
1.与时间相关的
① no change on 1-day intervals for 3 consecutive days
② at given intervals of time (30, 50, and 90 min)
③ for a given exposure time
④ …increased with age.
⑤ for different time span.
⑥ After the scheduled time, each sample was tested.
⑦ …throughout the entire test period.
⑧ It will decrease as time passes.
2. 表示增加或下降的
① An increase in the FA content decreased the…
② …decrease with increase in…
③ …deceases as …increases, and increases as… increase.
④ As …is lowered.
⑤ augment
⑥ The cumulative AE energy increases with a stepwise pattern in which each sudden jump of energy can be related to …
⑦ …develop at an increasing rate with time
3. 表示原因, 由哪些因素决定
① probably due to…
② A possible mechanism contributing to the reduction of …is
③ This might be attributed to…
④ …depends on the two main mechanisms
⑤ …is a common cause of
⑥ …is the essential parameter governing the…
⑦ …, contributing in part to the interface separation phenomenon, besides the above-described possible interfacial material toughening mechanism.
⑧ the cause of this resides in …
⑨ Two parameters are considered in this study to evaluate the strengthening effectiveness with regard to the amount of FRP (i.e., the number of layers of sheets) and construction imperfections.
4. 表示展示。
① exhibit
② illustrate
③ present
④ reflect
⑤ depict
⑥ …is plot in…
⑦ describe
⑧
5. 表示某种掺量。
① high volume fly ash
② contain high percentages of fly ash as a replacement of cement (0,15,30 by weight of total cementitious materials) ③ for concrete incorporating 30% and 40% fly ash.
④ …increase the amount of fly ash in concrete
⑤ as partial cement replacement materials
⑥ with partial fly ash substitution are incestigated.
⑦ the dosage of fly ash
⑧ with a certain amount of fly ash added
6. 性能的词汇
① mechanical property
② transport property
③ workability
④ flexibility
⑤ sustainability
⑥ serviceability
7. 表示测试
① examine
②
8. 表示超过
① exceed
9. 有关图片或表格的
① As seen from Table 2,
② The result of…are presented in Table 4.
③ A was plotted against square root of time (t0.5 in min0.5)
④ …was monitored with the SC3000 which was positioned, as seen in Fig.2a.
⑤ Sketch of the experimental setup
⑥ △T is plotted as absolute value against the impact energy in Fig.9
⑦ Fig.5(c) and (d) shows the load versus strain and midspan deflection versus strain curves of the concrete.
10. 至于,对于…而言
① As for
② In the case of…
11. 表示比较,对比
① The mixture containing 10% FA replacement showed higher strength than mixtures containing 40% and 70% FA replacement.
② As compared to…
③ A…is higher than when it substitutes…
④ in contrast to…
⑤ Existing damages may lead to catastrophic failures at loading stages earlier than those corresponding to intact specimens.
⑥ …is comparable to or greater than these values are theoretically detectable.
⑦ The test results were compared with the axial stress-strain behavior of water saturated specimen to that of dry specimens.
⑧ a tremendous amount of AE activities, much greater than that of CB, was recorded because…
12. 表示效果更明显
① The effect was more pronounced with increased…
② dominant
③ have determinant impact on…
13. 表示结构或材料致密
① matrix densification
② pore structure densification
③ the pore system becomes finer and less connected
14. 影响
① Increases in FA contents showed no significant effect on…
② …seemed to be insensitive to…
③ become decisive for the durability of the concrete
④ The durability of concrete structures has substantial economic, social, and environmental implications. ⑤ Deicers may also pose detrimental effects on
15. 因此
① Consequently,
② As a result,
16. 表示评价,评估
① quantify
② evaluate
③ assess
④ interpret
17. 学科术语
(阻抗谱)
① impedance response
② EIS spetra
③ electrode arcs in a Nyquist plot (plot of real vs. imaginary impedance)
④ Rct1 extracted from the model captures the changes in microstructure with time.
(孔特征)
① pore structure distribution
② total porosity
③ pore structure
④ pore network
⑤ pore walls
⑥ tortuous pathways
(掺合料)
① fly ash
② slag
③ silica fume
④ supplementary cementing materials
⑤ mineral additives
⑥ low-and high-calcium fly ash
(测试方法)
① SEM:Scanning electron micrograph
② pigmentation
③ X-ray diffraction analysis
④ microscopy observation\
⑤ ultrasonic speed measurement
⑥ acoustic emission technique
⑦ accelerated ageing test
(土建工程)
① civil infrastructures
② wide use in Civil Engineering
③ historical heritage
④ masonry structures
⑤ concrete structures, pavements, and bridge decks
(测试仪器)
① vibrated for 30 sec on a vibration table
② testing machine with maximum load capacity of 50kN.
③ the hammer is hemispherical 24mm in diameter
(测试试剂)
① coupling agent between the sensor and the concrete surface
(操作工艺)
① The molds were stripped after 24 hours
② Each measure was performed on five samples and the results averaged.
