1. An investment pays you annual stated rate (=nominal rate) of 9 percent interest, compounded annually. A second investment of equal risk, pays interest compounded quarterly. What nominal annual rate of interest would you have to receive on the second investment in order to make you indifferent between the two investments?
a) 2.18%
b) 8.71%
c) 9.00%
d) 9.20%
e) 9.31%
Effective annual rate:
2. You own two securities A and B. Security A pays you $100 a year every odd year in perpetuity (that is, it pays you $100 in year 1, year 3, year 5 etc, forever). Security B pays you $ 50 a year every even year in perpetuity (that is, it pays you $50 a year in year 2, year 4, year 6 etc, forever). Assume 10% is the annual interest rate. What is the present value of the cash flows from both securities combined (rounded off to the closest $10)
a) $720
b) $740
c) $760
d) $780
e) $800
Consider payments are made every period of two years. Considering that period, security A, as being made on year one, is (1+r) times a perpetuity that would start at year 2, like B.
The 10% interest rate is a nominal annual interest rate. And we need to get the effective “every-two-years” rate.
The nominal “every-two-years” rate is equal to the periodic rate (here, annual) multiplied by the number of periods (two). This is this rate that we’ll use in the equation for effective rate: 10%*2 = 20%
3. You have $1,000 invested in an account which pays 16 percent, compounded annually, for 2 years. A commission agent (called a "finder") can locate for you an equally safe deposit which will pay 16 percent, compounded quarterly, also for 2 years. What is the maximum amount you should be willing to pay him now as a fee for locating the new account?
a) $10.92
b) $13.78
c) $16.14
d) $16.78
e) $21.13
16% = effective annual rate.
A=1000*(1+0.16)^2=1345.6
B=1000*(1+0.16/4)^(2*4)=1368.58
B-A=22.96
Beware, we also need to calculate the present value of the difference!
22.96/(1+0.15/4)^8 = 16.78
4. Today is your birthday, and you decide to start saving for your college education. You will begin college on your 18th birthday and will need $4,000 per year at the end of each of the following 4 years. You will make a deposit 1 year from today in an account paying 12 percent annually and continue to make an identical deposit each year up to and including the year you begin college. If a deposit amount of $2,542.05 will allow you to reach your goal, what birthday are you celebrating today?
a) 13
b) 14
c) 15
d) 16
e) 17
∙Value of the college education at 18:
N=4
PMT=4,000, ordinary annuity
I/Y=12%
FV=0
PV = $12,149.4
∙Number of years the $2542.05 payment must be made to arrive to $12,149.4 :
FV=12149.4
PMT=$2542.05, ordinary annuity
I/Y=12%
PV=0
N=4
∙Birthday:
N is the number of deposits between one year from your birthday and 18 (including the 18th year). So you make payments at 18, 17, 16 and 15, and you’re celebrating your 14th birthday.
5. Assume that you have $15,000 in a bank account that pays 5 percent annual interest. You plan to go back to school for a combination MBA/law degree 5 years from today. It will take you an additional 5 years to complete your graduate studies. You figure you will need a fixed annual income of $25,000 in today's dollars; that is, you will need $25,000 of today's dollars during your first year and each of the four subsequent years.
You will withdraw funds for your annual expenses at the beginning of each year. Inflation is expected to occur at the rate of 3 percent per year. How much must you save during each of the next 5 years in order to achieve your goal (rounded to the next $)? The first increment of savings will be deposited one year from today.
(Hint: Calculate first the nominal annual income you need during the 5 years in school. Since this nominal income is constant, your real income will decline while you are in school because of inflation).
a) $20,242
b) $19,225
c) $18,792
d) $19,559
e) $20,379
* Find what $25,000 of today will be worth in 5 years with the inflation:
* Calculate the present value of the total amount you’ll need to pay for your studies (do it in two steps, value when you enter college, and then value today – otherwise, very tricky)
* Present value of what you’ll need to save (in total)
103,229.62 – 15,000 = $88,229.62
* Fixed payments:
6. At an inflation rate of 9 percent, the purchasing power of $1 would be cut in half in just over 8 years (some calculators round to 9 years). How long, to the nearest year, would it take for the purchasing power of $1 to be cut in half if the inflation rate were only 4 percent?
