanges with China and to liven up campus life in Britain, or just for a commercial purpose? Thank you.
A: 这实际上是出于多种考虑。我不否认有商业考虑,办大学也要花钱,不过教育交流是主要目的。奖学金难申请是因为钱要出,有时候纳税人有意见,说应该把奖学金给本国学生而不是外国学生。所以很困难。
但我们现在已经在扩大奖学金范围。事实上,过去几年,中国学生来英国留学生人数大大增加了,这说明奖学金难归难,你们还是有办法来留学的。
我想教育交流在未来会非常重要,我也希望,每一次外国学生来英国学习,回去时就像是一个英国大使,到他的国家为我们宣传,不管是在中国,俄罗斯还是哪个国家。所以我们在扩大教育规模,吸收更多海外留学生。所以你们继续申请奖学金,我们会尽力帮助的。
Q: Mr. Blair, welcome to Tsinghua University. I was deeply impressed by your support for Sino-British educational exchanges, but I was also sorry to learn that some universities in northeastern Britain have decided to cancel the major of Chinese Culture and Language, among them the University of Durham. Will this affect cultural and educational cooperation between our two countries? If so, what is your solution?
A: 讲到学校的课程,既然我听说了这件事,我打算回去看看究竟,不过大学做出这样的决定原因很多,也许是经济原因,或者是他们面临某种困难,这也是时有的事。要把想做的事都办成,钱总是不够的。不过我可以向你保证,我们会一如既往地欢迎中国学生来英国学习,就算杜伦大学没有合适的专业,其他大学也肯定有。
Lesson 5
5.3 Premier Wen’s Speech at the Opening Ceremony of the 15th General Assembly Session of the World Tourism Organization
Mr. Francesco Frangialli, Secretary-General of the World Tourism Organization,
Ms. Louise Frechette, Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations,
All Delegates, ladies and gentlemen,
At this October time when Beijing is offering us its charming autumn scenery in the fresh air and clearest weather, the 15th General Assembly Session of the World Tourism Organization is officially opened here. On behalf of the Chinese government, I would like to extend our sincere welcome to all the guests here and to express our warm congratulations on the convening of this session.//
Tourism is a nice and pleasant activity that combines sightseeing, recreation and health care. Tourism has been developing all along with the progress of the times. Since the middle of the 20th century, modern tourism has been growing at a fast pace around the world. The number of tourists has ever been on the rise, the scale of the tourism industry has been in constant expansion, and the position of tourism in the economy has clearly risen. Tourism serves gradually as an important bridge of cultural exchange, friendship and further exchanges, and exerts more and more extensive influence on the human life and social progress among various countries. //
As a country with a civilization with a long history, China is also a big oriental country full of modern vitality, not to mention its unique, rich and varied tourism resources. Besides the picturesque natural scenery, profound history and extensive culture, China embodies the different folk customs of 56 nationalities. Currently, there are 29 places that have been listed as World Cultural and Natural Heritage sites. Thanks to the further push by the opening up and reform, China’s modern construction is surging ahead, and the cities and the country are experiencing daily changes. The ancient glory of China and its modern boom add radiance and charm to each other, joining to create most favorable conditions for developing our domestic and international tourism. //
The first 20 years of the 21 century represent an important strategic period for China to achieve the all-round construction of a well-off society and to speed up its socialist modernization. It also provides a favorable time for the further development of China’s tourism industry. We shall promote tourism as an important industry in China’s national economy, properly protect and utilize our tourism resources and try to achieve sustainable tourism development. The Chinese government welcomes all international friends to visit China. We shall do our best to protect their health and safety; and at the same time encourages more Chinese people to go abroad for visits. We are ready to develop extensive cooperation with other counties and contribute to global tourism growth.//
For many years, the World Tourism Organization has made active and effective efforts for the promotion of tourism prosperity and development around the globe. The World Tourism Organization has become a specialized agency of the United Nations. We would like to offer our sincere congratulations. We believe this WTO General Assembly session will give a major push to the further prosperity and development of tourism in the world.//
Finally, I wish the 15th General Assembly Session of the World Tourism Organization every success.
Thank you.
5.4世界旅游组织简介
世界旅游组织是间唯一接纳旅游经营着的组织,它受联合国委托,在各国旅游业的宣传和发展工作中起着核心的作用。它成立于1975年,总部设在 西班牙首都马德里。
世界旅游组织的宗旨是促进和发展旅游事业,使之有利于经济发展、国际间相互了解、和平与繁荣以及不分种族、性别、语言或宗教信仰、尊重和人的基本自由,并强调在贯彻这一宗旨时,要特别注意发展中国家在旅游事业方面的利益。
世界旅游组织的成员分为正式成员、联系成员和附属成员三类。正式成员是指所有的主权国家。联系成员指的是那些不必负责外交事务的地区。这些成员需要经过为他们承担外交责任的的批准。
附属成员的范围十分广泛,包括直接从事旅游业或与旅游业有关的组织和企业,如:航空公司以及其他运输公司、饭店、餐馆,旅游批发商和零售商、金融界、保险公司、出版界等机构。
到2003年,世界旅游组织有正式成员包括141个国家,7个联系成员和350个附属成员,它们代表着私营业者、教育机构、旅游协会以及地方旅游管理机构。
5.5现代化与文化遗产的保护
主:Welcome to our studio. My first question is : how many years have you been in China?
客:3年多了。我是2002年5月底来的。
主:3 years. I bet you have witnessed a lot of changes in China. Could you tell us your deepest impression of urban development in China?
客:我恐怕只能就我所在的城市谈谈经验,不过从周边城市的所见所闻,我也会有同样的看法。所有的外国人都非常清楚地看到,中国和中国的许多城市都正在快速地发展。我想在东部沿海城市更是如此。到处耸立着崭新的高楼大厦,马路变得更加宽阔。
主:What do think of all these tall buildings and widened roads?
客:这个问题提的好,但是我觉得这是个相当复杂的问题。
主:Why is it complicated?
客:这个问题得从两个不同角度来谈。一方面是我作为一个外国人所期望的。我想看的,我感兴趣的。和中国人想看的或者想让我看的肯定是不一样的。另一方面就是现代化与旧城文化保护相互冲突的问题。
主:Then let’s see what are the differences between a foreigner’s expectations and what the Chinese would like to see.
客:这个问题看来最好这么来谈。一般情况下,中国朋友带我们参观城市时,都是带我们去看现代建筑。比如机场、大桥、会展中心。等等城市里最新的东西。但是外国人对老城区、小街小巷、古旧建筑更感兴趣。也就是那些使这个城市有别于我们所看过的其他城市的东西。一个外国人到过世界上的其他地方可能比一般中国人多,所见过的机场和桥梁对他们来说没什么太大的不同,但是西安的庙宇他们就觉得有别与法国的教堂,更重要的是,中国城市的老房子更有别于英国城市的老房子。
主:That is to say, foreigners are interested in the things unique in China, but there is a contradiction between modernization and preservation, as you mentioned just now from another perspective. The space of a city is limited; the old part of the city should be reconstructed, and in fact the new buildings are symbols of the prosperity of a city. Isn’t this a good thing?
客:当然,繁荣与发展对你们来说是很重要的,对我们来说也是很重要。问题是当一个国家发展的时候,人民的生活水平也随之提高,甚至可能提高很快。他们需要让别人看到这种变化的事实。你们似乎忽略了对以前事物保护的需要,不止是保护那些庙宇或者宫殿。而是应该保护人们居住的房屋,保护老城区的原貌。文化遗产一旦遭到破坏,你们是无法挽回这种损失的。
主:You are quite right. People nowadays are starting to realize the importance of the preservation of heritage. Some local governments are making great efforts to deal with the contradiction between development and preservation. Well, because of the limitation of the time, I’m afraid we have to stop now, thank you ever so much for your coming to discuss this topic with us. We hope you’ll come again.
Lesson 6
6.3
每当谈及饮食卫生问题时,你可能会直接联想到青少年,其实,许多不良饮食习惯开始于孩提时代。
小孩子的不良饮食习惯有许多表现方式,它包括用餐没有规律,经常吃的过饱或经常饿肚子,有些孩子可能已经开始食用最没有营养的垃圾食品,专吃某一食品或着不愿吃某一食品。
当你的孩子明显地表现出只想吃花生酱和果冻三明治时,作为家长就要注意寻找孩子缺乏卫生饮食习惯的原因。
假如家长怀疑他们的孩子有了不良的饮食习惯,他们就该带孩子看健康方面的专家,比如通科的医生、心理医生或者营养师。
但是在帮助孩子改变态度以及不良习惯的过程中,家长本身也能起到一个重要的作用,因为孩子会仿效他们家长的饮食习惯。比如说,如果家长正在节食,他们应该注意到他们没有让他们的孩子误以为面包和粮食是不好的食品。
家长们对培养健康的饮食习惯应该发挥积极的作用,因为全家都需要健康,改变不良的饮食习惯应该落实到每个家庭成员。孩子们的不良饮食习惯应该尽早就能被发现。
6.4 国际烟草控制公约
女士们、先生们:
首先,我要告诉大家一个好消息。一个以降低死亡与疾病主要原因为目的的公约刚刚生效。这个公约叫《烟草控制框架公约》。它是由世界卫生组织主持达成的第一个国际公共卫生条约。
已经有160个国家在公约上签字,签了约的国家必须在他们的国家批准该公约。迄今为止,已批准了公约的国家接近60个。但是只有40个国家需要批准使之生效。该公约在2005年2月27日生效。
各缔约国必须提高香烟和其他烟草制品的价格和税收,他们必须打击非法的烟草制品贸易,必须采取措施减少公共场所被动吸烟等。
公约还禁止烟草广告以及烟草商进行赞助活动。但是这样的必须不会冒犯该国的规定。
公约号召各烟草公司为大众生产香烟替代品。健康的警告词不应该包括可能让吸烟者误以为某些香烟的危害程度比其他香烟小的信息。专家说所有的香烟都是不安全的。
缔约国还必须支持开展帮助人们戒烟的活动。应该开展告诫人们不要吸烟的教育活动。
世界卫生组织的研究表明,全球目前有烟民约10亿人。80%多的烟民生活在发展中国家。经常吸烟的人有一半死于吸烟,每年世界上有近500万人因吸烟而死亡,专家指出,按照目前的增长速度,到2020年,这个数字将达到1,000万人。
吸烟导致并增加了患各种疾病的危险。这些疾病包括癌症和心脏病。吸烟的孕妇可能伤害胎儿。最近研究提供了更多的事实,证明孩子从小就吸入烟雾,他们长大后得肺癌的危险性增大。
《烟草控制框架公约》广受世界人们的欢迎,但是补充的协议还需要进一步完善。比如,发展中国家贯彻公约需要资金的支持。对于那些不能实行的国家还没有处罚的条例,不过他们的表现将在联合国大会接受检验。
我的话完了,谢谢大家。
6.5 HIV/AIDS disease prevention
A: 王先生,早上好。非常感谢您抽时间接受我们的采访。请您介绍一下中国目前艾滋病传播的情况。
B: Well, in China, HIV/AIDS has become a very serious problem related to social development. There have been cases of people being accidentally infected with HIV/AIDS, through accepting polluted blood from hospitals, babies acquiring the disease from their mothers, having improper sexual relationships. From the time we discovered the first AIDS patient in 1985, our country has entered a period of rapid development in AIDS infections. Experts estimate that more than 900,000 people had been infected with HIV by the end of last year. If we don’t take some efficient measures, this number will double by 2010.
