CATTI二级笔译实务真题

2006年5月二级笔译实务真题 (1)

2006年11月二级笔译实务真题 (6)

2007年5月二级笔译实务真题 (11)

2007年11月二级笔译实务真题 (14)

2008年5月二级笔译实务真题 (17)

2008年11月二级笔译实务真题 (20)

2009年5月二级笔译实务真题 (24)

2009年11月二级笔译实务真题 (28)

2010年5月二级笔译实务真题 (31)

2010年11月二级笔译实务真题 (34)

2011年5月二级笔译实务真题 (36)

2011年11月二级笔译实务真题 (40)

2012年5月二级笔译实务真题 (47)

2012年11月二级笔译实务真题 (50)2006年5月二级笔译实务真题

【英译汉必译题】

For all the natural and man-made disasters of the past year,travelers seem more determined than ever to leave home.

Never mind the tsunami devastation in Asia last December,the recent earthquake in Kashmir or the suicide bombings this year in London and Bali,among other places on or off the tourist trail.The number of leisure travelers visiting tourist destinations hit by trouble has in some cases bounced back to a level higher than before disaster struck.

"This new fast recovery of tourism we are observing is kind of strange,"said John Koldowski,director for the Strategic Intelligence Center of the Bangkok-based Pacific Asia Travel Association."It makes you think about the adage that any publicity is good publicity."

It is still too soon to compile year-on-year statistics for the disasters of the past12 months,but travel industry experts say that the broad trends are already clear.Leisure travel is expected to increase by nearly5percent this year,according to the World Tourism and Travel Council.

Tourism and travel now seem to bounce back faster and higher each time there is an event of this sort,"said Ufi Ibrahim,vice president of the London-based World Tourism and Travel Council.For London,where suicide bombers killed56and wounded700on July8,she said,"It was almost as if people who stayed away after the bomb attack then decided to come back twice."

Early indicators show that the same holds true for other disaster-struck destinations.Statistics compiled by the Pacific Asia Travel Association,for example, show that monthly visitor arrivals in Sri Lanka,where the Dec.26,2004,tsunami left more than30,000people dead or missing,were higher than one year earlier for every month from March through August of this year.

A case commonly cited by travel professionals as an early example of the trend is Bali,where202people were killed in bombings targeting Western tourists in October 2002.Visitor arrivals plunged to993,000for the year after the bombing,but bounced back to1.46million in2004,a level higher than the two years before the bomb, according to the Pacific Asia Travel Association.

Even among Australians,who suffered the worst casualties in the Bali bombings, the number of Bali-bound visitors bounced back within two years to the highest level since1998,according the Pacific Asia Travel Association.Bali was hit again this year by suicide bombers who killed19people in explosions at three restaurants.

Visits are also on the upswing to post-tsunami Thailand,where the giant waves killed5,400and left more than5,000missing.

Although the tsunami killed more than500Swedes on the Thai resort island of Phuket,the largest number of any foreign nationality to die,Swedes are returning to the island in larger numbers than last year,according to My Travel Sweden,a Stockholm-based group that sends600,000tourists overseas annually and claims a28 percent market share for Sweden.

"We were confident that Thailand would eventually bounce back as a destination, but we didn"t think that this year it would come back even stronger than last year," said Joakim Eriksson,director of communication for My Travel Sweden."We were very surprised because we really expected a significant decline."

Eriksson said My Travel now expects a5percent increase in visitors to both Thailand and Sri Lanka this season compared with the same season last year.This behavior is a sharp change from the patterns of the1990s,Eriksson said.

"During the first Gulf war we saw a sharp drop in travel as a whole,and the same after Sept.11,"Eriksson said."Now the main impact of terrorism or disasters is a change in destination."

【英译汉二选一】

【试题1】

Freed by warming,waters once locked beneath ice are gnawing at coastal settlements around the Arctic Circle.

In Bykovsky,a village of457on Russia's northeast coast,the shoreline is collapsing,creeping closer and closer to houses and tanks of heating oil,at a rate of 15to18feet a year.

"It is practically all ice-permafrost-and it is thawing."For the four million people who live north of the Arctic Circle,a changing climate presents new opportunities.But it also threatens their environment,their homes and,for those whose traditions rely on the ice-bound wilderness,the preservation of their culture.

A push to develop the North,quickened by the melting of the Arctic seas,carries its own rewards and dangers for people in the region.The discovery of vast petroleum fields in the Barents and Kara Seas has raised fears of catastrophic accidents as ships loaded with oil and,soon,liquefied gas churn through the fisheries off Scandinavia, headed to markets in Europe and North America.Land that was untouched could betainted by pollution as generators,smokestacks and large vehicles sprout to support the growing energy industry.

Coastal erosion is a problem in Alaska as well,forcing the United States to prepare to relocate several Inuit villages at a projected cost of$100million or more for each one.

Across the Arctic,indigenous tribes with traditions shaped by centuries of living in extremes of cold and ice are noticing changes in weather and wildlife.They are trying to adapt,but it can be confounding.

In Finnmark,Norway's northernmost province,the Arctic landscape unfolds in late winter as an endless snowy plateau,silent but for the cries of the reindeer and the occasional whine of a snowmobile herding them.

A changing Arctic is felt there,too."The reindeer are becoming unhappy,"said Issat Eira,a31-year-old reindeer herder.

Few countries rival Norway when it comes to protecting the environment and preserving indigenous customs.The state has lavished its oil wealth on the region,and Sami culture has enjoyed something of a renaissance.

And yet no amount of government support can convince Mr.Eira that his livelihood,intractably entwined with the reindeer,is not about to change.Like a Texas cattleman,he keeps the size of his herd secret.But he said warmer temperatures in fall and spring were melting the top layers of snow,which then refreeze as ice, making it harder for his reindeer to dig through to the lichen they eat.

"The people who are making the decisions,they are living in the south and they are living in towns,"said Mr.Eira,sitting inside his home made of reindeer hides. "They don't mark the change of weather.It is only people who live in nature and get resources from nature who mark it."

A push to develop the North,quickened by the melting of the Arctic seas,carries its own rewards and dangers for people in the region.The discovery of vast petroleum fields in the Barents and Kara Seas has raised fears of catastrophic accidents as ships loaded with oil and,soon,liquefied gas churn through the fisheries off Scandinavia, headed to markets in Europe and North America.Land that was untouched could be tainted by pollution as generators,smokestacks and large vehicles sprout to support the growing energy industry.

【试题2】

Some people call him“Guidone”—big Guido.Large in both physical stature and reputation,Guido Rossi,who took over as Telecom Italia's chairman on September 15th following the surprise resignation of Marco Tronchetti Provera,has stood outfrom the Italian business crowd for more than three decades.Mr.Rossi,who attended Harvard law school in the1950s and wrote a book on American bankruptcy law, made his name as a corporate lawyer keen on market rules and their enforcement.He has since worked in both private and public sectors,including stints in the Italian Senate and as one of the European Commission's group of company-law experts.As well as running a busy legal practice,he also has a reputation as a corporate troubleshooter and all-round Mr Fix-It,and is often called upon to clean up organisations in crisis.

His role at Telecom Italia marks a return to the company he headed for ten months in1997,during its politically tricky and legally complex privatisation.Before that,Mr Rossi had been sent in to sort out Ferruzzi-Montedison,an agri-business and chemicals group,which had collapsed after magistrates uncovered tangentopoli (“bribesville”).Last year his legal scheming was crucial in ABN Amro's victorious bid for Banca Antonveneta.Most recently,he acted as special commissioner at Italy's football association,where he was drafted in to sort out the mess after a massive match-rigging scandal exploded earlier this year.