a) 12
b) 14
c) 16
d) 18
e) 20
0.5*(1+0.09)^x = 1 > 1.09^x = 2 > xln(1.09) = ln 2 > x = 8.04
y = ln2 / ln(1.04) = 17.67
another way : (1/(1+0.09))^x = 0.5 > 1.09^x = 1/0.5 > 1.09^x = 2
Use the following data for question 7, 8 and 9
Asset | Expected Return | Standard Deviation | Beta |
Stock A | 9% | 16% | 0.7 |
Stock B | 12% | 20% | 1.2 |
Risk-free asset | 3% | N/A | N/A |
7. What is the expected return on this portfolio?
a) 8.0%
b) 9.0%
c) 9.3%
d) 9.7%
e) 12.4%
E(r) = 0.4x9% + 0.4x12% + 0.2x3%
8. What is the portfolio's standard deviation?
a) 1.24%
b) 8.91%
c) 9.40%
d) 11.14%
e) 12.77%
We know. We deduce and we use the formula:
to deduce the standard deviation of q portfolio constituted of A and B. As the same weight is put in A and B, we consider it is 0.5 for each.
Now, we consider the standard-deviation of a portfolio where the risk-free asset is added. We can use the formula:
9. What is the beta of the portfolio?
a) 0.00
b) 0.76
c) 0.95
d) 1.00
e) 1.08
β = 0.4x0.7 + 0.4x1.2 = 0.76
10. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
a)The required return on the market is always lower than the risk-free interest rate.
b)If a stock has a beta of 0 (zero), the return on its shares will be equal to the risk free rate
c)If a stock has a beta equal to 1 (one), its required rate of return will be equal to the expected return on the market
d)The market risk premium cannot be higher than the risk-free interest rate.
e)a & d are incorrect > right, but the question was: which of the following statements is incorrect?. It’s correct to say that they are incorrect. And illogical to ask for the incorrect statement if there are at least two of them. [ You will get credit for both (d] and e)
11. Your undiversified portfolio contains two securities, $6000 in T-Emages (TE) and $4,000 in Segamet (SEG). TE has an expected return of 15% and a standard deviation of returns of 34%. SEG has an expected return of 10% and a standard deviation of 19%. Assume that the correlation between the returns of TE and the returns of SEG is 0.7. What is the standard deviation of your portfolio?
a) 6.9%
b) 16.0%
c) 21.4%
d) 26.3%
e) 28.0%
12. Suppose you buy a 5-year $1000 face value bond on January 1, 2003 at its quoted price of $887.50. The coupon rate is 8% and coupon payments are made on a semi-annual basis. If you sell the bond after exactly one year and expect that the annual interest rate (nominal) at that time will have increased by 2 percentage points, what will be the selling price?
a)825.00
b)815.15
c)848.22
d)800.01
e)887.50
∙Determine the interest rate at N = 5
We use the formula:
And we solve for the interest rate. We use the financial calculator, with:
N = 2*5,
PMT = coupon rate*face value = 0.08*1,000 = $80 annually, that is $40 every six months.
FV =1,000
PV = - 887.50
The answer is rd = 10.98% (we multiply by two the answer that the calculator gives, since it corresponds to the semi-annual rate and we want the annual one.
∙determine the selling price at N = 4
We can now either use the financial calculator or solve the equation:
We assume rd is now equal to 12.98%
13. Kanine Corp recently reported earnings of $1.5 million. The firm plans to retain 30% of its earnings. The historical return on equity for the firm has been 12%, and this figure is expected to continue in future also. If the firm has 1,000,000 shares outstanding, calculate the price of each share. Assume the company's beta is 1.2, the risk-free rate is 4% and the market risk premium is 11%. (Hint: The 30% of the company's earnings that are being retained have some implications for the growth of the company)
a) $6.1
b) $8.00
c) $20.2
d) $22.6
e) $112.5
∙Required rate of return of the company:
∙Dividends paid this year (D0)
per share
∙Expected rate of growth
We assume the firm will always retain 30% of its earnings and that the return on equity will remain the same to infinity.
The rate of growth will then be 12% x 30% = 3.6%
∙Price of a share
14. Jewel Mining Co's ore reserves are being depleted, and its cost of recovering ore is increasing every year. The company therefore expects earnings to decline at 5% every year. If the firm just paid out a dividend (D0) of $2, what is the price of the share? Assume that the required rate of return on the firm's equity is 12%.
a) 12.35
b) 30.00
c) 42.00
d) 38.00
e) 11.18
15. Bartorelli Inc. issued a 25 year $1000 par value, semi annual 9.5% coupon bond 7 years ago at par. Today these bonds are selling for $1,230. What is the yield to maturity, (kd), on this bond issue today?
a) 3.07%
b) 3.60%
c) 6.12%
d) 7.20%
e) 7.46%
FV = 1,000
N = (25-7)*2
PV = 1,230
Solving for interest (using the financial calculator): rd = 7.20% (annual interest, that is the double than the interest given by the calculator)
16. Softdrive Inc. pays a current dividend of $1.20 per share on its common stock. Over the next three years, the annual dividend will increase by 3%, 4% and 5%, respectively. Thereafter, the annual dividend will increase every year by 6%. What is the current price of Softdrive's stock, if the discount rate is 12%?