A: 您认为增长这么快的原因在哪里?
B: First, because of poverty, people lack education and information about the prevention of HIV/AIDS. Second, ignorance. People do not pay much attention to this problem. Third, they lack proper resources, things like training, money and information. According to reports, we still do not have an efficient medicine to cure HIV/AIDS.
A: 已经采取哪些具体的措施来控制艾滋病在中国的蔓延呢?有什么国际合作吗?
B: We have already got very strong support from the international community, especially on the technical side. And on the domestic front, we recognize that making our people understand and raising their awareness is very important. So, common sense, health education and behavioral changes are the only way for people to avoid HIV infection.
A: 贵国在发布警报及增强公众对艾滋病传播危险性的认识方面一直都在怎么做?特别是在农村地区?您认为要解决这个问题还应该进一步做什么?
B: Firstly, I think the government should improve our monitoring system, and secondly, NGOs should try their best to mobilize all the resources we can use to help the people, especially people at the grass roots and the rural areas, to let them know the terrible results of spreading the disease and how to prevent HIV/AIDS. I think we should do more advocacy work among the people.
A: 非常感谢您回答我们这么多问题。预祝你们在与艾滋病的斗争中取得成功。
B: Thank you.
Lesson 7
7.2
When nations are faced with great catastrophes, it is common for the accusations to start flying before the dust even settles or any debris has been cleared当国家面临灾难,各种指责、诘难在尘埃落定之前满天飞是一件很正常的事。
Commentators are quick to raise a cry over government action or lack thereof, or whether a disaster could have been averted or its deadly consequences mitigated.对于在其中的行为或者无所行动以及一场灾难能否被转移或者减轻其致命的后果,评论家们迅速高呼起来。This is especially true when many lives are lost and many more are at stake, and society is forced to cope with something terrible for the first time.当许多生命丧失,更多生命危在旦夕时,社会首次被迫对付某一种可怕的事情,这尤为重要。
There is always a steep learning curve when it comes to responding to calamities of this kind, and Mother Nature does an expert job of keeping us on our toes.遇到这类灾难时,人们总是快速学会很多东西。大自然的确是训练我们生存能力的专家。The ability to expect unexpected should be considered something of a virtue for public officials.人们开始认同提前为意外事故做好准备应成为的重要职能之一。
The Indian Ocean tsunami that wreaked havoc in southern Thailand and other countries is a perfect example of why that is so.给泰国和其它国家造成巨大灾难的印度洋海啸就是一个活生生的例子。
New policies, organizations and procedures will spring up amid the devastation.这场破坏性灾难将促生一批新、新机构和新程序。Expensive new technologies will be deployed and bureaucrats shuffled around.昂贵的新科技将应用,官僚主义被摆脱。The world of officialdom will appear to be in control, actively responding to needs and crises as they arise.们将四处奔走,积极地去应对和解决出现的问题和危机,整个官僚体系显出良好控制局面。
As a society, the people of Thailand have demonstrated that they can come together and help one another in times of crisis.在突如其来的危机到来时,泰国人民用事实证明了他们团结一致、共度难关的民族精神。But we must now work much more resolutely to prepare for possible disasters, no matter how high or low their probability.从今往后我们必须下更大决心备战可能出现的灾难——无论它的可能性多大还是多小。We cannot just focus on the next tsunami because it is likely that the next big catastrophe could be something totally different and unexpected.我们不能只把注意力放在下一次海啸上,因为下一个巨大灾难可能完全不同并超乎预料。We must prepare for the worst, no matter what form it takes.我们必须为最坏的情况作准备,不管它以什么方式出现。
7.3
过去,爱好体育的年轻人玩的是曲棍球或棒球,如今他们追求的是冒险和刺激——越接近极限越好。他们踩着踏板从悬崖上方滑过,骑着山地车沿着陡峭的山峰而下,迎着飓风冲浪,在激流中漂流,从塔台往下蹦极。
极限运动最初是作为昂贵运动项目的替代品。城市里的孩子如果买不起贵的运动器材,买个滑板也能玩得兴趣盎然。但现在极限运动已经成为体育运动中的一个全新的领域,需要有特制的装备和高超的技巧。甚至还有专为极限运动而设立的成为冬季极限运动会的特奥会,比赛项目包括雪山赛车和攀冰运动等。每年夏天在美国的罗德岛都会举行极限运动竞技比赛,比赛项目包括冲浪式特技跳伞,即在打开降落伞前踩着小冲浪板乘风翱翔的一种特技跳伞。
是什么原因使得极限运动如此受欢迎呢?我想主要是因为人们喜爱惊险刺激。特别是城市居民渴望在周末走到户外从事一些具有挑战性的运动。借助现代先进的装备,人们能参与更惊险的运动而无损毫发。危险正是极限运动的部分魅力所在。一旦你尝试过山地骑车或是雪地滑板,会觉得普通的自行车或滑雪运动很乏味,难以退而去享受它们的乐趣。
当然,极限运动并不适合所有人。大多数人还是更喜欢玩篮球,棒球或者是观看电视上的体育节目。不过极限运动确实是越来越受欢迎了。这种新颖刺激的运动很可能在将来成为风潮。
7.4 罗格在雅典奥运会上的致辞
希腊共和国总统先生,
亲爱的希腊朋友,今晚,全世界向希腊致意三重敬意。
人类感谢你,因为你于2,800年前,在奥林匹亚创立了奥林匹克运动会。
世界崇敬你,因你在现代奥林匹克运动的奠基人皮埃尔.德.顾拜的号召下,于16年就在雅典重新恢复了这项盛事。
最重要的是,今晚全世界为你欢呼致意,感谢你举办这一届奥运会,让奥林匹克运动会回到了它的诞生之地。
感谢所有支持奥林匹克运动会的人,特别要感谢伟大的自愿者们,没有他们的付出,就没有今天的盛会。
所有参赛的运动员,我想对你们说的是,这是你们理应享受的一刻,是你们的所有辛劳和奉献的巅峰时刻。请通过你们的行为——拒绝兴奋剂和奉守公平竞技的原则,让我们相信体育运动正日益变得可信和纯洁。
我们的世界需要和平、宽容和友爱。
来自世界上202个国家的运动员,请向我们展示:体育运动能克服民族、政治、宗教和语言的障碍将人类联合在一起。
愿本届奥运会能真正体现在此制定的奥林匹克休战书的精神,在和平中举行。
感谢雅典!感谢希腊!
现在,我荣幸地邀请希腊共和国总统宣布第28届现代奥林匹克运动会开幕。
7.5 The Olympic flame illuminates Beijing
June 8-9, 2004: history shall forever remember the date. The Olympic Flame came down to China’s Divine Land with mankind’s yearning for peace, friendship, civilization and progress and with the Greek people’s friendship for the Chinese people. rom Travling from Olympia to the Great Wall, the blazing Olympic torch has brought the Olympic spirit to Beijing, and, after illuminating Chinese people’s desire for peace, their wish for participation and their appreciation of the Olympic spirit, the torch has traveled across the five continents to every corner of the earth with the Chinese people’s hearty blessing.
With the centennial impressiveness of the Olympics and the millennial civilization of Chinese history, the Olympic Flame has tied closely together Beijing and Athens, the Chinese people and the people of other countries.
Wherever the torch went, the TV cameras focused on were like unfolding one by one our beautiful picture rolls of unique traditional eastern culture. Beijing, built more than 3,000 years ago and regarded as the ancient oriental capital for over 850 years, continually radiates its charm, to be found along the wide streets and narrow lanes, between the high buildings and large mansions. Its primitive simplicity and latest modernity, its dignity and vigor reflect Beijing’s greater openness, display the Chinese nation’s progress and civilization, how the people live actively and optimistically, enjoy their lifestyles and yearn for the Olympics, and present the Chinese people’s passionate longing and preparing for the 2008 Beijing Olympic games. Not only in Beijing, but also in Qingdao, the co-host city and sub-site for competition for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, the people, in their own way, express their warm welcome to the Flame, with countless sails plowing through the blue sea and numerous drums sounding loudly together on the sandy beaches.
On August 29th, Beijing will take over the Olympic flag from Athens. From that moment onward, the attention of the whole world will be focused on Beijing and its preparatory work will be arranged according to a new schedule. We will carry out all the preparations to the highest standard, with the highest quality and at the highest level. We will realize far more widely and deeply the ideals of a “Green, Hi-tech, People’s Olympics”.
We believe that, with the supports of the IOC, of friends in their countries, of overseas Chinese, of our Party Central Committee and State Council and of the whole Chinese people, we are sure to bring into effect the strategic blueprint of “New Beijing, Great Olympics”, and we are sure to dedicate to the world these Olympic Games which will perfectly embody the Olympic ideal and spirit.
May the Olympic Flame blaze forever.
We hope to meet in 2008 in Beijing.
May the Olympic torch be handed down from generation to generation.
May the Olympic spirit be promoted around the world.
Lesson 8
8.3 Premier Wen on China ‘s political reform
A:The interview background: On Nov. 21, 2003, Premier Wen had an interview with the Washington Post. During the interview, Wen expounded on the state and target of China’s economic and social development, as well as the Chinese government’s view of China-US relations and major international issues. The following is an excerpt on China’s political reform.