Alas,his efforts to bleach football's dark stains produced the same meagre[4] results as his other efforts to get Italian business and finance to change its ways.“Like Italians when tangentopoli burst,fans wanted justice when the scandal broke;but enthusiasm for legality quickly waned,”sighs Francesco Saverio Borrelli,Milan's former chief prosecutor,who headed the city's assault on corruption during the1990s and was appointed by Mr Rossi to dig out football's dirt.The political muscle of the clubs prevented tough measures being taken against them,reflecting Italy's two-tier justice system in which the rich and powerful can do what they like.“Economic interests in football far outweigh sporting interests,”remarks Mr Borrelli.The rottenness in football shocked even the unshakeable Mr Rossi.“Football did not want rules,it just wanted me to solve its problems,”he says.Despairing of being able to change much,he resigned in September and turned his attention to Telecom Italia.【汉译英】

【试题一】

亚洲是我们共同的家园，亚洲的和平、稳定、发展关系到亚洲各国人民的共同命运。我们高兴地看到，在当前总体和平稳定的国际环境下，亚洲也迎来了有史以来较为稳定的和平发展时期。这就是一个最重要的新机会。

在亚洲各国和人民的共同努力下，亚洲的发展正呈现出前所未有的良好

态势，突出表现在：亚洲巨大的市场潜能逐步得到开发，亚洲各国和地区经济结构调整的成效显著，产业优化升级继续加快，经济持续快速发展，亚洲已成为全球经济最具活力的地区之一。“我们说，要把握亚洲寻求共赢的新机会，这又是一个新机会。”

亚洲和平、稳定、发展的整体氛围，促进了亚洲区域合作进程的快速发展，一个平等、多元、开放、互利的地区合作新局面正在逐步形成。特别是以东亚、东盟、中亚、南盟、亚洲合作对话以及多双边自由贸易安排为标志，各种形式的区域、次区域经济合作蓬勃发展。这同样也是一个新机会。

这些积极而重大的变化，既为推动亚洲区域合作提供了有利条件，也为亚洲各国和地区的发展带来了历史性机遇。“只要我们继续相互尊重、平等对待，把握发展的机会，把握住自己的命运，就一定能够促进亚洲的发展与振兴，达致互利共赢的目标。”

【试题二】

国际经验与中国特色

中国作为后发现代化国家，极其需要借鉴国际经验。同时，在和平崛起进程中，中国又要以自己为主，来关注和解决自己的问题。这就是说，中国的现代化一定要有中国特色。

比如，在农业问题上，中国将努力走出一条新的节约型道路，即有中国特色的节约方式。现在美国人均年消费石油25桶，而中国人均消费不到1桶半。如果中国人不顾自己的条件，异想天开想做起“美国梦”，那我们对能源急切需求就会给自己，同事也会给人类带来沉重的负担和无尽的麻烦。

又比如，在农村富余劳动力的转移上，我们将逐步走出一条中国特色的城市化道路。目前，中国农村劳动力有5亿多人，今后20年大约有两亿多人要转移出来，在这个问题上，中国人不能做“欧洲梦”。欧洲在近代历史上，总共有6000多万人走到世界各地，到处建立殖民地，改变了世界版图。21世纪上半叶的中国人，只能在自己的国土上，通过城市和农村的精心协调发展，通过引导农村富余劳动力在不丧失土地的条件下，在城乡之间有序流动，来解决这个世界级的大难题。

2006年11月二级笔译实务真题

【英译汉必译题】

This week and next,governments,international agencies and nongovernmental organizations are gathering in Mexico City at the World Water Forum to discuss the legacy of global Mulhollandism in water-and to chart a new course.

They could hardly have chosen a better location.Water is being pumped out of the aquifer on which Mexico City stands at twice the rate of replenishment.The result: the city is subsiding at the rate of about half a meter every decade.You can see the consequences in the cracked cathedrals,the tilting Palace of Arts and the broken water and sewerage pipes.

Every region of the world has its own variant of the water crisis story.The mining of groundwaters for irrigation has lowered the water table in parts of India and Pakistan by30meters in the past three decades.As water goes down,the cost of pumping goes up,undermining the livelihoods of poor farmers.

What is driving the global water crisis?Physical availability is part of the problem.Unlike oil or coal,water is an infinitely renewable resource,but it is available in a finite quantity.With water use increasing at twice the rate of population growth,the amount available per person is shrinking-especially in some of the poorest countries.

Challenging as physical scarcity may be in some countries,the real problems in water go deeper.The20th-century model for water management was based on a simple idea:that water is an infinitely available free resource to be exploited,dammed or diverted without reference to scarcity or sustainability.

Across the world,water-based ecological systems-rivers,lakes and watersheds-have been taken beyond the frontiers of ecological sustainability by policy makers who have turned a blind eye to the consequences of over-exploitation.

We need a new model of water management for the21st century.What does that mean?For starters,we have to stop using water like there"s no tomorrow-and that means using it more efficiently at levels that do not destroy our environment.The buzz-phrase at the Mexico Water forum is"integrated water resource management." What it means is that governments need to manage the private demand of different users and manage this precious resource in the public interest.

【英译汉二选一】【试题1】

John Kenneth Galbraith,the iconoclastic economist,teacher and diplomat,died Saturday at a hospital in Cambridge,Massachusetts。He was97.

Mr.Galbraith was one of the most widely read authors in the history of economics;among his33books was"The Affluent Society"(1958),one of those rare works that forces a nation to re-examine its values.He wrote fluidly,even on complex topics,and many of his compelling phrases—among them"the affluent society," "conventional wisdom"and"countervailing power"—became part of the language.

An imposing presence,lanky and angular at6feet8inches tall,Mr.Galbraith was consulted frequently by national leaders,and he gave advice freely,though it may have been ignored as often as it was taken.Mr.Galbraith clearly preferred taking issue with the conventional wisdom he distrusted.

Mr.Galbraith,a revered lecturer for generations of Harvard students,nonetheless always commanded attention.

From the1930"s to the1990"s Mr.Galbraith helped define the terms of the national political debate,influencing both the direction of the Democratic Party and the thinking of its leaders.

He tutored Adlai E.Stevenson,the Democratic nominee for president in1952and 1956,on Keynesian economics.He advised President John F.Kennedy(often over lobster stew at the Locke-Ober restaurant in their beloved Boston)and served as his ambassador to India.

Though he eventually broke with President Lyndon B.Johnson over the war in Vietnam,he helped conceive of Mr.Johnson"s Great Society program and wrote a major presidential address that outlined its purposes.In1968,pursuing his opposition to the war,he helped Senator Eugene J.McCarthy seek the Democratic nomination for president.

In the course of his long career,he undertook a number of government assignments,including the organization of price controls in World War II and speechwriting for Presidents Franklin D.Roosevelt,Kennedy and Johnson.

He drew on his experiences in government to write three satirical novels.He took on the Harvard economics department with"A Tenured Professor,"ridiculing,among others,a certain outspoken character who bore no small resemblance to himself.

At his death,Mr.Galbraith was the emeritus professor of economics at Harvard, where he had taught for most of his career.A popular lecturer,he treated economics as an aspect of society and culture rather than as an arcane discipline of numbers.【试题2】

LAST week,Indonesia announced its43rd human death from bird flu.It has now recorded more fatalities than any other nation,and in stark contrast to all other countries its death toll is climbing regularly.It looks as though things will get worse before they get better.

The Indonesian government claims to be committed to fighting the disease, caused by the H5N1virus,but it does not seem to want to spend much of its own money doing so.After the international community pledged$900m in grants and slightly more in very soft loans to combat the spread of bird flu globally and to help nations prepare for a possible human flu pandemic[2],Indonesia put in a request for the full$900m—all of it in grants.

A national bird-flu commission was created in March to co-ordinate the country's response but it has yet to be given a budget.Its chief,meanwhile,has just been given a second full-time job—heading efforts to rebuild the part of Java devastated by an earthquake in May.

Observers say that the available money is being mis-spent,with the focus on humans rather than on animals.The agriculture ministry,for example,is asking for less money for next year than it got this year.This is despite hundreds of thousands of hens dying every month,to say nothing of infected cats,quails,pigs and ducks. Farmers are being compensate at only2,000rupiah(21cents)per bird,well below market price,thereby discouraging them from reporting outbreaks.The country's veterinary surveillance services are inadequate.Pledges to vaccinate hundreds of millions of birds have not been met.

The UN's Food and Agriculture Organisation is starting to establish local disease-control centres to cope with the effects of a virulent mutation,should one occur,but reckons that only one-third of the country will be covered by year's end.A bunch of international do-gooders[4]that is trying to plug some of the gaps is finding it hard to raise money.