a) $18.10
b) $20.05
c) $ $22.15
d) $24.20
e) $26.25
Part II: Problems & Calculations
Record your final numeric answer including relevant calculations and intermediate steps
(Partial credit may be assigned, if appropriate)
17. The future value of an ordinary 15-year annuity in Japanese Yen (JPY) is JPY 50,000,000. Which is the underlying annual interest rate (2 decimal places) under the following assumptions?
a) The annuity pays an annual amount of JPY 1,000,000
b) The annuity pays an annual amount of JPY 2,000,000
c) The annuity pays an annual amount of JPY 3,000,000
We use the formula:
We use a financial calculator:
n = 15
FV = -50,000,000
PV = 0
PMT= 1,000,000 / 2,000,000 / 3,000,000
a) 15.60%
b) 6.93%
c) 1.49%
18. A 10-year ordinary annuity in Euro (EUR) has a present value of EUR 600,000 (annually compounded). What is the amount of each annuity payment under the following assumptions?
a) Interest rate = 0% p.a.
b) Interest rate = 5% p.a.
c) Interest rate = 10% p.a.
If r = 0%, the present value is simply the sum of all the annuities. Since annuities, by definition, are constant payments, a = PV/n = 600,000/10 = 60,000€
When, the present value of all annuities is computed as follows (a = annuity):
And
If r = 5%, we find PV = 77,702.74€
If r = 10%, PV = 97,7.24€
19. A company Web site promoting early retirement programs advertises the following deal: "You pay us an constant annual amount at the end of each of the next 12 years and then we will repay you the same annual amount forever." Assume that the company starts to repay you at the end of year 13.
a) What interest rate are they promising?
b) What would the underlying interest be if you had to make payments for 20 years (instead of 12) and they would start to repay at the end of year 21?
(Hint: The problem can be solved algebraically or with excel, using goal seek)
The constant payments beginning from year 13 are a perpetuity. In fact, the company promises that the present value of a perpetuity beginning year 13 is equal to the present value of annuities paid from year 1 to year 12.
The present value of the perpetuity is (we first calculate it as the present value of annuities and then we make tend n towards the infinite):
If n tends to the infinite, tends to zero, and
OR…
∙Value of the perpetuity at year 12:
∙Present value of this amount:
So the company advertises that:
That is to say:
Or:
So
If the company started to give the payments back at the year, the interest rate would be:
20. A 30-year annuity in British Pounds (GBP) pays an annual amount of GBP 50,000. Interest rates are at 12% p.a., annually compounded. Calculate the present value of this annuity under the following assumptions:
a) The annuity is an ordinary annuity
b) The annuity is an annuity due
If the annuity is ordinary,
In our case,
If the annuity is annuity due, PVdue=(1+r)PVordiinary
21. For your new house you need a loan in the amount of $180,000. Your bank offers you
(a) a "traditional" 30-year mortgage with monthly payments at a fixed rate of 5.875% p.a., or (b) a similar, but shorter 15-year mortgage with monthly payments at a fixed rate of 5.125% p.a. What would your monthly payments be in either of the two cases (2 decimal places, assume monthly compounding)?
We assume annuities are ordinary.
In the first case, here
In the second case,
22. Five years ago you bought a Beachhouse in St. Augustine (FL). The purchase price was USD 450,000. You borrowed 80% of the purchase price with a 15-year, monthly payable mortgage at a fixed rate of 7.0% p.a. Since you wanted to pay off your mortgage sooner than scheduled, you have paid an additional USD 1,000 above the required amount on each of the payments you have made from the first payment. You have just made your 60th payment of the mortgage. What is the remaining balance on your mortgage?
(It is highly recommended - but not mandatory - to set up a spreadsheet for this problem)
∙First balance of the mortgage
450,000 x 80% = 360,000
∙Fixed payments
∙Extract of the spreadsheet
Year | Beginning Balance | Payment | Interest | Principal | Ending Balance |
1 | 360000,00 | 4235,78 | 2100,00 | 2135,78 | 3578,22 |
2 | 3578,22 | 4235,78 | 2087,54 | 2148,24 | 355715,98 |
3 | 355715,98 | 4235,78 | 2075,01 | 2160,77 | 353555,21 |
4 | 353555,21 | 4235,78 | 2062,41 | 2173,38 | 351381,83 |
5 | 351381,83 | 4235,78 | 2049,73 | 2186,05 | 349195,77 |
... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
60 | 210103,36 | 4235,78 | 1225,60 | 3010,18 | 207093,19 |
Principal = Payment – Interest
Ending Balance = Beginning Balance – Principal
Remaining Balance at the end of the 60th month: $207,093.19
23. Same situation like in 22. above. Just after having made the 24th payment, you have refinanced your mortgage according to the following terms:
- Your new mortgage is a 15-year mortgage with a fixed rate of 5.0% p.a.