B:中国的经济改革发展迅速,使得中国在短期内取得高速发展。中国的政治改革是否需要跟上经济改革的步伐?
A: China embarked on the road to reform and opening up in 1978. Our reform is a comprehensive one which includes both economic and political restructuring. Precisely as Mr. Deng Xiaoping pointed out, without political reform, economic reform would not be successful. In essence, political restructuring in China aims at integrating the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, the people’s role as masters of their own affairs, and the rule of law in the conduct of public affairs.
At present, it is particularly important to do a good job with regard to the following. First of all, we should develop democracy to safeguard people’s democratic rights and to respect and protect their human rights. Secondly, we should improve the legal system through better legislation, better administration according to the law, greater judicial reform. Thirdly, we should run the country according to the law, making our socialist democracy more institutionalized, standardized and regularized, and in this way we can make sure that it will not change because of changes in the leadership or changes in the views and priorities of leaders. Fourthly, we must strengthen supervision, and we should make sure that the government is placed under the supervision of the people. We have to develop democracy and strength supervision. Only in this way can we make sure the government will not relent in its efforts, and this would help avoid a situation whereby the government would be a failure.
China is a big country with 1.3 billion people, so political reform should be pressed ahead in an orderly fashion and in a well-organized manner. Now there exist many misunderstandings. For instance, with regard to freedom of religious belief, freedom of religious belief is clearly written into China’s constitution. China currently has over 100 million religious followers and over 100,000 religious sites.
Since the beginning of the reform and opening up, one religious site has been either built or restored every three days. There are quite a number of religious sites around the Zhongnanhai compound. For instance, to the east of Zhongnanhai, there is the Wangfujing Catholic church. To the south, there is the Islamic mosque on Niujie Street. To the north, there is the Yonghe Buddhist Monastery. To the west is the Baiyun Taoist Temple. Nearest to Zhongnanhai is the famous Xishiku Catholic Church, which has a long history in China. If you visit these religious sites, I’m sure you will see people practicing their religious faith.
A:今后中国在政治改革方面还会有什么步骤?比如说现在的直接选举,是否会从基层推进到乡镇?
At the moment, we have introduced the practice of self-administration and direct elections in 680,000 villages. This is a great innovation, and it is also very good practice for Chinese farmers. We have also introduced suffrage for the election of people’s deputies at the level of townships, counties and urban cities without districts. Indirect elections are held for the leadership of provinces, and of municipalities with districts, as well as for the central authorities. Why? This is because China is such a huge country with such a large population. It is still underdeveloped, and economic development is uneven between regions, so conditions are not ripe for direct elections at the higher levels. The first hindrance in my view is the inadequate education level of the population.
8.4 《华盛顿邮报》总编谈中国
有人说,《华盛顿邮报》经常把中国描绘成一个“主义的国家”,那里的人“没有民主,没有自由”。他们问,为什么《华盛顿邮报》对这些负面的字眼如此感兴趣呢?对此,我不能赞同。首先,包括《华盛顿邮报》和《纽约时报》在内,几乎所有美国大报都不再将中国称为“国家”。 《华盛顿邮报》已经有很长时间不再使用类似这样的字眼了。今天,我们依然称中国为“党国家”,那是因为这是一个事实,中国的确是由党所统治的。
今天,《华盛顿邮报》正在努力尝试去理解中国的复杂性。去年,本报就发表了好几篇有关中国市民社会的长篇报道。这些报道的主题多种多样,涉及到网络、工人、与个体的冲突等等。这些报道全面反映了中国的复杂性。
中国是个大国,每天都在发生很多不同的事情,这些事情很多是自相矛盾的。比如,中国的经济成就在短时间内让成千上万的老百姓脱贫,这是其他国家望尘莫及的。但同时中国也面临很多矛盾。全世界都在拭目以待,领导人如何解决这些矛盾。
我们都应该向中国学习。中国对我们未来生活的影响将会越来越大。在过去50年中,在美国发生的一切影响了全世界众多地方。今天,中国的作用跟美国有异曲同工之妙。作为正在崛起的经济大国,中国将对世界-包括美国-发挥越来越大的影响力,尤其是在经济领域。中国人民将很快接受这样一个现实,那就是中国发生的事将对世界产生巨大的影响。
我到过中国三次。第一次是在1999年.第二次是在2001年3月,期间我有幸采访了中国国家。第三次是2003年11月,期间我又采访了中国总理。中国有令人难以置信的活力,中国文化也是如此丰富多彩。每次到中国,我都看到和学到了一些新东西。中国的景色无与伦比,发展潜力巨大。我认为,中国如何应对今后的挑战将决定这个星球的未来。
我认为我没有资格来评价中国的领导人。每次当我采访中国的领导人的时候,我都感到他们准备充分,应答自如,知识渊博,富有远见,对中国在世界舞台上扮演的角色充满了自信。中国如此庞大,有这么多的问题需要对付,人们差距如此之大,世界上恐怕再也找不到比管理中国更复杂的工作了。这比当美国总统难得多,尽管两者有诸多不同之处。
8.5 与中国的理智关系——霍华德欢迎访问澳大利亚联邦议会
尊敬的众议长先生、参议长先生:
我代表澳大利亚及各位议员,热烈欢迎中华人民共和国来到澳大利亚联邦议会,同时也欢迎胡夫人以及中方的所有成员。
毫不夸张地说,若是在10年前,这样的访问活动是非常不可能发生的。同样,要是在10年前,我也无法想象作为澳大利亚的总理,我能有机会在北京对中国党党校的做演讲。而在2002年,我作为西方中右派政党的领袖,我确实这样做了。
我认为,这说明了几个问题。这说明世界已经发生了一些变化。这说明澳中关系具有理智的特征,因为2002年我的访问和今天胡的来访并没有以两国牺牲各自独特的传统为条件。我认为澳中关系是成熟而务实的,是以日趋紧密的人员往来为基础的。两国处于不同的社会,拥有不同的文化、传统和历史,完全没有必要回避这一事实。可以说,澳大利亚两大政治派别的历届一直努力在两国关系中体现这一事实,这对双方都有巨大而长远的好处。
因此,从这几点来说,澳中关系是非常成熟和务实的关系。人员往来是极其重要的,我可以这样说,如今在澳大利亚最普遍的外语是汉语的一种方言。3%的澳洲人口,也就是超过55万人,具有中国血统。就我个人而言,在我所代表的碧尼龙选区,13.3%的选民具有中国血统。澳大利亚的中国留学生达到了34,000人。
……
胡、胡夫人,非常欢迎你们的来访。感谢你们的到来,祝你们身体健康。相信你们会受到澳大利亚人民的热烈欢迎,他们会以行动展示出他们对两国关系的重视。
Lesson 9
9.3 Multivariate family planning policy in China
It has been over two decades since China adopted the Family Planning Policy. However, there still exist misunderstandings about this policy. People mistakenly think that China’s Family Planning Policy equals the One Child Policy, which allows one couple to have only one child. Their impression is that this policy is implemented more strictly in urban areas: in cities where people are better-off, one couple can have only one child, while in the poor rural areas, one couple can have two or three children. Furthermore, they think that the One Child Policy is the cause of gender imbalance. I will now clarify these misunderstandings.
As a matter of fact, the policy adopted in the early 1980s is a multivariate policy called the Family Planning Policy, or the fertility policy. Its multivariate nature can be proved by two facts.
First, the total fertility rate in China now stands at 1.8, which means there is more than one child per family in most areas. For example, there is generally only one child in a family in urban areas, but two in rural areas, and three in ethnic minority areas. In some areas, like Tibet, there are no restrictions at all on the number of children a family can have. We can tell from this fact that China’s Family Planning Policy varies in accordance with the economic and social development level of different areas.
Secondly, China is seeing an unbalanced sex ratio at birth at the moment. The sex ratio at birth refers to the number of boys born per 100 girls born. This is not the same concept as the sex ratio of the total population.
The unbalance is not entirely the result of the Family Planning Policy. I would like to cite two interesting examples. My first example is the ROK. In 1988, the sex ratio at birth in the ROK was 114, and the ratio now in China is 117. I believe there is no family planning policy in the ROK. My second example is Singapore, whose sex ratio at birth in1984 was 109. Why is it a common problem in Asia? There are two reasons. The first reason is the influence of traditional culture and ideology, that is, a preference for sons, which poses a great problem for the sex ratio at birth. Second, China’s unbalanced birth ratio is attributable to the poor social security in rural areas.
The Chinese government has launched a nationwide Girl Care Project to hamper the rising sex ratio at birth. This project aims to educate the general public to abandon their traditional preference for male children and to advocate female children’s status and rights. Secondly, the Chinese government is also making an effort to establish and improve the social security system, particularly in rural areas.
Thirdly, the phenomenon of allowing one child for urban families and two to three children for families in poor areas is called reverse selection of population quality. I have two points to make in the regard. The policy in rural areas is made in accordance with the economic situation there. The social security system is being gradually improved in rural areas. If a stringent One Child policy is to be introduced in this process, the household insurance coverage is likely to be reduced for rural families. Therefore, the number of children allowed in rural families is dependent on the economic situation.
