
正文内文献引用的APA格式要求
(1)一件作品或多件作品的引用:
●It has been argued that teachers’ role is to provide the students with optimal conditions which can facilitate learning so that students can achieve similar successful results (Bloom, 1976, pp. 12-16).
●Gagne (1977, pp. 38-41) also noticed that adult learners were less affected by external instruction events.
●The advantage of the multiple regression analysis is that it cannot show the complex interrelations between independent variables (Bryman & Crammer, 1990, pp. 135-139).
●Studies of the good language learner (for example, Naiman, Frohlich, Stern, and Todesco, 1978, pp. 49-52) have tried to identify the strategies which successful learners use (first citation) (Ellis, 1994, p. 37).
●Naiman et al. (1978, pp. 49-52) found a similar relationship, although in this case ‘effort’ on the part of the learners was also associated with instrumental motivation (subsequent citation) (Ellis, 1994, p. 512).
(2)同一括号里多件作品的引用:
●Empirical studies on student learning carried out since the 70’s have found that students’ learning outcomes to a great extent depend on their choice of learning approaches (Biggs, 1979, 1987).
●The major finding from the earlier studies (Barley, 1969, 1970; Clement et al., 1978; Gardner & Lambert, 1972; Gliksman, 1976; Spolsky, 1969) was that learners with an integrative motivation tended to obtain better achievement that those with an instrumental motivation.(注意引用作品的排序)
(请认真对照附件6)
附件5:
正文内文献引用的MLA格式要求
(1)一件作品或多件作品的引用:
●It has been argued that teachers’ role is to provide the students with optimal conditions which can facilitate learning so that students can achieve similar successful results (Bloom 12-6).
●Gagne (38-41) also noticed that adult learners were less affected by external instruction events.
●The advantage of the multiple regression analysis is that it cannot show the complex interrelations between independent variables (Bryman and Crammer 135-9).
●Studies of the good language learner (for example, Naiman et al. 49-52) have tried to identify the strategies which successful learners use (Ellis 37).
●Naiman et al. (49-52) found a similar relationship, although in this case ‘effort’ on the part of the learners was also associated with instrumental motivation (Ellis 512).(注意:MLA格式不加年代,只加作者姓和页码,没有逗号)
(2)同一括号里多件作品的引用:
●Empirical studies on student learning carried out since the 70’s have found that students’ learning outcomes to a great extent depend on their choice of learning approaches (Biggs, Empirical Studies; Learning Strategies).(注意:这里的下划线表示作者的两篇不同作品,我们现在统一用斜体代替下划线)
●The major finding from the earlier studies (Barley; Clement et al.; Gardner & Lambert; Gliksman; Spolsky) was that learners with an integrative motivation tended to obtain better achievement that those with an instrumental motivation.(注意引用作品的排序)
●In The Age of Voltaire, the Durants portray eighteenth century England as a minor force in the world of music and art (214-48).(注意:文内已出现作者名,括号里就只要加页码)
(请认真对照附件7)
附件6:参考文献APA格式要求
●按先英文后中文排序;
●字号比正文小一号打印;标点统一用半角状态;标点后统一空一格(汉语文献与英语文献类同,见下面示例);
●书目格式按APA格式排列,但英文书名用斜体析出,不必用下划线析出。现将主要参文献条目排列要求举例如下,以供参考:
1.专著、论文集、学位论文、研究报告:
作者. (出版年).文献题名(pp. 起止页码). 出版地: 出版者.如:
Dancygier, B. (1998). Conditionals and prediction: Time, knowledge, and causation in conditional constructions (pp. 56-). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Fauconnier, G., & Sweetser, E. (1996). Spaces, worlds, and grammar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Iwanska, L. (1996). Toward a formal account of context-dependency and underspecificity of natural language. Paper given at AAAI Symposium on Computational Implicature. Berkeley: Berkeley Linguistics Society.
Roulet, E. et al. (Eds.). (1985).L’articulation du discours en francais contemporain. Berne: Peter Lang.
Sweetser, E. (1996). Mental space and the grammar of conditional construction. In G. Fauconnier & E. Sweetser (Eds.). Space, worlds, and grammar (pp. 318-333). Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press.
Welker, K. (1994). Plans in the common ground: Toward a generative account of implicature. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State University.
2.期刊文章:
作者. (出版年). 文献题名. 期刊名称, 期, 起止页码. 如:
徐盛桓. (2004a). 充分条件的语用嬗变. 外国语, 38 (3), 11-19.
徐盛桓. (2004b). 逻辑与实据—英语IF条件句研究的一种理论框架. 现代外语, 28 (4), 331-339.
3.报纸文章:
文献作者. (出版日期). 文献题名. 报纸名. 版次. 如:
谢希德. (1998). 创造学习的新思路. 人民日报. 25 Dec. pp. 10.(汉语参考书目可使用12-25, pp. 10)
4.网上文献:
作者. (发表日期).文件名. 出版信息(如电子期刊名、或出版名称). 登陆查看日期. 网址.