- The new total loan amount is the remaining balance as calculated in problem 22 plus USD 3,000 in closing costs
- You will continue to pay USD 1,000 more per month than what you would have to pay based on the new mortgage terms
What will be the remaining balance on your mortgage after 5 years, i.e. after having made the 60th payment of the new mortgage?
(It is highly recommended - but not mandatory - to set up a spreadsheet for this problem)
∙Extract of the spreadsheet for problem 22
Year | Beginning Balance | Payment | Interest | Principal | Ending Balance |
24 | 307592,41 | 4235,78 | 1794,29 | 2441,49 | 305150,92 |
305,150.92+3,000 = $308,150.92
∙New annuities
∙Extract of the spreadsheet for the new mortgage
Year | Beginning Balance | Payment | Interest | Principal | Ending Balance |
1 | 308150,92 | 3436,84 | 1283,96 | 2152,88 | 305998,05 |
2 | 305998,05 | 3436,84 | 1274,99 | 2161,85 | 303836,20 |
3 | 303836,20 | 3436,84 | 1265,98 | 2170,85 | 301665,35 |
4 | 301665,35 | 3436,84 | 1256,94 | 2179,90 | 299485,45 |
5 | 299485,45 | 3436,84 | 1247,86 | 2188,98 | 297296,46 |
... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... |
60 | 1493,73 | 3436,84 | 685,39 | 2751,45 | 161742,28 |
24. Francisco invests a certain lump sum today in an account that guarantees 3% p.a. (compounded semiannually) and Helena invests the same lump sum today in account guaranteeing 9% p.a. (compounded quarterly).
a)How long will it take the value of Helena's investment to be three as much as Francisco's (rounded to the next whole number of years)?
b)How long will it take the value of Helena's investment to be six times as much as Francisco's (rounded to the next whole number of years)?
(Hint: The problem can be solved either mathematically [using logarithms], with excel [using goal seek], or by trial-and-error)
a)
b)
25. The present value (t=0) of the following cash flow stream is $250,000, when discounted at the discount rates shown below. Calculate the value of the missing (i.e., t=3) cash flow (2 decimal places).
Year | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Cash Flow | $40,000 | $60,000 | ? | $60,000 | $40,000 |
a) Discount rate = 10% p.a., semiannual compounding
b) Discount rate = 6%, quarterly compounding
c)Discount rate = 0%, monthly compounding
26. You think about buying a bond of Lufthansa, the German airline. This bond matures in exactly 15 years, has a par value of EUR 100,000 (i.e. 100,000 Euros) and a coupon rate of 6.5% (paid annually). Compute the "fair" price of this bond (in percentage points, 2 decimal places) under the following assumptions:
a) Yield to maturity = 4.5 % p.a.
b) Yield to maturity = 6.5 % p.a.
c) Yield to maturity = 8.5% p.a.
N = 15
FV = 100,000
INT = 6.5%*100,000 = 6500
a) Fair price = 121,479.09€
b) Fair price = 100,000.00€
c) Fair price = 83,391.53€
27. MC Ltd does not pay any dividends right now, but is expected to pay out a dividend of $1.00 two years from today, i.e. at the end of year 2. Dividends are then expected to grow at 20% for the next 2 years (years 3 & 4) and at 10% for the following 2 years (years 5 & 6). After year 6, the dividend is expected to grow at a constant growth rate of 5%.
a) If your required rate of return is 12%, what will be the price of the share today?
b) If your required rate of return is 18%, what will be the price of the share today?
28. Firms A and B merge. Before the merger the following information is available on firms A and B
Mean rate of return % Beta
Firm A 15.6 1.8
Firm B 11.4 1.2
The expected rate of return on the market portfolio is 15%.
a) Assume the CAPM holds. What is the riskless interest rate?
b) After the merger, the newly merged firm's beta is 1.35. What were the relative sizes of these two firms before the merger?
a)
The riskless interest rate is 3%
b)
The relative size of the two firms before the merger was 25% firm A and 75% firm B.
Part I: Multiple Choices
1) b 2) c 3) d 4) b
5) e 6) d 7) b 8) b
9) b 10) e 11) d 12) c
13) b 14) e 15) d 16) b