9.5 联合国驻华协调代表谈中国的家庭与人口
家庭问题是十分复杂的,与经济、社会和文化等各方面的发展息息相关。世界各地有充分的证据表明,需要仔细地研究和对待经济、社会和文化与家庭的联系,否则老龄化、人口迁移和艾滋病等引起的家庭结构和规模的变化将在经济、社会和文化上对家庭产生负面影响。
中国也是如此。中国是世界人口最多的国家,自20世纪50年代起经历了一个人口快速增长的时期,现在13亿人口以每年700万人的速度在增长。中国一贯将关系到每个社会成员衣、食、住、行等的家庭问题作为首要问题来对待。中国的家庭一般三代同堂,近年来有所变化。
中国进行了20多年的改革,拥有强大的和勤劳的人民,这些使中国取得了前所未有的成就,使五亿人口成功脱贫,使中国成为世界上最大的贸易国之一,并完成了大部分的联合国千年发展目标,而且其中有些比预期的2015年提前了整整11年。然而,正如去年3月发布的中国千年发展目标进度报告所指出的,中国的快速发展的背后还存在一些新老问题。东部和西部、农村和城市,以及男女两性的发展日益不平均是需要尽快解决的紧迫问题。同时,经济与社会、人类与自然的发展不协调的矛盾日益突出。家庭,尤其是贫困家庭,面临着艾滋病的威胁,缺乏机会,无法享受资源和服务,生存环境日益恶化。中国通过制定出自己的千年发展目标来应对这些挑战,也就是力争到2020年实现全面小康社会。
中国国家人口与计划生育委员会以及其他各级部门担负着保证家庭问题与国家整体发展进程紧密联系的挑战和责任。帮助完成这一使命符合我们的共同利益。
Lesson 10
10.3 中国与欧盟的关系
女士们、先生们、朋友们:
今天,我很荣幸给大家介绍欧盟的一些情况以及欧盟与中国的关系。
欧盟全称叫欧洲联盟,是在欧洲共同体基础上有25个的国家组成的,目的是为了加强政治、经济和社会合作。原来叫“欧共体”或“欧洲经济共同体”。
目前的25个成员国是:奥地利、比利时、丹麦、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、爱尔兰、意大利、卢森堡、荷兰、葡萄牙、西班牙、瑞典、英国、塞浦路斯(希腊部分)、捷克共和国、爱沙尼亚、匈牙利、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、马耳他、波兰、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚。
欧盟25国总面积400平方公里,差不多半个中国的面积。总人口数为4.544亿,排行第三,仅次于中国和印度,约占世界总人口的7%。
欧盟同一货币为欧元,2002年一月正式启用。到目前为止,已经有12个欧盟国家用欧元取代其本国货币。同一货币使旅行和价格比较容易些,它还为欧洲的商业往来、刺激增长和竞争创造了一个稳定的环境。
到目前为止,欧盟的国内生产总值逾10万亿美元。作为一个整体,这个规模与它的主要竞争对手美国差不多。经济总量和贸易总额分别占全球25%和35%。
欧盟与中国的关系十分良好。今年5月欧盟与中国就建交30周年了。去年,欧盟与中国的进出口贸易总额达到2,000亿欧元。德国是中国的最大贸易伙伴,英国、荷兰名列第二和第三。
欧盟正抓住当前这一大好历史机遇-团结曾经的欧洲,创造一个和平、稳定、民主的欧洲。这次欧盟的扩大还将创造一个几乎拥有5亿消费者的大市场,这个市场饱含经济的增长和不断繁荣的极大潜力。
我的话完了,谢谢大家!
10.4 中国与东盟的关系
A. Excuse me, could you tell me when ASEAN was established? and how many member countries does it have now?
B. 东盟于1967年8月成立,目前有10 个成员国,它们是文莱、柬埔寨、印度尼西亚、老挝、马来西亚、缅甸、菲律宾、泰国、新加坡和越南。
A. Besides these 10 member countries, ASEAN also always holds the 10+1, 10+3 meetings. Does this mean that ASEAN has some dialog partners?
B. 是的,东盟有10 个对话伙伴,它们是澳大利亚、加拿大、中国、欧盟、印度、日本、俄罗斯、新西兰、韩国和美国。
A. What is the area that ASEAN covers? How many languages are spoken in this region? What is the total population?
B. 东盟地区面积大约有450万平方公里,有14种官方语言和7种主要的宗教信仰。人口总数在2000年一共有5.12亿。
A. 4.5 million square kilometers is about half of China’s territory, such a big regional organization neighboring China. How is the relationship between ASEAN and China?
B. 东盟地区不止是范围广阔,而且在经济、政治和科学技术方面也是举足轻重的地区。所有的东盟成员国都是中国的友好邻居。自从上世纪90年代起,中国与东盟的关系一直很好,政治关系更加密切。
A. Could you give me some data?
B. 在中国与东盟的关系中,经贸、科技方面的合作是基本的组成部分。1994年的贸易总额从120亿美元增加到235亿美元,其中中国的出口是109.2亿美元,进口是125.6亿美元。双方的相互投资过去几年也不断增加。东盟在劳动力合作和项目开发方面已经成为中国的重要市场。中国和东盟已经同意用8年的时间创建世界人口最密集的自由贸易区。
A. The relationship is very good economically, and how about politically?
B. 东盟是一个非常活跃的地区性组织,在发展相互了解和互信、捍卫地区国家间的和平与发展起到非常活跃的作用。中国与东盟的友好合作证明,国家无论大小、他们可能有不同的历史背景、社会制度、发展水平、文化传统以及价值观,但是只要他们遵守和平共处五项原则,他们一定会和谐共处,共同发展。
10.5 Diplomatic work for the people
It is true that we have been working every effort to serve the purpose of doing diplomatic work for the people. On the international stage, in order to do good and practical things for the people, we have to rely on our friends. In this regard, Chinese leaders have played an exemplary role. They have made many good friends for China in the world. Last year, President Hu Jintao, Chairman Wu Bangguo of the NPC, Premier Wen Jiabao and Chairman Jia Qinghong of the CPPCC visited a total of 34 countries. During their short yet tightly scheduled visits, they conducted extensive activities. Last year alone we received 29 visiting heads of state, 23 heads of government and 42 foreign ministers.
In addition, different departments and industries across the country have been engaged in other diplomatic activities so as to make friends for the motherland and do practical things for the people. The inter-parliamentary, party-to-party and military-to-military diplomatic activities between China and other countries are fairly active, and a large number of Chinese NGOs are also active players in the international arena, such as the Chinese Youth League, the All China Women’s Federation and the All China Federation of Trade Unions. Many Chinese cities have also established twin-city relations with their foreign counterparts.
At present, China has 235 diplomatic missions abroad staffed with over 5,600 people, of whom 3,200 are from the Foreign Ministry. Ambassador Sun Bigan, who was recently named as one of the top ten figures inspiring China most in 2004, is one of the best representatives of the Foreign Ministry.
Recently, I came across a group of figures from a western newspaper. Let’s take a look at them together to see whether the “China threat theory” makes sense or is nothing but ridiculous nonsense. In 2004, the defense expenditure of the US was US$455.9billion, accounting for 3.9% of its GDP, while that of China in the same year was only RMB 211.7billion, making up 1.6% of China’s GDP. The US defense expenditure was 17.8 times that of China.
In 2004, the per capita defense expenditure in the US was US$1,540 while that of China was about US$20, with the US figure being 77 times that of China. In 2003, the US defense expenditure accounted for 47% of the global total, exceeding the total of the other 25 countries in the world with the largest defense expenditures. The figure was also 3.5 times the total sum of the defense expenditure of the other four permanent members of the Security Council.
China follows the road of peaceful development. To maintain peace is both the starting point and the purpose of Chinese diplomacy. I believe that all those who respect the truth will see China as a staunch force for peace in the world.
Lesson 11
11.3 倾销与反倾销
如一公司以低于其国内市场正常水平的价格出口产品,则被视为“倾销”。 这是不公平竞争吗?意见各不相同。但许多国家针对倾销采取措施,以保护其国内产品。《WTO协议》对此未作判断,而将重点放在了各国能够或者不能够对倾销做出反应上,为反倾销措施制定规则。 这一协议通常被称为《反倾销协议》。//
典型的反倾销方法是对来自特定的出口国的特定产品征收额外进口关税,以便使其价格接近“正常价值”,或消除对进口国国内产业造成的损害。
一般来说,美国、欧盟、澳大利亚和加拿大一直是反倾销措施的主要采取国。在WTO的档案中,记录了这四个国家采取反倾销措施的案例占全部案例的45%。//
为什么发展中国家容易成为反倾销的对象呢?
首先是,出口型经济容易导致贸易纠纷。因为积极参与出口是凡占国内经济的捷径,许多发展中国家实行了出口型的。结果,他们的经济比发达国家更依赖外贸,这样,在发展中国家和发达国家间出现许多摩擦就没有什么奇怪了。//
其次,从发展中国家出口的产品价格十分低廉。因为他们的劳力比起发达国家便宜许多,生产成本低是显而易见的。况且,发展中国家的产品通常设计比较不精美、不完善、这也会影响到价格。相比之下,在发达国家的劳动密集型工业都是暮年产业,比起知识型产业他们很没有竞争力。他们的产品价格在他们国内高得出奇,这个因素很容易引起国内产业和管理部门的注意。//
11.4 ABC of the WTO
A: With the development of globalization, international economic organizations are playing a more important role. What are the major economic organizations in the world nowadays? Could you please tell me briefly about them, not only about their common characteristics in international trade practice, but also their particular features?
B: 三个主要的国际经济组织是世界银行、国际货币基金组织和世界贸易组织。世界贸易组织是于1995年从关贸总协定发展而来的,它是一个在贸易规则基础上进行贸易谈判的论坛,也是一个解决国家之间贸易争端的世界性组织,其核心作用是处理成员国之间的贸易关系。
相比之下,世界银行和国际货币基金组织是单独与其成员国打交道。他们对工业化国家影响很小,但是对发展中国家出现经济危机时,或者这些国家在寻找更多的外汇资源时却有较大的影响。
A: The WTO has replaced the GATT and is much more than the GATT.Could people say in another way that the WTO is the multilateral trading system?
B: 从某种意义上可以这么说。在多边贸易下,成员国之间采取多边谈判的方式使国际贸易规范化以及解决贸易争端。通过这种方法,世界贸易就会顺利运行,世界资源就会被有效利用。50几年来,GATT和WTO在发展国际贸易方面起到了重要作用。就像你刚才所说的,WTO比GATT覆盖的范围更广了、内容更丰富了。所以,多边贸易正在持续发展。
A: The WTO is a very busy and influential organization. Do all member governments have to obey the rules set by the TWO?
B: 不是这样。WTO是以贸易规则为基础的成员国制组织。也就是说,所有的决定都是由成员国制定的,所有的规则都是在成员国之间谈判的成果。换句话说,WTO的所有决定都是通过协商而制定的,是民主可靠的。
A: The economy in developed countries is more powerful than that in developing countries, and much more powerful than that in underdeveloped countries. As an international economic organization, is the WTO’s decision-making under the control of the developed countries?
B: 总而言之,这是不可能的。所有的成员国都有同等的投票权,而且发展中国家的数量比发达国家多。但是,WTO是个国际组织,而发展中国家在经济实力方面似乎弱一些,这就意味着在全球化方面他们不能起到主导作用。但不论怎么说,发达国家不可能通过他们的经济实力来控制WTO。WTO是一个以规则为基础的组织,而这些规则不是由某些国家或集团制定的,所有的决定都是取决于多数人的意见。
A: Can a WTO body directly impact on or change a government’s policies? Does the WTO control the governments of member states?