【汉译英】

【试题一】中国是农业大国，在中国成为发达国家的道路上，农业有着决定性的作用。中国的农业应该是世界的奇迹，养活了13亿的人口，解决了世界1/5人口的吃饭问题，对中国经济的快速发展起到了坚实的保障作用。特别是始于1978年的改革开放最早从农村开始，使农业得到了进一步的发展，粮食、棉花、油料、糖料、肉类、水产品等产量均列世界第一位。中国农产品由极度短缺变为基本供给平衡，部分品种有余。但今天农村却不是改革开放的最大受益者，农业仍然处于传统农业向现代农业转变的发展阶段。

在中国，70%左右的人口仍然要依靠这个传统的农业产业提供生存保障，近50%的社会劳动人口仍然只能从农业中得到就业机会。农业生产产值占整个国民生产总值的比率在15%左右。

因此农业的现代化在国家的整个现代化进程中，占有举足轻重的地位。“实现农业的现代化”，这是中国一直在坚持的农业发展方向。

【试题二】

维护世界和平，促进共同发展，谋求合作共赢，是各国人民的共同愿望，也是不可抗拒的当今时代潮流。中国高举和平、发展、合作的旗帜，坚持走和平发展道路，与世界各国一道，共同致力于建设一个持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界。

中国与世界从未像今天这样紧密相连。中国把中国人民的根本利益与各国人民的共同利益结合起来，坚持奉行防御性的国防。中国的国防服从和服务于国家发展战略和安全战略，旨在维护统一，确保实现全面建设小康社会的宏伟目标。中国永远是维护世界和平、安全、稳定的坚定力量。

中国在经济不断发展的基础上推进国防和现代化，是适应世界新军事变革发展趋势、维护和发展利益的需要。中国不会与任何国家进行军备竞赛，不会对任何国家构成军事威胁。新世纪新阶段，中国把科学发展观作为国防和建设的重要指导方针，积极推进中国特色军事变革，努力实现国防和建设全面协调可持续发展。

2007年5月二级笔译实务真题

【英译汉必译题】

Strolling beside Amsterdam’s oldest canals,where buildings carry dates like1541 and1603,it is easy to imagine the city’s prosperity in the17th century.Replace today’s bicycles and cars with horse-drawn carts,add more barges on the waterways, and this is essentially how Amsterdam must have looked to Rembrandt as he did his rounds of wealthy merchants.

Such musings are not,of course,unprompted.This year,Amsterdam is celebrating the400th anniversary of Rembrandt’s birth,and it is hard to escape his shadow.His birthplace in Leiden,20miles south,has naturally organized its own festivities.But Amsterdam has two advantages:it boasts the world’s largest Rembrandt collection—and tourists like to come here anyway.

True,anniversaries can be pretty corny,but what city resists them?This year, Amsterdam is competing with Salzburg,where Mozart was born250years ago,and Aix-en-Provence,where Cézanne died a century ago.A sign in Amsterdam’s tourist office by the Central Station hints at one motive for such occasions:“Buy your Rembrandt products here.”

Still,if you start off by liking Rembrandt,as I do,there is much to discover.For instance,when in Amsterdam I always make a point of paying homage to the Rembrandt masterpieces in the Rijksmuseum,yet until now I had never bothered to visit Rembrandt House,where the painter lived from1639until driven out by bankruptcy in1658.In brief,I had never much connected his art to his person.

Now,at least,I have made a stab at doing so because,for this anniversary(he was born on July15,1606),Amsterdam has organized a host of events that offer insights into Rembrandt’s world.They highlight not only what is known about his life, but also the people he painted and the city he lived in from the age of25until his death at63in1669.

Although the Rijksmuseum is undergoing a massive renovation through2009, the museum is not snubbing its favorite son.Throughout the year,in part of the building to be renovated last,it is presenting some400paintings and other

17th-century objects representing the Golden Age in which Rembrandt prospered. These include works by Jan Steen,Vermeer and Frans Hals as well as by Rembrandt and his pupils.And they climax with Rembrandt’s largest and best known oil,“The Night Watch,”itself the focus of“Nightwatching,”a light and sound installation by the British movie director and Amsterdam resident,Peter Greenaway.

【英译汉二选一】

【试题1】

The arsenal of antibiotics strong enough to squelch nasty bacteria is rapidly dwindling worldwide,which makes worried infectious-disease doctors more intent than ever that the drugs be deployed only when strictly needed.

These specialists know that every antibiotic carries its own risks,and that the more frequently and broadly a drug is used,the more likely it is that harmful microbes will develop tricks to sidestep it.But a team of researchers in the Netherlands,where a more selective use of antibiotics has led to much lower levels of resistant bacteria than are circulating in the United States,thinks the medical finger-waggers have not gone far enough.

"As doctors,we've paid a lot of attention to questions of which antibiotics we should use to treat what sorts of infections,but have focused much less on how long that treatment should last,"said Dr.Jan Prins of the Academic Medical Center in Amsterdam.

In a small but provocative study published in the June10issue of the British medical journal BMJ,Dr.Prins and colleagues from nine hospitals suggested that even some cases of pneumonia—a potentially life-threatening disease—could be treated with a three-day course of antibiotics,rather than the conventional7-to 10-day treatment.

The Dutch study analyzed the cure rates of186adults who had been hospitalized with mild to moderately severe pneumonia.All received three days of intravenous amoxicillin to start.After that,the119who were showing substantial improvement were randomly divided into two groups;about half continued with another five-day course of oral amoxicillin,and the others got look-alike sugar pills.Neither the patients nor the doctors knew who was getting which treatment until the end of their participation in the study.

By the end of treatment,roughlypercent of the patients in each group were cured of their lung infections without further intervention.In a commentary accompanying the study,Dr.John Paul,a microbiologist at Sussex County Hospital in Brighton,England,writes that,at least for a subset of patients with uncomplicated, community-acquired pneumonia,the finding"suggests that current guidelines recommending7-10days should be revised."

As lead investigator of the Dutch study,Dr.Prins was not ready to go quite that far.He cited the study's small size and the seriousness of the illness as a reason to wait until the finding is independently replicated before advising a wholesale change in practice.

【试题2】缺【汉译英】

【试题一】

四川从今年开始将新建三个大熊猫自然保护区，使全省的大熊猫自然保护区达到40个，以确保50％左右的大熊猫栖息地和60％左右的野生大熊猫个体分布在保护区内。四川省今年将建的保护区包括位于邛崃山系的芦山县黄水河大熊猫自然保护区和位于大小相岭的荥经县泡草湾大熊猫自然保护区。同时，位于乐山市金口河区的八月林保护区正在审批中，有望在年内获准建立。

目前，四川省共有37个大熊猫自然保护区，占地200多万公顷，其中国家级大熊猫自然保护区11个。据第三次全国大熊猫普查，四川省野外的大熊猫数量为1206只，约占全国的76％。全省大熊猫栖息地面积达到177万公顷，占全国的77％。

20世纪50年代，中国就创立了第一个以保护大熊猫为目的的自然保护区。1992年中国启动了一个旨在全面彻底保护大熊猫栖息地的“中国保护大熊猫及其栖息地工程”，1998年开展了天然林保护、退耕还林等生态工程建设，这些工程开展以后，大熊猫生存繁衍状况明显好转。

大熊猫是世界上最珍贵的濒危动物之一，被称为活化石。目前，野生大熊猫仅存1590只左右，主要分布在四川和陕西。

【试题二】

能源是人类社会赖以生存和发展的重要物质基础。纵观人类社会发展的历史，人类文明的每一次重大进步都伴随着能源的改进和更替。能源的开发利用极大地推进了世界经济和人类社会的发展。

过去100多年里，发达国家先后完成了工业化，消耗了地球上大量的自然资源，特别是能源资源。当前，一些发展中国家正在步入工业化阶段，能源消费增加是经济社会发展的客观必然。

中国是当今世界上最大的发展中国家，发展经济，摆脱贫困，是中国和中国人民在相当长一段时期内的主要任务。20世纪70年代末以来，中国作为世界上发展最快的发展中国家，经济社会发展取得了举世瞩目的辉煌成就，成功地开辟了中国特色社会主义道路，为世界的发展和繁荣作出了重大贡献。

中国是目前世界上第二位能源生产国和消费国。能源供应持续增长，为经济社会发展提供了重要的支撑。能源消费的快速增长，为世界能源市场创造了广阔的发展空间。中国已经成为世界能源市场不可或缺的重要组成部分，对维护全球能源安全，正在发挥着越来越重要的积极作用。

2007年11月二级笔译实务真题

【英译汉必译题】

Milton Friedman,Free Markets Theorist,Dies at94.

