摘要
姓名在人类社会中有着重要的地位,它不到您是社会成员相互区别的符号,而且折射着一个名族的语言,历史,宗教等信息。大千世界,人人有姓,人人有名,姓和名是汉英民族共有的文化现象。但是一个民族的经济发展状况,思想文化传统及风俗习惯又使他在姓名上区别于另一个民族。本文都过对比汉英姓名的结构,姓氏的起源,命名原则及命名方式揭示出隐含在这两个姓名体系背后的文化内涵。这对汉英人名的翻译有重要的实践意义。
关键词:英汉姓名;对比研究;翻译;
Abstract
personal name is very important in our human society. It is not only the symbol that differentiate one social member from another one, but also implies the language,history and religion of a nation. In this world,everyone has a name, everyone has a surname. Surname and given name are common phenomena between Chinese and English nations. But the development of economy. Ideological culture tradition, manners and customs make one nation different from another one in personal names. This thesis tries to reveal hidden national cultural connotations behind the two big name systems from a thorough comparative study of origin,naming method comparison. And this will be of great importance for translation practice.
Key words: English and Chinese names; comparative study; translation
Introduction
With the development of world cultural communication, a great advance has been made in china’s English-Chinese contrastive studies. Especially in terms of purposes,theoretical orientation and research method. In this thesis, contrastive studies in Chinese and English naming will be done, so as to sort out the difference and only contrastive study can bring about accurate understanding of difference of both Chinese and English personal names which will be helpful to avoid blindness in translation.
Personal name is a common phenomenon in all nations. It is names that ensure the effective communication between human beings, so everyone has a name. What’s more,each country has different naming method which is affected by history, society, thought. The contrastive study of Chinese and English names will be useful for studying the similarities and differences between the Chinese and English culture.
This thesis discusses in detail about names in Chinese and English from different aspects, such as surnames, given names and cultural connotation. It also tries to promote further study of translation of Chinese and English names.
1. The comparison between the composition of Chinese and English names.
1.1. The composition of Chinese names.
Both chines and english names are made up of surnames and given names. Chinese personal names include surnames and given names. Surnames are presented before given names. Most Chinese surnames are single, but there are also some compound surnames. Such as Duanmu, Zhuege. Surnames represent clans, patriarchal clans pr groups sharing same blood relationship while given names represents those who belongs to same clans and patriarchal clans. Under the influence of : bringing glory on one’s ancestors”, surnames are more important. This implies the naming characteristic of重姓轻名.
1.2. The composition of English names.
English personal names include christian name(first name or given name),middle name(second name), surname(family or last name). It also has single character surnames and compound names. Usually the structure is like: given name+middle name+surname. For example, Thomas Alva Edison. Thomas is a given name,Alva is a middle name and Edison is a surname. In western countries, according to the religious tradition, when a baby was born, their parents will take the baby to the church for baptism. Then a given name will be given by parents, pastor or relatives.
The middle names are always given by themselves and the surnames always come from their father. Meanwhile, when women get married with men, women would like to use husbands’ surnames. For example, when Marie Greene married John Potter, the name will be like Marie Potter.
1.3. The cultural connotation behind the composition of Chinese and English names.
Chinese personal names pay more attention to surnames than given names. In ancient china, Chinese people emphasize the importance of follow the groups, family and country. English personal names pay more attention to given names than surnames. Native english speakers emphasize the individuality and personal value, so they put the names which display their characteristics and values before surnames.
2.The comparison of Chinese and english surnames.
There are numerous surnames no matter which nation they are in. And there are more english surnames than Chinese surnames. According to 《百家姓》,there are 408 single character surnames and 76 compound surnames. However, according to 《中国姓氏大辞典》, there are 23,183 surnames. But the British have 35,000 surnames.
2.1. The comparison of the origin of Chinese and english surnames.
2.1.1. The origin of Chinese surnames.
The origin of Chinese surnames are rather complicated. The main origins of chinese surnames will be outlined as follows.
1.surnames derived from matriarchal society.
They always have one common characteristic, that is all contain a chinese character component which means female in order to revere the maternal blood, such as Yao(姚),Jiang(姜).
2.surnames derived from states.
For example, after the establishment of Zhou dynasty, the emperor conferred great gifts, including clansman of same surnames and meritorious of different surnames and descendants from Xia and Shang dynasty. These people would own their own land and establish their own vassal states, named as Lu, Wei. Finally, theses names would develop into surnames.