McCracken, E. (1997). Desiderata. Bold type [On-line]. 7 May, 1997. Available: http://www.bookwire.com/boldtpe/mccracken/read.article$197(注意:有两个时间,前者是作品发表时间,后者是参考者登陆时间。)
Seaman, D. (Ed.). (n. d.). The electronic text center. Alderman Lib., U of Virginia [On-line]. 14 Feb. 1997. Available: http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/(n. d.表示no date,即时间不清)
Coates, S. (1996). A dead language comes to life on the internet [On-line]. New York Times on the Web. 20. Apr. 1997. Available: http://www.nytimes.come/web/docsroot/library/cyber/week/1028Latin.html
Pascal, B. (1910). Pensees. Trans. W. F. Trotter. [On-line]. 29 Apr. 1997. Available: gopher://gopher.vt.edu: 10010/02/130/1
Cacicedo, Al. (n. d.). Private parts: Preliminary notes for an essay on gender identity in Shakespeare. Working paper. [On-line]. 27 Aug. 1997. Available: http://www.arts.ubc.ca/english/iemls/shak/private_parts.txt(这里发表时间无,可省略)
5. 编著、译著、文学作品、字典及其他
辞海. (1999). 上海: 上海辞书出版社.
多利莫尔. (2001). 莎士比亚:文化唯物主义与新历史主义. 王逢振. 2000年新译西方文论选 (pp. 237-238). 桂林: 漓江出版社.
莎士比亚. (19). 莎士比亚全集. 朱生豪译. 北京: 人民文学出版社.
芝诺•科西多夫斯基. (1992). 新约的传说. 张会森译. 哈尔滨: 黑龙江人民出版社.
附件7:
参考文献MLA格式要求
●按先英文后中文排序;
●字号比正文小一号打印;标点统一用半角状态;标点后统一空一格(汉语文献与英语文献类同,见下面示例);
●书目格式按MLA格式排列,但英文书名用斜体析出,不必用下划线析出。现将主要参文献条目排列要求举例如下,以供参考:
1.专著、论文集、学位论文、研究报告:
作者. 文献题名. 出版地: 出版者, 出版年, 起止页码(如文内已列明,则省).如:
Dancygier, Bob. Conditionals and Prediction: Time, Knowledge, and Causation in Conditional Constructions. Cambridge: CUP, 1998.
Fauconnier, Gilles, and Even Sweetser. Spaces, Worlds, and Grammar. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1996.
Iwanska, Long. “Toward a Formal Account of Context-Dependency and Underspecificity of Natural Language.” Paper given at AAAI Symposium on Computational Implicature. Berkeley Linguistics Soc., 19-21 Jan. 1996.
Roulet, Evan, et al., eds. L’Articulation du Discours en Francais Contemporain. Berne: Peter Lang, 1985.
Sweetser, Even. “Mental Space and the Grammar of Conditional Construction.” Ed. G. Fauconnier & E. Sweetser. Chicago & London: U of Chicago P, 1996.(注意,MLA要求论文集和期刊论文用引号;论文集名目在这里不是作为头条书目,故不必标出;页码如在文内已经标出,故参考书目里不必再标出)
Welker, Kant. “Plans in the Common Ground: Toward a Generative Account of Implicature.” Diss. Ohio State U, 1994.
2.期刊文章:
作者. “文献题名.” 期刊名称+卷.期号+(出版年): 起止页码. 如:
徐盛桓. “充分条件的语用嬗变.” 外国语 38.3 (2004a): 11-9.
徐盛桓. “逻辑与实据—英语IF条件句研究的一种理论框架.” 现代外语 28.4 (2004b): 331-9.
Barthelme, Frederick. “Architecture.” Kansas Quarterly 13.3-4 (1981): 77-80.(13.3-4是指13卷3、4期合刊)
3.报纸文章:
文献作者. “文献题名.” 报纸名 出版日期: 版次. 如:
谢希德. “创造学习的新思路.” 人民日报 25 Dec. 1998: 10.(汉语书目可考虑使用1998-12-25: 10)
4.网上文献:
作者. “文件名.” 出版信息(如电子期刊名、或出版名称). 发表日期. 登陆查看日期. 网址.
McCracken, Even. “Desiderata.” Bold Type. Mar. 1997. 7 May 1997 Seaman, David. (ed.). “The Electronic Text Center.” Alderman Lib., U of Virginia. [n. d.]. 14 Feb. 1997 Coates, S. “A Dead Language Comes to Life on the Internet.” New York Times on the Web. 28 Oct. 1996. 20. Apr. 1997 < http://www.nytimes.come/web/docsroot/library/cyber/week/1028Latin.html>. Cacicedo, Al. “Private Parts: Preliminary Notes for an Essay on Gender Identity in Shakespeare.” Working paper. [n. d.]. 27 Aug. 1997 5. 编著、译著、文学作品、字典及其他 辞海. 上海: 上海辞书出版社, 1999. 多利莫尔. “莎士比亚:文化唯物主义与新历史主义.” 王逢振. 2000年新译西方文论选. 桂林: 漓江出版社, 2001. 237-8. 莎士比亚. 莎士比亚全集. 朱生豪译. 北京: 人民文学出版社, 19. 芝诺•科西多夫斯基. 新约的传说. 张会森译. 哈尔滨: 黑龙江人民出版社, 1992.