B: 只有一种情况WTO会对的产生直接的影响,那就是当一个争端提交给WTO ,而且需要通过争端解决机构进行裁决的时候。一般情况下,争端解决机构是通过专家组成的决定或者是上诉报告进行裁决的。
即使是这样,裁决的幅度也是很小的。它通常是一个简单的判断或者是说明,指出该国是否已经违反了WTO的协议,是否该国已经违背了她必须遵守的诺言。除此之外,WTO没有要求采用或改变特定的。
A: Trade is the most important matter that the WTO is concerned with. So some people think that the WTO is willing to do anything to promote free trade. What is your opinion on this?
B: 这是对世界贸易组织许多误解之一。WTO的原则之一就是各国应该降低贸易壁垒,让贸易更加自由。毕竟,各国从降低贸易壁垒中扩大了贸易并从中获利。但是,成员国之间讨价还价最多的是究竟要降低到什么程度。他们谈判的立场取决于他们情愿降到什么程度,以及他们能从其他成员国获得多少回报。一个国家的承诺变成了另一个国家的权利,反之亦然。
A: “Fair competition” is one of the basic principles of the WTO. International trade should be fair in competition. How does the WTO ensure that this principle is obeyed?
B: WTO 已经草拟一系列规则。这些规则详细说明了什么是“公平”什么是“不公平” ,以及应该对“不公平”做出什么反应。如果违背WTO的规则,受害方可以采取反倾销或者“补偿措施”进行补救。
我想要指出的是 WTO不是个自由贸易组织,而应该是一个多贸易组织。作为多边贸易组织,它允许关税和其他形式的保护形式的存在。然而,WTO的目标是消除贸易壁垒,鼓励公平、正当和自由的竞争。
11.5 Speech by President Hu Jintao at the opening ceremony of the 2005 FORTUNE Global Forum in Beijing
Distinguished Mr. Richard D. Parsons,
Honored guests,
Ladies and gentlemen,
Good evening! I am very delighted to be with you here to join in the opening ceremony of the 2005 FORTUNE Global Forum in Beijing on this beautiful evening. To begin with, I’d like, on behalf of the Chinese government, and also in my own person, to express my sincere welcome to all of you, and congratulations to the forum sponsor, Time Warner Inc.//
….
Since the implementation of the reform and opening-up program pioneered by Mr. Deng Xiaoping in 1978, China has undergone a profound transformation never seen in the country before. In a short span of 26 years from 1978 to 2004, China’s GDP increased from 147.3 billion US dollars to 1.94 trillion US dollars, with an average annual growth rate of 9.4 percent. Its foreign trade rose from 20.6 billion US dollars to 1.1548 trillion US dollars, averaging an annual growth rate of over 16 percent.// China’s foreign exchange reserve increased from 167 million US dollars to 609.9 billion US dollars. The number of poor rural people has dwindled from some 250 million to 26 million. The overall national strength of China has increased remarkably and the texture of life of its people improved steadily. // While inheriting and carrying forward their proud past, the 1.3 billion Chinese people are writing a new chapter in history as they march with one mind on the road of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. We in China have identified the goal for the first 20 years of this century. That is to firmly seize the strategic opportunities to build a moderately prosperous society of higher standards in an all-round way for the benefit of our over one billion people. By 2020,we will quadruple China’s GDP of 2000 to approximately 4 trillion US dollars with a per capital level of some 3,000 US dollars, and further develop the economy, improve democracy, advance science and education, enrich culture, foster greater social harmony and upgrade the texture of life for the people.…
Ladies and Gentlemen,
China and the rest of Asia and the world at large are closely related when it comes to development. A developing China will, as always, generate cooperation opportunities with win-win results for other countries in Asia and the world over. By the end of 2004, China had attracted a total of 562.1 billion US dollars in FDI, approved the establishment in China of more than 500,000 foreign-funded enterprises and created a huge import market of some 560 billion US dollars annually.//
At present, most countries and regions have enterprises with investments in China, and over 400 firms out of the FORTUNE 500 have invested in China. The number of R&D centers set up by foreign investors in China has exceeded 700. As China becomes more developed, its cooperation with other countries and their corporations of various types is bound to increase in scale. //
China will keep opening up its market, find new ways of using foreign capital, improve laws and regulations for encouraging and protecting foreign investors, revamp foreign economic management, step up protection of intellectual property rights, and work still harder to help foreign investors and create an even better environment for trade an economic cooperation between China and the rest of the world.…
Facts have proved that such cooperation serves our mutual interests. We look forward to continued expansion of your investment in China and your still closer economic and technological cooperation with Chinese enterprises. I believe that you will give greater scope to the advantages of your companies and your rich managerial expertise and play a critical role in facilitating international economics and technological cooperation and promoting economic development regionally and globally. Let us join hands and work together to contribute a greater share to world peace and common development.
May I conclude by wishing the 2005 FORTUNE Global Forum in Beijing a complete success.
Thank you! //
Lesson 12
12.1 Losing weight
Ladies, don’t try to lose any more weight, because no matter how hard you try, you’ll never be slim enough!Do you know the official definition for slimness? Remember the following, as it’s going to save you lots of money, time and suffering. Listen:The official definition is: Lose 10 more pounds!So how much do you have to lose till you are called slim?You are skinny. No, I need to lose 10 more pounds.You’ve lost 10 pounds. No, I’ll be slim if I can still lose 10 more pounds. This goes on, until you weigh no more than 30 pounds.Dear friends, do you know that, in order to attune myself to your sense of beauty, I have started training myself to stare at a lamppost each day, because that is what you look like after you have lost all that weight.This is sick, because no man really likes women to be so skinny.So why do you ladies still try to lose more weight?It is because modern women no longer care what men think.
What you think is:”I’m not beautiful until all my fellow ladies think I’m beautiful. You men might think I’m slim enough, but if my fellow ladies think I’m not trying hard enough, I’ll lose more.”But, ladies, stop being silly. To your fellow ladies, you’ll never look beautiful. Can’t you see that?
12.2 仁者见智
我每周三次在UNLV大学教经济。上周一开始上课的时候,我问学生周末过得怎样。有一个小伙子说他过得不怎么样,因为他拔了一颗智齿。然后他又问我为什么总是看上去很开心。
他让我想起了曾经看过得一句话:每天早晨醒来的时候,你都可以选择如何对待这一天,而我选择了开心对待。
我给在座的60个学生举了自己的例子。我除了在UNLV大学教书外,还在离我家17英里的汉德森社区大学兼职。几个星期前的一天,我开了17英里的车到达汉德森。我下了公路,使如大学路,再开1/4英里我就能到学校了。可就在这时我的车熄火了,我怎么也无法再点着它。所以我打开闪光灯,抓起课本径直走到校区。我立即给AAA打了电话,让他们下课后安排拖车过来。院长办公室的秘书问我怎么回事,我笑着告诉她这是我的幸运日。她对此非常不解,车坏了我怎么还说是幸运日?我住在17英里外,如果今天我的车注定要坏,它可能坏在公路的任何一段,可它偏偏在最合适不过的地方熄火了,我既没有妨碍公路上的车流,还可以不行到教室,安排下课后拖车。秘书的眼睛睁得大大的,然后她笑了。我也笑着来到教室。这就是我的故事。我注意到,尽管还很早,我的经济课堂上60个学生没有一个在睡觉。也许我的故事感染了他们,也许,一切都是因为一个学生注意到了我很高兴。
12.3 新款手机推介
女士们,先生们:
欢迎参加此次产品推介会。我们公司是一家经过注册的美国有限责任公司,是十大手机经销商之一。今天我们很高兴地向您介绍(展示)一款最新型的手机—MT100。它必将成为高端产品中最热卖的机型。当今人们工作方式的两个要素就是随时随地方便地进行通讯、获取信息. TM100就是为了完全满足这两种需求而设计的。首先,此款手机支持蓝牙功能,连接性能超强。它是一款3频手机,可与G3,GPRS和CDMA网络兼容,实现随时随地的呼叫。其设计独特的高增益天线将信号盲点降至最低。耳机与扬声器均采用最新技术,保证了通话双方的出色音质。MT100还配备了蓝牙无线耳机。500个号码的内存以及通讯簿的存储容量都是其他手机所望尘莫及的。本款手机还可与任何支持蓝牙功能的PDA或电脑数据保持同步。当今的生活方式不再仅限于工作,娱乐业同样重要。因此,MT100还内设MP3播放器,其容量可连续播放5小时的音乐,并且内置多款戏,还可以上网进行在线游戏。外观是当代摩登社会的另一要素。MT100时尚的外观设计凝结了数月的市场调查和测试成果,我们都有自己的喜好。可换外套、可自编曲的多和弦铃音以及可编程的软件都使得MT100个性十足,能满足不同场合,不同心情的需要。超凡的MT100必将成为市场上最受欢迎的机型。亲身体验才最有说服力。欢迎大家都来亲身体验MT100的魅力。您一定不会失望的!
12.4 Nanotechnology
The term, nanotechnology, may not sound unfamiliar anymore. It has become a buzzword within the hi-tech community, but when asked what’s it about and its impact on our life, I’m afraid many people are not able to answer right away. As a matter of fact, it’s already a part of daily life for many. The promise of nanotechnology is almost unlimited.Some may think nanotechnology is all in the future; however, that’s not the cause. In the United States, nano trousers are already on sale. They feel like ordinary cotton trousers but there’s a thin nano layer, which resists spills and stains. So, if you spill your drink, it just runs off. The trousers don’t even get damp.Nano trousers are just one application of the techonology. Nano can be used to produce almost anything you want.Nanotechonology is the science of the very small. But how small is small? Well, imagine I was shrunk to a size 1,000 times smaller. I’d be about as big as the eye of a fly, but nano is even smaller than that. In fact, much, much smaller. Imagine I was shrunk again, this time by 10,000 times. I’d be about as big as a virus, but nano is even smaller than that. You’d have to shrink me another 100 times to get the nano version of me, a billion times smaller than the real me.Industry is already building devices on that scale. In Cambridge, they’re making very thin nano layers of a plastic that emit light when an electric current runs through it. The techonology will soon be on the market, in mobile phones with very bright, energy-saving displays.People will see these developments initially in fairly simple products like mobile phones, but ultimately they will be in TV’s, and when the technology moves on to plastics, you’ll have a roll-down TV that you can hang on your wall.Nanotechnology can also be applied to medicine. Ultimately, it will be applied in making a chip that can go into the body, which will release a drug or a whole variety of drugs at an assignment period of time, thus having a healing effect on the body.Nanotechnology can be used in many other fields which are closely related to our daily life as well. The promise of nanotechnology is almost unlimited. That’s why the government is backing it strongly, yet still many critics fear possible side effects.