3.surnames derived from official position. For example, sima originally referred to an royal official in charge of the assignment and taxes of military.
4.Surnames derived from ancestors’ given names.
In ancient china, the son of King(王)called Wangzi(王子),the son of Wangzi called Wangsun(王孙),the surname of Wangsun would be the given name of his grandfather. For example, Zhou jingwang(周景王)is a king, his son is Wangzi whose name is Chao(朝), and the surname of his grandson is Chao(朝).
2.1.2. The origins of English surnames.
Compared with complexity and diversity of chinese surnames, english surnames are relatively single. The main origins of english surnames are as follows.
1. Surnames derived from places, such as Hamilton,London,Burton.
2. Surnames derived from estate names, such as Ernie,Windsor,Staunton.
3.surnames derived from the father’s name.
4.Surnames derived from occupations,such as Goldsmith,Blacksmith.
3. The comparison of chinese and english given names.
The Bible says that name makes one what he is. And different people tries to use different given names which will differentiate them from another and good names can reveal one’s character, habit and thoughts. Sometimes, people use names to show their dreams of fortune, health and some other things.
3.1. The comparison of chinese and english name method.
3.1.1. The mutual naming methods.
1. Given names from the time of birth. Such as Hu Xueying(胡雪莹), Chen Chen (陈晨)English have a similar naming method,such as Cheisea, Shelley, Shirley.
2. Given names from the birth place. Such as Zhang Husheng(张沪生),Li Changjiang(李长江)。
3. Given names from animals and plants. Both china and english countries have this naming method. For example, chinese names:Duan Benhu(段本虎), Hu Dapeng(胡大鹏), Qian Qiuju(钱秋菊). English names like Ariel, Gawain,Apple.
3.1.2. The unique chinese naming methods.
Different dynasty always had different naming method and this is always related to the state of society. In the period of spring and autum, the names showed the situation of lower classes. They would name as lower-down or ugly. For example,the son of Jin Wen gong, was named as evil. What’s more, some people would like to use some structural particles in their name, such as Jie Zhitui(介之推),Lv Buwei(吕不韦).
3.1.3. The unique english naming method.
English name also has a unique characteristic: middle name. Most people in english-speaking countries would use a middle name. People usually choose their own middle name which can be taken from the mother’s last name or given name.
4.strategies for translation.
4.1.strategies for translating Chinese names into English names.
1.on the basis of《汉语拼音方案》
2.Put the surnames before given names。(先姓后名,符合要求)。
张伟--Zhang Wei.
端木惠林--Duanmu Huilin.
3.约定俗成.( ways established by usage).
孔子--Confucius
孙中山--Sun Yat-sen
老子--Laotsu
4.2.strategies for translating English names into Chinese names.
1.先名后姓依次翻译。
Western people pay high attention to individuality. They put the given name before surnames. It is better to translate english names in order. For example, translate David Copperfield into 大卫.科波菲尔.
2.音译法(transliteration).
This is the most commonly used way of translating english name. First, try to avoid uncommon chinese character and choose the commonly used one, such as Laura(劳拉),Jones(琼斯). Second,try to keep capitals which are already in english names, such as C.S Butler(C.S布特勒).
Third, if some western people have their chinese names, try to use their chinese names. For example, John K.Fairbank(费正清).
3.约定俗成(ways established by usage).
If some names are commonly used, it is not good to change it. For example, if Johnson is a human name, it is always translated into 约翰逊,if it is a milk brand, it is always translated into 强生.
Conclusion.
This thesis explores the origin and naming method of chinese and english names by contrastive study. It also tries to outline some strategies for translation between chinese and english names. By contrastive study, it shows similarities or differences between chinese and english names. What’s more, this reveal the cultural connotation behind chinese and english names which pretty important in social life and cross-cultural communication.
Acknowledgments
At the point of finishing this thesis, i would like to express my sincere thanks to all those who have lent me hands in the course of my writing this paper. First of all, i’d like to take this opportunity to show my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professor Guo, who shows great responsibilities for us in our course of english-chinese contrastive study. Secondly, i ‘d like to express my gratitude to my classmates who offered me reference and information in time. Last but not least, i would like to express my appreciation to all the authors whose books or articles have been method in this paper.
References
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[4].Tu Yuchen(涂雨晨). 英语名字起源和涵义的探究及归纳[J].江西财经大学外国语学院,2007(26):194-197.
Contrastive studies of personal names in Chinese and English
外国语学院
英语1112班
张婷婷
18