Milton Friedman,the grandmaster of free-market economic theory in the postwar era and a prime force in the movement of nations toward less government and greater reliance on individual responsibility,died today in San Francisco,where he lived.He was 94.

Conservative and liberal colleagues alike viewed Mr.Friedman,a Nobel prize laureate,as one of the20th century’s leading economic scholars,on a par with giants like John Maynard Keynes and Paul Samuelson.

Flying the flag of economic conservatism,Mr.Friedman led the postwar challenge to the hallowed theories of Lord Keynes,the British economist who maintained that governments had a duty to help capitalistic economies through periods of recession and to prevent boom times from exploding into high inflation.

In Professor Friedman’s view,government had the opposite obligation:to keep its hands off the economy,to let the free market do its work.

The only economic lever that Mr.Friedman would allow government to use was the one that controlled the supply of money—a monetarist view that had gone out of favor when he embraced it in the1950s.He went on to record a signal achievement,predicting the unprecedented combination of rising unemployment and rising inflation that came to be called stagflation.His work earned him the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Science in1976.

Rarely,his colleagues said,did anyone have such impact on both his own profession and on government.Though he never served officially in the halls of power,he was always around them,as an adviser and theorist.

“Among economic scholars,Milton Friedman had no peer,”Ben S.Bernanke,the Federal Reserve chairman,said today.“The direct and indirect influences of his thinking on contemporary monetary economics would be difficult to overstate.”

Alan Greenspan,the former Federal Reserve chairman,said of Mr.Friedman in an interview on Tuesday.“From a longer-term point of view,it’s his academic achievements which will have lasting import.But I would not dismiss the profound impact he has already had on the American public’s view.”

Mr.Friedman had a gift for communicating complicated ideas in simple and lucid ways,and it served him well as the author or co-author of more than a dozen books,as a columnist for Newsweek from1966to1983and even as the star of a public television series.【英译汉二选一】

【试题1】

Panama goes to polls on upgrade for canal

PANAMA CITY:Voters were expected Sunday to approve the largest modernization project in the92-year history of the Panama Canal,a$5.25billion plan to expand the waterway to allow for larger ships while alleviating traffic problems.

The government of President Martín Torrijos has billed the referendum as historic, saying the work would double the capacity of a canal already on pace to generate about$1.4billion in revenue this year.Critics claim the expansion would benefit the canal's customers more than Panamanians,and worry that costs could balloon,forcing this debt-ridden country to borrow even more.

The project would build a third set of locks on the Pacific and Atlantic ends of the canal by2015,allowing it to handle modern container ships,cruise liners and tankers too large for its locks,which are33meters,or108feet,wide.

The Panama Canal Authority,the autonomous government agency that runs the canal,says the project would be paid for by increasing tolls and would generate$6 billion in revenue by2025.

There is nothing Panamanians are more passionate about than the canal.

"It's incomparable in the hemisphere,"said Samuel Lewis Navarro,the country's vice president and foreign secretary."It's in our heart,part of our soul."

Public opinion polls indicate that the plan would be approved overwhelmingly. Green and white signs throughout the country read"Yes for our children,"while tens of thousands of billboards and bumper stickers trumpet new jobs.

"The canal needs you,"television and radio ads implore.

"It will mean more boats,and that means more jobs,"said Damasco Polanco,who was herding cows on horseback in Nuevo Provedencia,on the banks of Lake Gatún, an artificial reservoir that supplies water to the canal.

The canal employs8,000workers and the expansion is expected to generate as many as40,000new jobs.Unemployment in Panama is9.5percent,and40percent of the country lives in poverty.

But critics fear that the expansion could cost nearly double the government's estimate,as well as stoke corruption and uncontrolled debt.

"The poor continue to suffer while the rich get richer,"said JoséFelix Castillo,62, a high school teacher who was one of about3,000supporters who took to Panama City's streets to protest the measure on Friday.Lewis Navarro noted that a portion of the revenue generated by each ton of cargo that passes through the waterway goes to education and social programs.

"We aren't talking about40percent poverty as a consequence of the canal,"he said."It's exactly the opposite."

【试题2】缺

【汉译英】

【试题一】

旅游是一项集观光、娱乐、健身为一体的愉快而美好的活动。旅游业随着时代进步而不断发展。

20世纪中叶以来，现代旅游在世界范围内迅速兴起，旅游人数不断增加，旅游产业规模持续扩大，旅游经济地位提升，旅游活动愈益成为各国人民交流文化、增进友谊、扩大交往的重要渠道，对人类活动和社会进步发生越来越广泛的影响。

古往今来，旅游一直是人们增长知识、丰富阅历、强健体魄的美好追求。

在古代，中国先哲们就提出了“观国之光”的思想，倡导“读万卷书，行万里路”，游历名山大川，承天地之灵气，接山水之精华。

【试题二】

从1979到2004年实行改革开放这27年里，中国发生了巨大的变化。经济每年增长9.4%，居民消费每年增长7%，进出口每年增长16.7%。2004年国民经济总产值达1.94万亿美元，进出口总额达1.1548万亿美元。我们已经基本上建立了社会主义市场经济。我们的生产力和综合国力在不断提高。社会各项事业蓬勃发展，人民生活实现了从温饱到小康这一历史性的飞跃。

如何在全球化加快的新形势下，从中国的实际出发，抓住机遇，迎接挑战，保持持续、快速、和谐和全面社会经济发展，是值得我们密切关注的重大战略略问题。经过多年的实践和探索，我们找到了一条既符合中国实际和时代发展趋势又反映人民愿望的发展道路。这就是具有中国特色的社会主义道路。我们将沿着这条道路坚定不移地奋勇前进。

2008年5月二级笔译实务真题

【英译汉必译题】

If a heavy reliance on fossil fuels makes a country a climate ogre,then Denmark —with its thousands of wind turbines sprinkled on the coastlines and at sea—is living a happy fairy tale.

Viewed from the United States or Asia,Denmark is an environmental role model. The country is"what a global warming solution looks like,"wrote Frances Beinecke, the president of the Natural Resources Defense Council,in a letter to the group last autumn.About one-fifth of the country's electricity comes from wind,which wind experts say is the highest proportion of any country.

But a closer look shows that Denmark is a far cry from a clean-energy paradise.

The building of wind turbines has virtually ground to a halt since subsidies were cut back.Meanwhile,compared with others in the European Union,Danes remain above-average emitters of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide.For all its wind turbines, a large proportion of the rest of Denmark's power is generated by plants that burn imported coal.

The Danish experience shows how difficult it can be for countries grown rich on fossil fuels to switch to renewable energy sources like wind power.Among the hurdles are fluctuating political priorities,the high cost of putting new turbines offshore,concern about public acceptance of large wind turbines and the volatility of the wind itself.

"Europe has really led the way,"said Alex Klein,a senior analyst with Emerging Energy Research,a consulting firm with offices in Cambridge,Massachusetts.

Some parts of western Denmark derive100percent of their peak needs from wind if the breeze is up.Germany and Spain generate more power in absolute terms,but in those countries wind still accounts for a far smaller proportion of the electricity generated.The average for all27European Union countries is3percent.

But the Germans and the Spanish are catching up as Denmark slows down.Of the thousands of megawatts of wind power added last year around the world,only8 megawatts were installed in Denmark.

If higher subsidies had been maintained,he said,Denmark could now be generating close to one-third—rather than one-fifth—of its electricity from windmills.

【英译汉二选一】

【试题一】

ONE DAY in February1926an unknown American writer walked out of a New York snowstorm and into history.An important piece of that history is now in danger of being lost forever,caught in the controversy over the US trade embargo against Cuba.

The unknown writer was Ernest Hemingway,and the New York office he walked into was that of Maxwell Perkins,the most famous American literary editor of his day.

It is difficult to conceive--80years and an incandescent literary career later--the idea of publishing the26-year-old Hemingway was a big risk.Hemingway had not yet published a novel.Indeed,his only published fiction consisted of a few short stories and poems,mostly in obscure Paris literary journals.

Yet Mr.Perkins,as Hemingway was to call him for years afterwards,even after they had become close friends,took the risk.On the spot,he offered Hemingway a deal included a generous$1,500advance on an unfinished,unnamed novel that Perkins had not even seen.