12.5 “.biz” 的光明未来
Anchor: It’s been 15 years since the launch of popular web domain names like .com, .org, and .net. Now, there are new names about to enter the internet, like .info, .name, .coop, and .biz. “.biz” is the domain name built for business. It is operated by a company called “NeuLevel”. Today we are glad to have its chief executive officer. Doug Almonchant, join us on the show. Welcome, Mr. Almonchant.
Strong: 谢谢。我很高兴来参加这个节目。
Anchor: The Domain name industry has maintained rapid growth around the world over the years. Do you think that is an inevitable trend?
Strong: 当然,互联网域名和域名业的增长显然是全球性的。从大约1999年7月起,在美国以外新注册的域名比在美国注册要多,我们预计这种趋势会继续,我们相信域名行业会增长,全世界互联网的发展也会如此。
Anchor: Well, what’s the major feature of “.biz”, as compared with other domain names?
Strong: 我们满足的是世界各地企业的需要,针对性很强,不管这个企业是大还是小。.biz比较灵活,可以升级,并且很安全,能够为企业提供在当今激励的竞争环境下所需的各种先进技术。最重要的是,.biz能够让企业成为国际市场上的对手(.biz能够帮助企业在国际市场上树立诚信商家形象)。我们的口号是帮助您更好地做生意。
Anchor: If I had a business and I wanted a .biz name, I would go through a retailer to buy the name from you. How much are you making out of me?
Strong: 事实上,NeuLevel一年只从每个注册的域名上收取5.3美元的费用。
Anchor: In that case, it’s significantly lower than the amount of money charged for a website some two years ago. It seems that the domain name now is a really fantastic business, but what will it be like in two years, in your opinion? Will is still be a fantastic business?
Strong:我相信随着用户的增加,费用还会降下来。我们认为这是一个很棒的生意。其实.biz开始使用的时间并不长,而我们相信.biz很快就会成为企业在互联网上做生意的地方。我们还会围绕.biz提供其他增值服务,也将有越来越多的企业利用.biz这一域名在网上进行有趣、信息含量高及智能化的交易。毫无疑问,在未来的几年中,域名生意还将继续发展。
13.4
尊敬的来宾,女士们,先生们:
我非常荣幸能在此发言。面对在座的贵宾,我觉得自己有点像是在班门弄斧。
今天我讲话的根本目的在于告诉大家:绝不要低估一些下定决心的人改变世界的能力。如果你们记不住我讲了些什么,请你们无论如何记住一点,那就是,你们每一个人都能够使这个世界变得更好。更重要的是,只要大家团结一心,共同努力,那么个人的作用也会更大。
我们需要改变,因为我们的生存正面临着非常现实而严峻的威胁。我们都知道,世界上只有一个地球,但有些人却对此不以为然。我们不断地破坏地球的生态环境,以至于它已经处在崩溃的边缘。
从地平面来看,地球似乎是巨大而且不可摧毁的,但是,在那美丽的蓝色海洋的下面却潜伏着灾难与破坏。大量的化肥、杀虫剂、化学产品和煤粉都在不断的毒害和扼杀海洋生物。海底的许多地方已经变得非常贫瘠,因为拖网已经破坏了古老的珊瑚礁及那些还不为科学家所知的海洋生物群。许多种类的鱼,海洋哺乳动物和鸟类已经灭绝或濒临灭绝。世界各地的生态学家都警告我们正面临着海洋生态系统的崩溃。那也就意味着我们的捕鱼业将遭受灭顶之灾。
我们消耗了大量的化石燃料,包括煤、煤气和石油。一个直接后果就是气候的改变。我们对石油的消耗如此之大,以致我们在一个世纪内就已经用尽了地球上石油储量的一半。当我们消耗掉地球上一半的石油达到那个所谓的“产出巅峰”后,无论我们怎么努力石油产量也只能走下坡路了。
可是当我们达到产出巅峰后,需求量却仍在不断增加,不仅来自那些迄今已经消耗了大部分石油的西方国家,还来自像中国和印度等其他国家。这些国家现在都在试图赶上我们的自动化和工业化的水平。试想那2个国家的20亿人民也和我们一样浪费资源的话,地球将会变成什么样?如果我们自己不减少使用的话,我们就不能期望他们消费。
大自然有它的极限,而我们正在迫使大自然突破这些极限。我们就是自己最大的敌人。我们以为技术能解决一切问题,但事实上许多技术,比如基因工程,本身已经成为一大问题。我们无法战胜自然,我们必须与之共存,我们对自然资源应该取之有度,而非使其枯竭。
我们不能再让大自然继续加速朝着崩溃的边缘走去,而是应该放慢脚步,停止贪婪,绿化生活。
我们要改变我们的生活方式,工作方式,改变我们的经营方式,改变制定的法规。这需要个人和的公共努力。
14.3
✧首先,我谨代表商务部对张国宝主任、东北三省的领导表示忠心的感谢;
对经济与合作发展呢组织(OECD)、国际金融公司(IFC)、多边投资担保机构(MIGA)为这次论坛提供的支持表示诚挚的谢意;
并对参加这次论坛的各位代表表示热烈的欢迎。
✧First, on behalf of the Ministry of Commerce, I would like to extend my heartfelt thanks to Director Zhang Guobao, and to the leaders of the 3 northeastern provinces in China.
My thanks also go to the Organization of Economic and Cooperative Development (OECD), the International Financial Corporation (IFC) and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) for their support.
Also, I would like to extend my warm welcome to all the delegates.
✧外资与这些曾是竞争对手的大型国企合作,缩短了进入中国市场的时间,获得了国企中大批的技术和管理人才,继承了一片市场,得到了合作伙伴在原有领域的资源和支持,更重要的是将自己的竞争伙伴转化为合作伙伴,突出了竞争优势。
✧By cooperation with larger or medium-seized state-owned enterprises, their former competitors, foreign-invested enterprises can shorten the amount of time needed to gain access to the Chinese market.
They can attract a number of technically and managerially talented people who worked in the state-owned enterprises, as well as the market, the resources of their partners and support from the government.
What is more important, they can convert their competitors into partners and become more competitive.
14.4西部中国国际经贸会的开幕致辞
张,尊敬的各位来宾,女士们先生们,
今早我非常荣幸来到这,揭幕西部中国国际经贸会,感谢四川邀请我们参加这个重大的盛会,这里汇聚着来自北京和12个其他省份的首脑,共商中国西部地区的发展战略。
这次会议反应了中国和中国人民对发展西部地区作出的强烈承诺。国有经济部门的激情和决心使我印象非常深刻,而且私有经济部对提出的支持西部发展目标也逐渐感兴趣起来。
尽管对世界开放极其重要,中国的未来主要还是依靠国内市场的发展。推动促进西部省份的发展对长期实现中国经济持续增长是很重要的。某种程度上增长率落后的西部省份,会阻碍整个经济增长率的增长。鉴于西部省份贫困发生率显著,促进经济增长很必要,创造适需的工作岗位,才能减少贫穷问题,减少普遍存在的不平等问题。
世界银行集团的使命是紧扣重点,优先解决由经济增长,贫穷,不平等产生的一系列相关问题。过去的20年里,我们为中国西部省份的100个项目提供了80亿美元的支援资金。国际金融组织,是世界银行集团的私营机构,非常积极支持私有经济部门在西部地区的投资,其已经对中国40多个项目投资了10亿多美元,几乎占了所有在中国西部总投资额的20%。
这些投资项目在支持国内私有经济的发展和鼓励对外直接投资方面发挥了重要作用。世界银行和国际金融中心将继续支持和私营经济部门努力加快西部发展进程。由此,我们看到令人鼓舞的是所有重要的可促成变革的因素都汇聚一起来发展私营经济,私营经济作为一股新的活力注入中国落后地区促进其发展。
目前此次访问中国的目的是评估中国近期的经济发展,与中国高层领导讨论有关世界银行集团对中国加入世贸组织后的援助战略。两天前我就开始在云南访问,现在已经到达四川。我已经看到了关于世界银行集团如何给和私营经济部门为发展中国西部提供援助的好事例。然而,还有很多艰难的挑战我们是不能忽视的,包括继续努力创造并改善利于企业发展的环境,以保证社会公平和环境可持续发展的方式实现经济增长, 面临的挑战还不仅仅局限于这些。但我有信心我们会攻克这些挑战。
最后,我要感谢四川,它支持世界银行和国际金融中心在四川的运作。我们期待与你们合作,促进中国西部的发展,改善此国在这块重要地区的人们生活水平。
谢谢!
14.5 中国西部人力资源开发国际研讨会的开幕词
尊敬的,尊敬的各位与会者,女士们先生们:
我很荣幸为此次中国西部人力资源开发国际研讨会致辞。
几天前,北京奥委会申请2008年奥运会举办权的优异表现给我们留下深刻印象。国际电视台向世界人民展示了一副生动形象的中国画面:现代化办公大楼和商业中心,衣着时尚潮流的人们,经济成功之路。此次会议在这个豪华的酒店举行很好地展现了中国的形象。然而,在中国游览过很多地方的人会知道,这并不是中国的全貌。
你可以说出很多方面来突出沿海地区与内陆地区的差异。比如说,在20世纪90年代间,东部沿海地区的经济增长速度比内陆省份快30%;内陆省份的人均国内生产总值连沿海地区的一半都不到。82%外资企业设在东部沿海地区,在外资企业的外贸交易中,仅有6%是在内陆地区进行的。
这些区域差距强烈地说服我们加速内陆省份的经济发展,的西部发展战略将加速西部地区的发展,推进更进一步的改革开放。亚洲开发行欢迎并支持这个战略。
现在,我想花几分钟告诉你们亚洲开发银行的职责,其职责是帮助促进西部区域的发展。亚发行在中国的运营战略是促进可持续的,亲民的经济增长,减少贫困问题,提高生产力,改善人们福利条件。
自1986亚发行运营开始,已借贷给中国大约100亿美元。中国充分利用了这笔钱,按计划实施的项目或提前实施的项目一般都到达目标。
亚发行的运营投资在地域重点上已经发生了巨大转变。在1986年至1995年间,大约三分之二的贷款是支持沿海地区的项目,三分之一的贷款是投放到内陆省份的项目。和亚发行制定了一个目标,要促进更加贫困的内地省份的经济发展。
想更好的管理投资,吸引更多的投资者到西部地区投资,就需要更好的人力资源。因此,人力资源开发已经成为实施开发西部中的重中之重。内陆地区有丰富的廉价劳动力提供。然而,高水平的人才和管理专家很紧缺。
西部地区面临着很多机遇。亚发行总结出的经验是,内陆省份的人力资源比沿海匮乏,制度机构比沿海薄弱。除非得到解决,不然会阻碍该地区的社会和经济发展。亚发行已承诺将其70%的支援提供给经济发展落后普遍贫困的内陆省份。然而,成功地加快西部地区的发展取决于其吸收能力,这需要通过完善和人力资源开发来加强。
亚发行携手西部开发办公室准备为西部人力资源开发提供技术支援项目。研究的范围将聚焦在规划发展和项目财务管理领域的人力资源开发和能力建设。
亚发行将与西部开发办公室、亚洲开发银行机构共同努力发展这个计划。主要投入将包括咨询服务,国际会议,研讨会,培训活动。
,女士们先生们,最后我重申一下,我希望亚发行对战略的鼎力支持,将加快西部地区的发展。
祝愿大家在此次终于会议上有所收获。谢谢!