③ Aggregates were carefully sieved and remixed to conform to the ASTMC33 grading standard. ④ reference specimens
⑤ Specimens were cylindrical with a diameter of 55mm and a length of 115mm
⑥ One of the beams was tested in its virgin condition to serve as reference.
⑦ the CFRP was intentionally bonded without adhesive in the centermost 10% and 20% area of the bonding area of the CFRP sheets.
⑧ Four AE sensors of Model SE900-MWB, produced by the firm DECI, having a frequency range of 100-900 kHz were mounted on the specimen surface using a tape.
⑨ Artificial defect type 1 was cubic-like (3.8cm-by-3.8cm-by-2.5cm), and artificial defect type 2 was delamination-like (7.6cm-by-7.6cm-by-0.5cm).
(环境类别)
① high atmospheric humidity
② sea water
③ rain water
④ acid rain
⑤ exposure to freeze-thaw cycles
⑥ deteriorating chemicals
⑦ alkaline environment
⑧ environmental variables
⑨ to simulate the environmental conditions in regions with average relative humidity conditions
⑩ aggressive media/influences
Chloride-laden environement
(材料性能)
① compressive strength-fcb (MPa)
② flexural tensile strength-ftb (MPa)
③ tensile strength-ftf (MPa)
④ ultimate strain-ε(%)
⑤ elastic modulus-Ef (GPa)
⑥ Axial strain
⑦ lateral strain
⑧ Young’s modulus
⑨ Poission’s ratio
(材料形状)
① the outer concrete layer
② “coverconcrete”
18. 表示相同
① …were nearly same.
② A behave like B
③ A similar trend is also observed in the E/h ratio, see Fig.11(b).
19. 某种程度
① the extent of the reduction
20. 某些配比
① water to binder ratios (W/B)
② weight to strength ratio
21. 表示抵制
① high resistance to
② resistance against carbonation
22. 方程,公式
① in Eq.(1).
② Eqs.(2)-(7):
23. 参考文献1
① this was also confirmed by several studies […]
② This result was also confirmed by previous research. ③ …, which has been quantified in […].
④ Similar results were reported by other researchers […] ⑤ This is consistent with other reports.
⑥ Based on the previous studies[…]
⑦ in the open literature/in previous publications
⑧ Numerous surveys have indicated that
⑨ In the study of research
⑩ from the review of the literature
23. 参考文献2
① …have been quoted in literature.
② In particular there is also published work about real time monitoring…
③ Detailed surveys and literature accounts on the carbonation problem and related aspects concerning the durability of
concrete-based materials can be found, for instance, in [1–6] and references therein.
④ We do not go into detail in what the modelling of the hydration is concerned but rather refer the reader to [7,12–14] for fairly detailed descriptions of the involved physicochemical processes and to [15,16] for a presentation of a few qualitative (mathematical) issues concerning some of the existing hydration models.
⑤ In a study undertaken by …, it was shown that…[7].
⑥ Vast majority of existing works in the literature assume a uniform corrosion pattern around the …, e.g. [1-3]
24. 缺陷,缺点,不足
① Another explanation for…lies in…
② there are certain limitations
③ they suffer from serious limitations of
④ When applied to…, limitations include the need to…
25. 表示变化
① modifications and variations
② an altered matrix microstructure
③ transformations
26. 根据…
① based on the procedure outlined in […]
② procedures fully conformed to the stipulations set forth in ASTMC 192
③ Tests have been performed on the materials constituents following relevant test standards[…]
④ …are based on the fundamental principle that…
27. 情况不同,现象不同
① …might have lead to different observations
② In the study of research
28. 研究意义
① The understanding of… is a crucial step.
② The tests performed in this study are also a contribution towards the application of AE techniques for on-site health
monitoring of strengthened masonry structures.
③ …have made FRPs an efficient solution for strengthening purpose
④ it is of utmost importance understanding the material behavior in order to improve the material performance and to elongate its lifetime.
⑤ NDT technique is developed mainly to overcome this obstacle, while providing desired levels of resolutions for different inspection purposes.
29. 关系密切,相关性
① …is closely related to…
② ... is closely linked to…
③ …is connected to…
④ The correlation between…and…
⑤ …is correlated to…
⑥ …is intrinsically dependent on …
30. 研究领域的缺乏
① efforts in the direction of…are very limited.
② Despite the numerous contributions of investigation regarding the…
③ there is no common understanding about the effect of…
④ Due to inconsistency on understanding of inner…, further investigation is still regular.
⑤ Actual data on…is sparse, not always well documented and, when available, not easily accessible to the designer. ⑥ Few research works published in the last years on this subject indicate…
⑦ Aspects such as failure initiation, interfacial damage propagation and localization, as well as nondestructive bond quality monitoring are still open.