Hemingway and Perkins began a correspondence that lasted for21years,until Perkins's death in1947.A number of those letters are now housed in Cuba,at Finca Vigia,where Hemingway lived longer than anywhere else.

But the house is in danger of collapse.

A group of Americans is trying to save the house and its contents.Yet the US government won't let them.

The Treasury Department recently turned down the Hemingway Preservation Foundation's application for a license to permit its architects,engineers,and consultants to travel to Cuba to research a feasibility study to help the Cubans save Finca Vigia.This denial,which is contrary to the letter and spirit of the law,is being appealed.

【试题2】缺

【汉译英必译题】

从19世纪40年代之后的鸦片战争、甲午战争，至20世纪30年代的日本侵华战争，中国惨遭东西方列强的屠戮和极其野蛮的经济掠夺；再加上封建和连年内乱，中国主权沦丧、生灵涂炭、国力衰弱、民不聊生。深重的灾难、惨痛的事实使中华民族深知和平之珍贵、发展之重要。这样的历史实践形成了中国人民渴望和平、企求安定的心理，坚定了中国人民走和平发展道路的信念。

1949年新中国成立后，我们在发展道路上艰辛探索，既经历过成功的喜悦，也经受过失败的挫折。从1978年开始，中国开启了新的征程，从计划转向市场，从封闭转向开放，从自成一体转向融入经济全球化，走自主地建设中国特色社会主义的道路，取得了举世瞩目的辉煌成就。实践充分证明，坚持走和平发展的道路是正确的，既符合中国国情，又顺应时代潮流。中国将沿着这条和平发展的道路，坚定不移地走下去。

【汉译英二选一】

【试题一】

1968年我从北京来到陕西，惟一挂念的是在故乡身患绝症的老母亲。母亲的时日已经不多，身边再无亲人，离别成为我心中最沉重的痛。惟一能传递母亲信息的就是那枚小小的邮票。

母亲当时已经双目失明，信是让别人代写的，内容千篇一律的干枯，邮票却是母亲自己摸索着贴上去的，她贴了一叠信封，随用随取，为的是不给别人添麻烦。

每回接到母亲来信，我都要抚摸贴在信封右上角的邮票，那是母亲亲手贴上去的，它贴得规正却无画面感，很多时候是头朝下的，因为母亲根本看不见，她是凭感觉在贴。邮票残留着母亲的手印，承载着母亲的挂念，那上面有母亲的气息。凝视中，我常常泪眼模糊……

邮票是母亲的替代。我对邮票的认识源自于此。

【试题二】

2007年1月28日清晨，一列我国最新CRH高速动车组列车在上海南站首次亮相，标志着中国铁路进入一个全新时代。

新型CRH高速列车最高时速可达250公里，目前运行时速160公里。共有200名乘客见证了列车从上海到杭州的首次运行，其高速、平稳及美妙的乘坐体验给大家留下了深刻印象。该列车的内外装饰都达到了国际统一标准，给乘客优越的旅行体验。此次提速的关键元素在于它的高科技车头，其重量与传统机车头相比减半，大大降低了能耗。

除了新型CRH高速列车人性化的设计外，乘客还能体验到更舒心的服务。春节临近，CRH高速列车的全面运营将有望缓解紧张的铁路运输压力，以便出行更加便捷舒适。

2008年11月二级笔译实务真题

【英译汉必译题】

（选自The Economist）

Mangoes in Africa,as elsewhere,often fall prey to fruit flies,which destroy about40%of the continent's crop.In fact,fruit flies are so common in African mangoes that America has banned their import altogether,to protect its own orchards. African farmers,meanwhile,have few practical means to defend their fruit.Chemical pesticides are expensive.And even for those who can afford them they are not that effective since,by the time a farmer spots an infestation,it is too late to spray.Added to that,spraying tall trees is a much more complicated and unhealthy business than treating low-growing fruit and vegetables.

Agricultural scientists have also looked at controlling fruit flies with parasitic wasps.But the most common ones kill off only about one fly in20,leaving plenty of survivors to go on the rampage.Lethal traps baited with fly-attracting pheromones are another option.But they,too,are expensive.Moreover,all these methods require farmers to detect the presence of fruit flies,and to identify them as the main threat to their crop—no mean feat when most of the action is taking place in dense,leafy canopies ten metres off the ground.Instead,most farmers simply harvest their fruit early,when it is not yet fully ripe.This makes it less vulnerable to the flies,but also less valuable.

Farmers whose trees are teeming with weaver ants,however,do not need to bother with any of this.In a survey of several orchards in Benin,Dr van Mele and his colleagues found an average of less than one fruit-fly pupa in each batch of30 mangoes from trees where weaver ants were abundant,but an average of77pupae in batches from trees without weaver ants.The weaver ants,it turns out,are very thorough about hunting down and eating fruit flies,as well as a host of other pests. The only drawback is the ants'painful bite,which can be avoided by harvesting fruit with poles,rather than climbing trees.

Weaver ants have been used for pest control in China and other Asian countries for centuries.The practice has also been adopted in Australia.But Dr van Mele argues that it is particularly suited to Africa since weaver ants are endemic to the mango-growing regions of the continent,and little training or capital is needed to put them to work.All you need do is locate a suitable nest and run string from it to the trees you wish to protect.The ants will then quickly find their way to the target. Teaching a group of farmers in Burkina Faso to use weaver ants in this way took just a day,according to Dr van Mele.Those farmers no longer use pesticides to control fruit flies,and so are able to market their mangoes as organic to eager European consumers,vastly increasing their income.The ants,so to speak,are on the march.【英译汉二选一】

【试题1】缺

【试题2】

When it comes to the retail business,Chantal Voisin,an umbrella merchant in Paris,has a theory:When it rains,it pours.

One recent Friday afternoon not a single person set foot in Simon,her store on the Boulevard St.Michel.Then,two hours before closing,people started trickling in and she sold more than she had all week.

Voisin,who is61,has been making and selling high-end umbrellas since1958. Her tiny business stands the moods of a fickle public,but she said that if it were not for the store’s reputation,she did not know how she would make it.

“Umbrellas alone don’t bring in the bread,”Voisin said,“it’s our name.”

Her grandfather opened the store in17,when the umbrella was essential to the wardrobe and lifestyle of every young lady or dandy.

But if even several decades ago people coordinated their outfits to the last button,today they want one single,all-purpose umbrella.It should be black,and it had better be cheap.

Stepping into her store,whose ceiling is vaulted like an open umbrella,one may understand why she considers such fashion sloth a grave offense.Sprouting from baskets and lining the walls,there is such a variety of umbrellas.Some are dark and dignified,and others have ruffles around the rim,folded like bouquets of flowers.

The umbrellas run from€13,or$17,for the most basic to a very large black model with a silvered handle for€320.

Who would spend so much on an umbrella?“I have no idea,”Voisin said.“I ordered it because it was so beautiful.”

With street hawkers selling flimsy foldies outside and shoppers rustling price tags the moment they step inside,Voisin maintains that her products are relevant in a world where few are willing to spend more than€5on portable shelter.

“What I stand for:design,quality,creation,composition,the elegance of an umbrella,”she said.“Butthat’s so fragile.”【汉译英必译题】

中国已经提前进入老龄化社会。虽然养老问题是世界各国目前面临的共同问题，但对中国这样一个人口庞大，人均国内生产总值偏低的发展中国家来说，养老负担尤为繁重。

据统计，发达国家出现人口老化问题时，其人均国内生产总值已达到5000至1万美元。而中国1999年进入老龄化社会时，其人均国内生产总值还不到1000美元。目前，在中国，7-8个职工养一个老人。到2040年，这个比例将降至2比1。

如今，多数中国人仍恪守传统的孝道。许多老年人仍期望与子女共同生活，由晚辈照顾。这就加大了中国实行机构化养老的难度。但是，人口学家认为，职业养老机构养老是解决上世纪70年代末以来出生的独生子女一代的沉重养老负担的唯一出路。

目前，除投资外，越来越多的非官方资金正融入这个充满商机的巨大市场。

【汉译英二选一】

【试题1】

在中国东北边疆的黑龙江省，有一片被称为“北大荒”的土地。经过60年代的开发，这片原始荒原已经成为中国重要的商品粮基地和粮食战略储备基地，对保障中国的粮食安全起着重要的作用。