15.3
Statistics recently released by the General Administration of Customs indicates that China’s foreign trade, on the basis of last year’s rapid growth, has made a good start. In January, the trade volume rose 33.1% year-on-year to USD 95.06 billion. Exports hit USD 50.77 billion, a 42.2% rise over the same period of the previous year. Imports grew to USD 44.29 billion, 24% up year-on-year. The economy achieved a trade surplus of USD 6.48 billion.
According to the Customs’ statistics, in January, exports of general trade skyrocketed while the growth rate of imports slowed down. In processing trade, both exports and imports soared, continuing the strong growth momentum. Foreign-funded enterprises in China continued to maintain their rapid growth, with a 42.4% increase in exports and a 30% rise in imports. Exports and imports of collective-owned, private and other enterprises have also maintained their strong growth momentum, with a jump of 77.3% in exports and a rise of 33.9% in imports. The growth rate of exports and imports by the state-owned enterprises is much lower than that achieved by the two above-mentioned types of enterprises, with exports increasing by 22.1% and imports by 11.1%.
January also saw a sharp increase of China’s trade with its three major trade partners. Its trade with the European Union, the United States and Japan reached USD 15. billion, USD 14.33 billion, and USD 12.86 billion. They represented a respective year-on-year growth of 36.4%, 30.8% and 28.4%.
16.2 on the issue of talented personnel
Speaking about talented personnel, I think the most crucial factor is that we should build up a system in which talents flow freely. I don’t believe that China is short of the talented people; instead, there are many of them. Our problem is that many people have not been assigned to the jobs that may give full play to their talents. It’s like having many beautiful young ladies and handsome young men, but most of them remain single because they have no opportunities to meet and socialize with each other. To be honest, in our institutions or enterprises, many people thought an individual not an able person. But that was not the case, it was more likely that he had been assigned to a job that did not suit him at all. Actually, if he had been transferred to another post, he might have become a first-class talent.
With regard to the concept of talent and the personnel system, we sued to lay emphasis on personal charisma. Now, the team spirit is more emphasized. I feel now we are much more open and permissive than before in terms of both the personnel system and the attitude towards different people, which I think is a positive change. If we call our society before the accession to the WTO a comparatively traditional one, we may call it a relatively modern society since our entry to the WTO. I think there is a great difference of principle between the two. In the past, a particular position might have been created for the sake of a particular person, but in the days to come, we may try to spot the particular person to fill an available position. If we say in the past we paid great attention to a person’s expertise in the selection process, maybe from now on we will pay much more attention to a person’s overall quality.
16.3
A: Mr. Smith, when you were here last time, you visited our orange orchard and we talked about your ideas about an orange juice project. After you left, the country government took your advice and built a 12-kilometer road from the country town to the orchard.
B: 得知此事我很高兴,这样会使事情好办许多。现在谈谈咱们的项目吧!这个项目很简单,开始的时候只要一条生产线,当然希望以后可以扩大。
A: how much money would be needed totally for a project like this?
B: 大约100万美元。
A: I see.
B: 这样一个项目,中方准备出资多少?我的意思是说,如果谈成的话。
A: as a general practice, we lay out 51% of the total investment. This includes, of course, cash, factory buildings, the right to use the site, things like that.
B: 那么我们就负责机械设备和其他资本设备了。厂房的价值怎么算法?
A: we resolve such matters through joint assessment. Together we get an impartial assessment of property value. And we can also have the third party assess it, such as Asset Evaluation Company.
B: 在注册资本中,对外国合营者的投资比例,有没有明文规定?
A: generally not less than 25%. The rest can be obtained through bank loans.
B: 看起来这是合理的。现在咱们再谈谈期限,合营的期限多长?
A: how long do you want?
B: 这个企业不大,我想建议先定为8年。
A: the contract could be extended if both sizes agreed.
B: 8年以后我就退休了。您知道吗?
A: you retire? I’ll believe it only when I see it.
B: 我退下来不当总裁了,加入董事会当个顾问。说到董事会,谁来当合资企业的董事长?
A: the chairman of the broad will be appointed by us, and the vice-chairman by you.
B: 董事任期多长?
A: four years.
B: 董事长是企业的法人代表咯?
A: yes. A management office would be established and would be responsible for the day-to-day running of the joint venture (合资企业). So far as the management is concerned, you might appoint the manager and the chief engineer of the project, and we might appoint their deputies.
B: 我们的产品是不是必须全部出口?
A: we hope to export some of our products and want them to be able to compete on the world market. It helps us to grow, you see. Most of the products will be sold domestically and that’s for sure. China’s market has great potential and there would be no problems regarding sales as long as our products are competitive in quality and price.
B: 当然,当然。合资企业是怎么办理登记注册的?
A: we will prepare all the necessary documents and present them to the responsible authorities.
B: 这得需要多长时间?
A: about a quarter of a year. Three months.
B: 我们要干就得趁早动手,对吗?
A: right. If everything goes smoothly, hopefully we can get through all the formalities within two months.
16.4 危害分析和节点控制体系
女士们,先生们:
下午好!非常高兴来到这座媒体的城市病参加本次论坛。谢谢你们给了我这次机会来谈谈危害分析和节点控制体系(HACCP)及原则和应用指导。我的发言将氛围两个部分,第一部分是对这一体系的总体介绍。
HACCP是一种食品安全管理体系,用于识别和控制食品生产或加工中出现的生物、化学和物理危害。这一体系可以预防、消除在食物链、包括从原材料的生产、采购和处置,到加工、销售及成品消费过程中出现的健康危害,或将危害减轻到可以接受的水平。
HACCP在20世纪60年代由为美国宇航局工作的Pillsbury公司率先实行,旨在监理一个“零缺陷”的系统来保证宇航员在太空食用的食品的安全。70年代中期,美国食品药品管理局FDA在低酸性的罐装食品上采用了该控制体系的主要原则。食品法典委员会在认识到这套体系对食品控制的重要性后,于1997年将HACCP列为了食品安全的国际标准,同时将其原则和应用知道包括在《食品卫生总则》中。如今,HACCP已在世界许多国家的食品加工工厂、食品零售商店及食品服务机构中得到了成功的应用。
食品工业的规模,产品的种类和加工在国际上大幅度增长。在过去30年中,视频的出口成10倍的增长使全世界的人们有更多机会接触各地的食品。但是全球食品运输约束的松动带来了疾病的不断扩散。新的食品病原体不断出现,隐含着食物中毒和死亡的威胁。以前未被认识到、以食品为重要媒介的细菌,如沙门氏肠菌,变得广泛传播。公众对食品化学污染方面的健康关注也不断增加,如食品中铅含量对神经系统的影响。
为了满足在不断增长的国际贸易中,食用产品在世界范围内达到均衡的需要,世贸组织根据《实施卫生与植物卫生措施协定》,采用了HACCP体系座位对国际食品卫生安全要求的参考。在美国,FDA规定HACCP为海鲜品业、肉、禽类加工的食品安全标准,并在最近将果蔬汁生产列为之内。FDA目前正在考虑将此标准推广到食品工业的其他领域,包括国产和进口食品。欧盟和加拿大在海鲜品、肉、禽类食品加工和出口中必须实行HACCP的标准。日本根据其食品卫生法在海鲜业实施了类似的标准。与日本一样,澳大利亚和新西兰也正在积极推行在肉、禽类食品加工业中实行HACCP强制标准。
实行HACCP体系使公司在竞争中取得优势,因为它可推动这些公司向国际市场出口其产品。同时,HACCP体系也提供了许多其他的商业优势,如可降低生产成本,降低产品的召回的风险,满足顾客对食品安全的要求,为管理层提供重要的信息,同时使员工的生产率和满足感最大化。
对实行HACCP有兴趣的公司需要制定和实施一个HACCP的计划。下面我将重点讲应遵循的步骤,而这些步骤可以用来帮助负责实施和贯彻HACCP体系的人员。
16.5 China’s policy direction for absorbing foreign investment
Ladies and Gentlemen:
Good afternoon. I feel greatly honoured to have this opportunity to discuss with you the issue of CHina’s introduction of foreign capital. The statistics released by the Ministry of Commerce last week show that in 2004, China approved the establishment of 43,6 new foreign-funded enterprises, with a contractual foreign investment of US$ 60.63 billion. China has become the world’s second largest recipient of foreign investment.
We will in our work centre on the principles and policies of our nation’s economic and social development, adapt to the new situation of world economic development and stick to the principles of active, reasonalbe and efficient utilization of foreign capital. In absorbing foreign capital, we will try tofollow the principle of the four “combines”.
1. Combine it with economic structural adjustment and industrial upgrading;
2. With the improvement of the socialist market economy system, and the reinforcement of enterprise competitiveness;
3. With the expansion of exports and development of an open econ omy; and
4. With the vigorous development of China’s western area, the rejuvenation of northeast China and the promotion of harmonious development of regional economies.