⑧However, significantly more literature is needed that addresses the numerous and various conditions that are inherent in applying the AE technique to the assessment of …
31. 侵入,渗入
① penetration
② carbonation propagation
③ chloride diffusing/contamination
32. 如前所述
① As aforementioned,
② As already specified (stated),
33. 建立
① establish
② construct
34. 与…结合
① in conjunction with
② A laser vibrometer and an acoustic excitation can be combined to form a standoff system that is capable of locating and measuring defects in matwrials.
35. 破坏
① environmental induced defects
② matrix cracking
③ surface buckling
④ delamination
⑤ fibre shear-out
⑥ fibre rupture/fibre breakage
⑦ the failure mode of RC beams occurs in a brittle manner
⑧ laminate separation
⑨ fiber pullout
36. 期望,需要
① It is anticipated that…
② There is a general need for NDT methods that can be conducted from a distance because standoff capacity confers numerous advantages as mentioned previously.
37. 后面介绍,随后提及
① …is further discussed in the following section.
② …, as will be illustrated in subsequent sections.
③ The results obtained from the shear bond tests and the AE data are next presented and discussed.
38. 成为一种可能
① …have demonstrated to be an attractive alternative for rehabilitation or renewal of civil infrastructures, providing significant advantages to the restoration applications not often attainable with conventional materials.
39. 特殊混凝土,加固混凝土,特殊材料, 试件
① Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP)
② glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)-wrapped concrete column
③ artificially damaged GFRP-concrete specimens
④ FRP composite jacketing system
⑤ plain concrete beam
⑥ control specimen
40. 文章目的
① The objective is to initiate the creation of a user-friendly health monitoring system for RC structures strengthened with CFRP sheets using AE techniques.
② this study aims to develop a ..
41. 世界各地混凝土协会
① American Concrete Institute (ACI)
② American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
③ American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM)
④ Canadian Society of Civil Engineers (CSCE)
⑤ Japanese Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE)
42. 其他
① …fill in the pore space enclosed by cement hydrates
② …due to both the fulfillment of…
③ systematic laboratory testing
④ It is always the case that…
⑤ service life design
句型汇总:
1. 分类叙述
① The results indicate that: (i)…; (ii)…; (iii)…
② The results in SRG-strengthened specimens were equal to 14.4% and 20% for reference and aged specimen, respectively.
③ It can be observed that the CoV of the reference GFRP-brick specimens is very low, while for the aged specimens this value is larger.
④ This paper is structured in the following order:
2. 越..越…
① The larger the size of the aggregate, the more segment the deflection of propagating and the greater the FRP can form.
3. 举例子
① Once inside, water may alter the properties of the polymer either in a reversible manner, for example by plasticization, or in an irreversible manner, for example by hydroxylation.
4. 结合
① FRP debonding from masonry substrate can be accompanied by failure of the bricks, debonding in the…, debonding in the…or a combination of these fracture processes.
② In most studies mentioned therein, however, AE is not suggested as a stand-alone tool, but is rather used to indicate qualitative trends or to complement other methods in the investigation of damage progression.
5. 公式含义
① Ib=σ+μ (1)
Withσ being the standard deviation andμbeing the mean value of the amplitudes of a group of AE hits.
6. 观点分歧
① With respect to…, the scientific community is divided into two main groups. One group is mainly interested in…The attention of the second group is instead driven towards the…
7. 当, 某某条件时
① the developed AE model is recommended in cases where matrix cracking is the dominant damage mode. ② The analysis is valid only when: (1)…;(2)…;(3)…; and (4)…
8. 解决问题
① …has limitations such as… To cover the limitation of…, acoustic emission was introduced to study…
9. 应用
① The external plating of RC structures with CFRP sheets is now a widely recognized repair and retrofit technique to prolong their service life.
10. 鉴于
① Standoff methods of damage detection have numerous advantages over contact measurement methods since they allow for measurement of damage in locations that are physically difficult to access, such as high above the ground or over water.
精美句子:
① Since the high probability of impact-damaging composite materials during manufacture, service and maintenance, it is of paramount importance the knowledge of the impact process and of the material response to such an event. ② Although the respective failure modes are distinguished in state-of-the-art failure criteria (Puck and Schurmann [9]) as being of different severity, model response seems to follow a universe trend, dominated by polymetric matrix failure.
③ High confinement level is often introduced for column strengthening purposes, should there be a change of functionality or a need to upgrade for seismic counter-measures.
④ Investigation done by Masuda (2001) on Indian granite and andesite samples employing various displacement rates and confining pressures both in wet and dry specimens indicated that the compressive strength increases in displacement rate and the effect of displacement rate on strength was more apparent on water saturated specimens than dry samples.
⑤ This technique has been used to assess microscopic damage that is internal to the concrete member and caused by various external loading conditions.
⑥ Concrete structures shall be designed, constructed and operated in such a way that, under the expected environmental influences, they maintain their safety, serviceability and acceptable appearance during an explicit or implicit period of time without requiring unforeseen high costs for maintenance and repair.
⑦ the chloride-induced corrosion begins when the chloride concentration at the steel bars exceeds critical chloride content or chloride threshold value thereby destroying the protective layer