如今，北大荒的耕地面积已接近233万公顷，几乎所有能用于耕作的荒芜土地都已被开垦。2006年，北大荒的粮食综合生产能力达到113.2亿公顷。当年他为国家提供商品粮100亿公斤，可解决7000万人一年的口粮。

北大荒主要生产水稻、大豆、小麦、玉米等农作物，所产的粮食全部都是无公害绿色食品。目前，北大荒的农业生产机械化程度已经达到百分之百。这里拥有世界最先进的农机设备。

在农作物种植方面，北大荒对生产全过程实行了标准化管理，最大化的提高了农作物的质量和单位面积产量。现在，北大荒的人均粮食年产量高大38万公斤。这一数字已超过许多发达国家。

【试题2】

许多年来，越来越多的农命工进城打工。但许多人因经济困难，无法写子女前往，只得将他们留在家乡。这些孩子被称做“留守儿童”。据统计，目前全国有 1.5亿农命工进城打工，留守儿童已达2290万。

留守儿童现象已引起和公众的关注。过去几年里，各地建立了各类机构，帮助、照顾这些儿童。2007年，一个地方民营企业携手电视台在全国发起了一项慈善活动，旨在帮助这个弱势群体。确保这些儿童的利益对中国建设和谐社会具有重大意义。

这项慈善活动除了为留守儿童提供生活和教育补助费以外，每年还向其中的500人提供探亲旅费，使他们能在节假日于在城里打工的父母团聚。

目前，这项慈善活动已在全国展开。他为那些生活贫困，思念远方亲人的孩子们带来了希望。同时他又激励更多人去履行他们的社会义务。

2009年5月二级笔译实务真题

【英译汉必译题】

There was,last week,a glimmer of hope in the world food crisis.Expecting a bumper harvest,Ukraine relaxed restrictions on exports.Overnight,global wheat prices fell by10percent.

By contrast,traders in Bangkok quote rice prices around$1,000a ton,up from $460two months ago.

Such is the volatility of today’s markets.We do not know how high food prices might go,nor how far they could fall.But one thing is certain:We have gone from an era of plenty to one of scarcity.Experts agree that food prices are not likely to return to the levels the world had grown accustomed to any time soon.

Imagine the situation of those living on less than$1a day-the“bottom billion,”the poorest of the world’s poor.Most live in Africa,and many might typically spend two-thirds of their income on food.

In Liberia last week,I heard how people have stopped purchasing imported rice by the bag.Instead,they increasingly buy it by the cup,because that’s all they can afford.

Traveling though West Africa,I found good reason for optimism.In Burkina Faso,I saw a government working to import drought resistant seeds and better manage scarce water supplies,helped by nations like Brazil.In Ivory Coast,we saw a women’s cooperative running a chicken farm set up with UN funds.The project generated income-and food-for villagers in ways that can easily be replicated.

Elsewhere,I saw yet another women’s group slowly expanding their local agricultural production,with UN help.Soon they will replace World Food Program rice with their own home-grown produce,sufficient to cover the needs of their school feeding program.

These are home-grown,grass-roots solutions for grass-roots problems-precisely the kind of solutions that Africa needs.

【英译汉选译题】

【试题1】For a decade,metallurgists studying the hulk of the Titanic have argued that the storied ocean liner went down quickly after hitting an iceberg because the ship's builder used substandard rivets that popped their heads and let tons of icy seawater rush in.More than1,500people died.

Now a team of scientists has moved into deeper waters,uncovering evidence in the builder's own archives of a deadly mix of great ambition and use of low-quality iron that doomed the ship,which sank96years ago Tuesday.

The scientists found that the ship's builder,Harland and Wolff,in Belfast, struggled for years to obtain adequate supplies of rivets and riveters to build the world's three biggest ships at once:the Titanic and two sisters,Olympic and Britannic.

Each required three million rivets,and shortages peaked during Titanic's construction.

"The board was in crisis mode,"said Jennifer Hooper McCarty,a member of the team that studied the company's archive and other evidence."It was constant stress. Every meeting it was,'There's problems with the rivets,and we need to hire more people.'"

The team collected other clues from48Titanic rivets,using modern tests, computer simulations,comparisons to century-old metals and careful documentation of what engineers and shipbuilders of the era considered state of the art.

The scientists say the troubles began when the colossal plans forced Harland and Wolff to reach beyond its usual suppliers of rivet iron and include smaller forges,as disclosed in company and British government papers.Small forges tended to have less skill and experience.

Adding to the threat,the company,in buying iron for Titanic's rivets,ordered No. 3bar,known as"best,"not No.4,known as"best-best,"the scientists found.They also discovered that shipbuilders of the day typically used No.4iron for anchors, chains and rivets.

So the liner,whose name was meant to be synonymous with opulence,in at least one instance relied on cheap materials.

The scientists argue that better rivets would have probably kept the Titanic afloat long enough for rescuers to have arrived before the icy plunge,saving hundreds of lives.

【试题2】缺少

【汉译英必译题】

“中国制造”模式遭遇发展瓶颈，这种模式必须要改进和提高。一些外国人认为，“中国制造”大约就是质量低下的代名词。不可否认，少数产品的确存在质量问题，让大多数价廉质优的产品代其受罪。

质量是产品的生命线。随着外国市场的夸大，中国企业也意识到质量的重要性。因此一场旨在提高质量，提供优良服务的运动正在兴起。

在传统的制造业中，中国企业通过技术创新和质量管理，为国际市场提供高质量的产品。在新兴的信息产业，中国企业以高科技为师，增强和外国企业的交流与合作，提高产品质量。

近几年来，中国通过立法和社会监督保证产品质量，创造全社会重视产品问题的环境。

“中国制造”模式遭遇发展瓶颈，这种模式必须要改进和提高。一些外国人认为，“中国制造”大约就是质量低下的代名词。不可否认，少数产品的确存在质量问题，让大多数价廉质优的产品代其受罪。

质量是产品的生命线。随着外国市场的夸大，中国企业也意识到质量的重要性。因此一场旨在提高质量，提供优良服务的运动正在兴起。

在传统的制造业中，中国企业通过技术创新和质量管理，为国际市场提供高质量的产品。在新兴的信息产业，中国企业以高科技为师，增强和外国企业的交流与合作，提高产品质量。

近几年来，中国通过立法和社会监督保证产品质量，创造全社会重视产品问题的环境。

【汉译英选译题】

【试题1】

1996年，一位摄影师在喀纳斯自然保护区无意间拍到一只白熊。自此以后的十年里，白熊藏身于深山之中，再无音讯。直到2003年，人们才再次在该自然区又发现了白熊的踪迹。

在熊的家族里，只有北极熊是白色的。但是，这个庞然大物是如何离开极地寒带，来到这个寒温带的地方呢？难道它是通过通往北极的水路来到此地？这一猜测遭到动物学家的质疑。首先，北极熊不能在温带的树林中生活。其次。。。。。

2006年，一个科学考察队在白熊出没的地区发现了熊冬眠的冬窝儿，还发现了一小团白色的动物毛发。DNA样本鉴定为棕熊的毛发。但是，也有可能，至少那团毛发不属于照片中的白熊。

【试题2】

蓝藻是一种简单的水生植物，它可以在河湖、湿地、树干和温泉自然蔓延生长。当蓝藻细胞达到一定程度时，蓝藻的“密集孽生”会使水体变色、引起泡沫、散发臭气、影响贝类和鱼类的生存，还会使水质大幅度下降。

2007年夏天，富营养物和其他污染导致蓝藻在太湖、巢湖、滇池发生了蓝藻“密集孽生”现象，影响了城市供水及水生产品生长。

“密集孽生”最严重的是太湖东部。太湖是我国第三大淡水湖。这次“密集孽生”导致周边100多万居民供水问题长达10天之久。为了防止污染，当地环保部门关闭了770家化工厂。

2008年夏天，长期的温暖、干燥气候导致蓝藻在部分地区发生。9月，一艘可以快速、有效地清除蓝藻的船在江苏省投入使用。

2009年11月二级笔译实务真题

【英译汉必译题】

At first,as he adjusted pumps and checked temperatures,Aaron Boucher looked like any technician in the control room of an electrical plant.Then he rushed to the window and scanned the sky,to check his fuel supply.

Mr.Boucher was battling clouds,timing the operations of his power plant to get the most out of patchy sunshine.It is a skill that may soon be in greater demand,for the world appears to be on the verge of a boom in a little-known but promising type of solar power.