We will take measures to further improve the soft environment for foreign investment, actively explore new methods for absorbing foreign capital, put emphasis on absorbing advanced technologies, modern management and special talents, actively introduce foreign capital to invest in industries of new and advanced technologies, encourage multinational companies to set up regional headquarters, research and procurement centres here, speed up the development of supporting industires and open up the service trade field to foreign capital step by step. To achieve these ends, we will focus our efforts on the following two areas.
1. We will actively imporve the policy and legal environment for foreign investment and the level of administration according to law. To deliver our commitments on joining the WTO and meet the requirements of our opening-up process, we will further improve the legal system of absorbing foreign investment, keeping the policies and laws for foreign investment steady, consistent, predictable and operable. We will try to create a unified, steady, transparent and predictable environment for foreign investment. We will build up a clean, industrious, pragmatic and efficient government.
2. We will maintain and improve an open and fair market environment. We will, in combination with the current nationwide work of rectifying and standardizing the operation of the market economy, firmly prohibit the arbitrarily imposed fees, inspections, contribution and fines on foreign-funded enterprises. We will make efforts to break down regional protectionism and industrial monopolies, intensify law enforcement in the protection of intellectual property rights, crack down on infringements of IPRs and copyright piracy so as to establish a unified and open market environment favourable to fair competition. We will further perfect the complaint system for foreign-funded enterprises and protect the lawful rights and interests of foreign businessmen in accordance with the law.
19.3
对于法律的定义取决于我们如何理解它的目的和作用。法律在我们社会中的一个基本作用就是维持秩序和解决争端。从这个意义上讲,我们必须牢记:法律不仅仅是一系列的行为准则,更是强调责任和保证社会公正的途径。法律也可以定义为上级对下级的命令,税法就是这样的一种法律。
法律有多种分类。法律可以分为实体法和程序法。实体法规定了公民的权利,而程序法则规定了保护和享有这些权利的各项程序。
法律也经常分为公法和私法。公法包括涉及公众的各项法律,公法可以细分为,行和刑法。私法涉及社会中个人之间的关系,具体包括合同法,侵权法和财产法,这三方面又可以细分出许多分支。
“法律渊源”这个短语经常用来描述立法和完善法律体系的各种方法和程序。美国的法律有四个渊源:,国会立法,司法决定和行律法规。
英国和美国法律的一个独特特征是把司法决定划为法律范畴。英美法系,有别于欧洲的法系,把已判决的案例作为法的一个渊源。使用法系的国家中,主要的法律渊源来自法典的条文,各种案例并不能成为法律依据。然而在英美法系中,法律条文和已定案例都可以作为法律渊源。
19.4
Lawyer: Mr. Johnson, I would like you to think back to February 18th of this year at about ten minutes after midnight. Do you remember where you were on that day at that time?
J: 是的。那时我结束了工作,正在回家的路上。
L: do you remember driving your car that night?
J: 是的,记得。
L: do you remember being involved in an accident at Huai’an Road?
J: 记得。
L: and can you tell us what happened at Huai’an Road that night?
J: 我停下车在那儿等着,因为有人把停在那儿的一辆车偷走了。后来我准备走了,额,我看见那辆车直冲着我开过来,我就停下等。我当时突然想到,他肯定是喝了不少酒,要不就开车睡着勒,因为他的车道不对,在我的车道上,并且直接就冲着我的车子开过来。
L: and what did the vehicle do?
J: 我刚才说了,他直冲着我开过来,但他一定是在最后一刻看到了我,因为他试图把车打到一边去。
L: did it hit your car?
J: 是的,撞上了我,而且很厉害。
L: where?
J: 右前面,挡泥板整个被撞碎了,还有不少地方也撞坏了。我的车整个报废了。
L: what did the vehicle do after it hit your car?
J: 刚开始的时候,他似乎想要停下车,但没有停。他试图接着开车走,可他的车也损害的相当严重,没走多远,过一个街区就停下来了。
L: Mr. Johnson, what did you do after, you saw the car drive away?
J: 我做了什么?呃,一开始我不知所措。但当我看到他想把车开走,我就想要跟着他。可他停下来了,而且我明白过来,对发生的事看得清清楚楚并且在追赶他。我就停在原地等待。
L: and had you seen police officers there before the accident?
J: 这个,他撞我的时候,已经在那儿了,因为停在那儿的车被偷了。他们看见他试图开车跑掉,就在后面追赶他。
20.3
罗伯特·蒙代尔是诺贝尔经济奖获得者,并常被称为“欧元之父”。他在很多场合与其他一些经济学家一起,为中国维持其现行的货币机制进行了强有力的辩护。现行的机制将人民币的汇率与美元挂钩,实行窄幅交易浮动。下面我来解释一下他的观点。
那些关于中国“操纵”其货币汇率,以此向全世界输出通货紧缩和失业的指控是站不住脚的。在中国应当有诚意地对待其贸易伙伴就此所表达的关注的同时,中国应维持其汇率不变。
假如中国屈从压力使其货币升值,对中国经济的影响可能是“灾难性的”。假如让人民币升值40%,中国的经济增长率会降至5%,后果将是灾难性的。
同时升值将增加国有企业所承担的亏损,将会使银行系统的坏账问题更加恶化,引发通货膨胀,这将大幅度减少外商直接投资的流入,并延缓人民币最终实现可兑换。
浮动的货币也将减少外商直接投资,原因是它使得投资回报变得不稳定。同时也会引发人们去寻求为国内资产如房地产定价的一种替代记账单位。最终人们可能会用美元来为其资产定价。
浮动汇率的唯一受益者将会是对冲基金。当欧洲的汇率在过去固定在一种货币“蛇形汇率制”时,由于外汇市场的交易量在一夜间下降,对冲基金的利润也消失了。蒙代尔所讲的“蛇形汇率制”创立于1972年,当时欧洲国家为了应对美国对他们各国货币汇率的支配,而同意将他们的货币在仅为2.5%的“蛇形汇率制”范围浮动。
20
中国致力于发展中欧富有活力和长期稳定的经贸合作关系,并期待欧盟成为中国最大贸易与投资伙伴: ——发挥经贸混委会机制作用,加强经贸监管对话;适时考虑更新《中欧贸易与经济合作协定》;运用WTO规则,妥善解决不合理及技术性壁垒,放宽高技术出口,发挥技贸合作的巨大潜力;尽早给予中国“完全市场经济地位”,减少并消除对华反倾销及有关歧视性和做法,慎用“特保措施”;合理补偿因欧盟扩大对中方经贸利益的减损。 ——加强中欧在世界贸易组织新一轮谈判中的协调与合作,共同推动谈判获得成功。 ——加强投资对话,推动建立双边投资促进机构,积极引导双方企业相互投资,扩大中小企业合作;开展加工贸易、承包工程和各种劳务合作,鼓励经营和国际化生产。 ——欢迎欧盟增加对华发展援助,特别是在环保、扶贫、卫生保健、教育等领域的援助。同时也欢迎在加强人力资源培训、尤其是对中国中西部的人员培训、中国参与多边贸易的能力建设等方面发挥作用。 ——加强在质量监督检验检疫领域的合作,建立磋商机制,在维护安全、卫生、健康、环保的原则下,及时解决影响双方产品市场准入的问题。 ——加强海关合作,适时签署中欧海关协定。 (二)金融合作 建立健全中欧金融高层对话机制,扩大中欧央行间的交流,深化在防范金融危机、反恐融资和反洗钱方面的合作。中方欢迎欧盟成员国银行拓展对华业务,希望妥善解决中国金融机构在欧盟的市场准入问题。 中方将依照保险法规及入世承诺,积极审核欧盟成员国保险机构来华营业申请,完善监管法规体系。 加强证券立法、市场监管、投资运作合作,鼓励更多的欧盟成员国证券经营机构、基金管理机构以及其他机构投资者进入中国市场,也鼓励中国证券经营机构在条件成熟时进入欧盟证券市场,同时积极支持中国企业进入欧盟证券市场融资。
China is committed to developing dynamic, long-term and stable economic cooperation and trade with the EU and expects the latter to become China's largest trading and investment partner.
-- Give play to the mechanism of the economic and trade joint committee and step up economic and trade regulatory policy dialogue; give attention to updating the Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement Between China and the European Union at an appropriate time; properly address irrational restrictions and technical barriers, ease restrictions on high-tech exports and tap the enormous potential of technological cooperation and trade in line with the WTO rules; grant China a full market economy status at an early date, reduce and abolish anti-dumping and other discriminatory policies and practices against China, and apply the Transitional Product-Specific Safeguard Mechanism (TPSSM) prudently; and compensate the Chinese side for its economic and trade losses which may arise due to the EU enlargement.
-- Boost China-EU coordination and cooperation in the new round of WTO negotiations and work together for the success of the negotiations.
-- Strengthen dialogue on investment, promote the establishment of bilateral investment-promotion institutions, energetically encourage and guide mutual investments between enterprises of the two sides, and expand cooperation between their small- and medium-sized enterprises; develop processing trade, contractual projects and labour cooperation of various kinds and encourage transnational business operation and internationalised production.
-- China welcomes more EU development aid, especially in such fields as the environmental protection, poverty-alleviation, public health and hygiene and education. China also welcomes a stronger and more active role of the EU in human resources development, in particular, personnel training for China's central and western regions and build-up of China's capacity of participating in multilateral trading regime.
-- Step up cooperation in the area of quality supervision, inspection and quarantine, establish appropriate consultation mechanisms and, subject to the principle of ensuring safety, security, hygiene, health and environmental protection, promptly address and resolve issues which may adversely affect market access of each other's products.
-- Boost the customs cooperation and conclude a China-EU Customs Agreement in due course.
2. Financial Cooperation
China and the EU should launch a high-level financial dialogue mechanism, expand exchanges between their central banks on policies and deepen cooperation in preventing and managing financial crises and combating the financing of terrorism and money laundering. The Chinese side welcomes an expansion of China-related business by banks of the EU countries and hopes to see an appropriate settlement of the issue of Chinese financial institutions' access to the EU market.
The Chinese side will positively examine and consider applications of EU insurance institutions for business operation in China and improve its supervisory and regulatory regime in line with the Chinese insurance laws, regulations and statutes and China's WTO commitments.
Cooperation in securities legislation, market supervision and regulation, and investment operation will be strengthened and more EU securities institutions, fund management institutions and other institutional investors will be encouraged to enter into China's market. Chinese securities institutions will be encouraged to enter into the EU's securities market when conditions are ripe. In the meantime, Chinese enterprises will be strongly supported to raise funds in the EU's securities market.