It is not the kind that features shiny panels bolted to the roofs of houses.This type involves covering acres of desert with mirrors that focus intense sunlight on a fluid,heating it enough to make steam.The steam turns a turbine and generates electricity.

The technology is not new,but it is suddenly in high demand.As prices rise for fossil fuels and worries grow about their contribution to global warming,solar thermal plants are being viewed as a renewable power source with huge potential.

After a decade of no activity,two prototype solar thermal plants were recently opened in the United States,with a capacity that could power several big hotels,neon included,on the Las Vegas Strip,about20miles north of here.Another10power plants are in advanced planning in California,Arizona and Nevada.

On sunny afternoons,those10plants would produce as much electricity as three nuclear reactors,but they can be built in as little as two years,compared with a decade or longer for a nuclear plant.Some of the new plants will feature systems that allow them to store heat and generate electricity for hours after sunset.

The plant in Boulder city,Nevada Solar One,uses a mirror in the shape of a parabola to focus light onto a black

pipe with a heat-transfer fluid inside.The fluid is used to boil water into steam, which turns a generator that can producemegawatts.

At Nevada Solar One the other day,Mr.Boucher,30,ran the computerized control room.Dressed in a T-shirt,sneakers and a Boston Red Sox cap worn backwards,he looked a bit like a teenage gamer as he used a computer mouse to manipulate the plant.

He was trying to produce as much electricity as possible while saving heat to tide the plant over as clouds cast episodic shadows on the solar array.“I’ve been fighting it all day,”he said.

Imperceptibly,in the dusty wind of the high desert,182,000mirrors moved from east to west,tracking the sun across the sky.

【英译汉选译题】【试题1】

This week,this remote Arctic settlement—which bills itself as perhaps the northernmost town in the world—is buzzing with excitement and expectation.It is not because a polar bear was spotted in the adjacent valley last week.(It was deemed well fed,and officials decided to let it lumber on toward the coast instead of shooting it as a matter of public safety.)

The2,000inhabitants of Longyearbyen,on an island600miles from the North Pole,are eagerly awaiting another visitor,whose arrival is just around the corner. From experience,they know this guest will warm the air and make the town’s now filmy colors come alive—the white of the snow;the deep blue of the water;the red, yellow and green of the wooden homes,banks,restaurants,schools and the post office.

On sunday,the sun will rise again in Longyearbyen,the first time since October. While most of the world takes light and shadows for granted,for residents here,after months of perpetual darkness,the prospect of sunlight is a very big deal.

With the sun climbing closer to the horizon,each day is20minutes longer than the day before,and noticeably brighter.On Saturday,direct sunlight,with shadows and warmth,will arrive,starting with an actual sunrise.

The arrival of daylight is like a yearly rebirth,transforming lives and routines. While people do not actually hibernate,of course,residents say they tire easily in the dark winter.

On Friday,at the Royal Kindergarten(one of three preschools here),a dozen or so children who have lived in darkness for the winter were busily painting and cutting out paper suns that are now affixed to the school’s snowy windows.

They are learning a song for a festival that will bring together all the town’s students next week:“The sun is good.The sun is great.The sun is warm.It browns the body.The sun shines every morning on me.”

The day the sun arrives is a public holiday.

【试题2】

My husband,at74,is the baby of his bridge group,which includes a woman of 85and a man of.This challenging game demands an excellent memory(for bids, cards played,rules and so on)and an ability to think strategically and read subtle psychological cues.Never having had a head for cards,I continue to be amazed by the mental agility of these septuagenarians and octogenarians.

The brain,like every other part of the body,changes with age,and those changes can impede clear thinking and memory.Yet many older people seem to remain sharp as a tack well into their80s and beyond.

Although their pace may have slowed,they continue to work,travel,attend plays and concerts,play cards and board games,study foreign languages,design buildings, work with computers,write books,do puzzles,knit or perform other mentally challenging tasks that can befuddle people much younger.

Several studies of normal aging have found that higher levels of educational attainment were associated with slower cognitive and functional decline.But brain

stimulation does not have to stop with the diploma.Better-educated people may go on to choose more intellectually demanding occupations and pursue brain-stimulating hobbies,resulting in a form of lifelong learning.

You’re doing the same thing over and over again,without introducing new mental challenges,it won’t be beneficial.Thus,as with muscles,it’s“use it or lose it.”The brain requires continued stresses to maintain or enhance its strength.

Long-term studies in other countries,including Sweden and China,have also found that continued social interactions helped protect against dementia.The more extensive an older person’s social network,the better the brain is likely to work. Especially helpful are productive or mentally stimulating activities pursued with other people,like community gardening,taking classes,volunteering or participating in a play-reading group.

Perh the most direct route to a fit mind is through a fit body.Just walking fast for30to60minutes several times a week can help.Even those who start exercising in their60s cut their risk of dementia in half.

中译英缺失2010年5月二级笔译实务试题

【英译汉必译题】

In the European Union,carrots must be firm but not woody,cucumbers must not be too curved and celery has to be free of any type of cavity.This was the law,one that banned overly curved,extra-knobbly or oddly shaped produce from supermarket shelves.

But in a victory for opponents of European regulation,100pages of legislation determining the size,shape and texture of fruit and vegetables have been torn up.On Wednesday,EU officials agreed to axe rules laying down standards for26products, from peas to plums.

In doing so,the authorities hope they have killed off regulations routinely used by critics-most notably in the British media-to ridicule the meddling tendencies of the EU.

After years of news stories about the permitted angle or curvature of fruit and vegetables,the decision Wednesday also coincided with the rising price of commodities.With the cost of the weekly supermarket visit on the rise,it has become increasingly hard to defend the act of throwing away food just because it looks strange.

Beginning in July next year,when the changes go into force,standards on the26 products will disappear altogether.Shoppers will the be able to chose their produce whatever its appearance.

Under a compromise reached with national governments,many of which opposed the changes,standards will remain for10types of fruit and vegetables, including apples,citrus fruit,peaches,pears,strawberries and tomatoes.

But those in this category that do not meet European norms will still be allowed onto the market,providing they are marked as being substandard or intended for cooking or processing.

"This marks a new dawn for the curvy cucumber and the knobbly carrot,"said Mariann Fischer Boel,European commissioner for agriculture,who argued that regulations were better left to market operators.

"In these days of high food prices and general economic difficulties,"Fischer Boel added,"consumers should be able to choose from the widest range of products possible.It makes no sense to throw perfectly good products away,just because they are the'wrong'shape."

That sentiment was not shared by16of the EU's27nations-including Greece,France,the Czech Republic,Spain,Italy and Poland-which tried to block the changes at a meeting of the Agricultural Management Committee.

Several worried that the abolition of standards would lead to the creation of national ones,said one official speaking on condition of anonymity because of the sensitivity of the discussions.

Copa-Cogeca,which represents European agricultural trade unions and cooperatives,also criticized the changes."We fear that the absence of EU standards will lead member states to establish national standards and that private standards will proliferate,"said its secretary general,Pekka Pesonen.

But the decision to scale back on standards will be welcomed by euro-skeptics who have long pilloried the EU executive's interest in intrusive regulation.

One such controversy revolved around the correct degree of bend in bananas-a type of fruit not covered by the Wednesday ruling.

In fact,there is no practical regulation on the issue.Commission Regulation(EC) 2257/94says that bananas must be"free from malformation or abnormal curvature," though Class1bananas can have"slight defects of shape"and Class2bananas can have full"defects of shape."

By contrast,the curvature of cucumbers has been a preoccupation of European officials.Commission Regulation(EEC)No1677/88states that Class I and"Extra class"cucumbers are allowed a bend of10millimeters per10centimeters of length. Class II cucumbers can bend twice as much.

It also says cucumbers must be fresh in appearance,firm,clean and practically free of any visible foreign matter or pests,free of bitter taste and of any foreign smell.

Such restrictions will disappear next year,and about100pages of rules and regulations will go as well,a move welcomed by Neil Parish,chairman of the European Parliament's agriculture committee.

"Food is food,no matter what it looks like,"Parish said."To stop stores selling perfectly decent food during a food crisis is morally unjustifiable.Credit should be given to the EU agriculture commissioner for pushing through these proposals. Consumers care about the taste and quality of food,not how it looks."

【英译汉选译题】

【试题1】

Ask mothers why babies are constantly picking things up from the floor or ground and putting them in their mouths,and chances are they'll say that it's instinctive-that that's how babies explore the world.But why the mouth,when sight, hearing,touch and even scent are far better at identifying things?

Since all instinctive behaviors have an evolutionary advantage or they would nothave been retained for millions of years,chances are that this one too has helped us survive as a species.And,indeed,accumulating evidence strongly suggests that eating dirt is good for you.

In studies of what is called the hygiene hypothesis,researchers are concluding that organisms like the millions of bacteria,viruses and especially worms that enter the body along with"dirt"spur the development of a healthy immune system.Several continuing studies suggest that worms may help to redirect an immune system that has gone awry and resulted in autoimmune disorders,allergies and asthma.

One leading researcher,Dr.Joel Weinstock,the director of gastroenterology and hepatology at Tufts Medical Center in Boston,said in an interview that the immune system at birth"is like an unprogrammed computer.It needs instruction."

He said that public health measures like cleaning up contaminated water and food have saved the lives of countless children,but they"also eliminated exposure to many organisms that are probably good for us."

"Children raised in an ultra-clean environment,"he added,"are not being exposed to organisms that help them develop appropriate immune regulatory circuits."

Studies he has conducted with Dr.David Elliott,a gastroenterologist and immunologist at the University of Iowa,indicate that intestinal worms,which have been all but eliminated in developed countries,are"likely to be the biggest player"in regulating the immune system to respond appropriately,Elliott said in an interview. He added that bacterial and viral infections seem to influence the immune system in the same way,but not as forcefully.

Most worms are harmless,especially in well-nourished people,Weinstock said. "There are very few diseases that people get from worms,"he said."Humans have adapted to the presence of most of them."

Ruebush deplores the current fetish for the hundreds of antibacterial products that convey a false sense of security and may actually foster the development of antibiotic-resistant,disease-causing bacteria.Plain soap and water are all that are needed to become clean,she noted.

汉译英（具体内容缺少）2010年11月二级笔译实务真题

【英译汉试题1】

Offshore supply vessels resembling large,floating flat-backed trucks fill Victoria Dock,unable to find charters in a sign of the downturn in Britain's oil industry.

With UK North Sea oil and gas production44percent below its peak, self-styled oil capital of Europe Aberdeen fears the slowdown is not simply cyclical.

The oil industry that at one stage sparked talk of Scotland as"the Kuwait of the West"has already outlived most predictions.

Tourism,life sciences,and the export of oil services around the world are among Aberdeen's targeted substitutes for North sea oil and gas--but for many the biggest prize would be to use its offshore oil expertise to build a renewable energy industry as big as oil.

The city aims to use its experience to become a leader in offshore wind,tidal power and carbon dioxide capture and storage.

Alex Salmond,head of the devolved Scottish government,told a conference in Aberdeen last month the market for wind power could be worth130billion pounds, while Scotland could be the"Saudi Arabia of tidal power."

"We're seeing the emergence of an offshore energy market that is comparable in scale to the market we've seen in offshore oil and gas in the last40years,"he said.

Another area of focus,tourism,has previously been hindered by the presence of oil.Eager to put Aberdeen on the international tourist map,local business has strongly backed a plan by U.S.real estate tycoon Donald Trump for a luxury housing and golf project12km(8miles)north of the city,even though it means building on a nature reserve.

The city also hopes to reorientate its vibrant oil services industry toward emerging offshore oil centers such as Brazil."Just because the production in the North Sea starts to decline doesn't mean that Aberdeen as a global center also declines,"said Robert Collier,Chamber of Commerce Chief Executive."That expertise can still stay here and be exported around the world."

【英译汉试题2】

We mark the passing of800years,and that is indeed a remarkable span for any institution.But history is never an even-flowing stream,and the most remarkable thing about modern Cambridge has been its enormous growth over the past half century.Since I came up as an undergraduate in1961the student population has morethan doubled.More students have meant more teachers,and,even more significantly, more scholars devoted solely to research:every category has more than doubled in numbers.This huge increase has been partly absorbed by an expansion of the colleges: they all have more students and more Fellows than they did50years ago;and,since 1954,no fewer than11of the31colleges are either brand new foundations,or have been conjured up as new creations from existing but quite different bodies.From being a university primarily driven by undergraduate education,Cambridge's reputation is now overwhelmingly tied to its research achievements,which can be simply represented by the fact that more than three-quarters of its current annual income is devoted to research.This has brought not just new laboratories but new buildings to house whole faculties and departments:in the mid-20th century few faculties had a physical manifestation beyond,perhaps,a library and a couple of administrative offices.

Cambridge attracts the best students and academics because they find the University and the colleges stimulating and enjoyable places in which to live and work.The students are thrown in with similarly able minds,learning as much from each other as from their teachers;the good senior academics know better than to be too hierarchical or to cut themselves off from intellectual criticism and debate.

One generation dismisses another:not even Erasmus or Newton,Darwin or Keynes stand unscathed by the passage of time;nor can we be but humbled, especially in our day when so much information is so easily accessible,by the vast store of knowledge which we can approach but never really control.Our library and museum collections bring us into contact with many lives lived in the past.They serve as symbols of the continuity of learning,or the diversity of views,of an obligation to wrestle with fact and argument,to come to our own conclusions,and in turn to be accountable for our findings.The real quest is not for knowledge,but for understanding.

【汉译英试题1】

今天，是第14个“世界读书日”。联合国教科文组织此前向全世界发出“走向阅读社会”号召，鼓励人们尤其是年轻人发现阅读的乐趣。然而在这个物欲横流的年代，“读书”仿佛成了一个奢侈的愿望。

2008年公布的第五次国民阅读调查结果显示，中国户均年消费图书仅1.75本。2008年公布的第五次国民阅读调查结果显示，中国户均年消费图书仅1.75本。传统图书阅读率呈持续走低态势，阅读率为34.7%，比2005年降低了14%。至于不读书的原因，49.4%的人归结为“没有时间”，42.8%的人说“没有习惯”。

说，今天是“世界读书日”，大家通过读书和举办讲座等形式开展活动，这对于推动全民族养成读书的良好习惯，提倡读书好、好读书、读好书将起到促进作用。书籍是人类智慧的结晶。读书决定一个人的修养和境界，关系一个民族的素质和力量，影响一个国家的前途和命运。一个不读书的人、不读书的民族，是没有希望的。

2011年5月二级笔译实务真题

【英译汉试题1】

Death of a Farm

Farms go out of business for many reasons,but few farms do merely because the soil has failed.That is the miracle of farming.If you care for the soil,it will last—and yield—nearly forever.America is such a young country that we have barely tested that.For most of our history,there has been new land to farm,and we still farm as though there always will be.

Still,there are some very old farms out there.The oldest is the Tuttle farm,near Dover,N.H.,which is also one of the oldest business enterprises in America.It made the news last week because its owner—a lineal descendant of John Tuttle,the original settler—has decided to go out of business.It was founded in1632.I hear its sweet corn is legendary.

The year1632is unimaginably distant.In1632,Galileo was still publishing,and John Locke was born.There were perhaps10,000colonists in all of America,only a few hundred of them in New Hampshire.The Tuttle acres,then,would have seemed almost as surrounded as they do in2010,but by forest instead of highways and houses.

It was a precarious operation at the start—as all farming was in the new colonies—and it became precarious enough again in these past few years to peter out at last.The land is protected by a conservation easement so it can’t be developed,but no one knows whether the next owner will farm it.

In a letter on their Web site,the Tuttles cite“exhaustion of resources”as the reason to sell the farm.The exhausted resources they list include bodies,minds,hearts, imagination,equipment,machinery and finances.They do not mention soil,which has been renewed and redeemed repeatedly.It’s as though the parishioners of the First Parish Church in nearby Dover—erected nearly200years later,in1829—had rebuilt the structure on the same spot every few years.

It is too simple to say,as the Tuttles have,that the recession killed a farm that had survived for nearly400years.What killed it was the economic structure of food production.Each year it has become harder for family farms to compete with industrial scale agriculture—heavily subsidized by the government—underselling them at every turn.In a system committed to the health of farms and their integration with local communities,the result would have been different.In1632,and for many years after,the Tuttle farm was a necessity.In2010,it is suddenly superfluous,or so we like to pretend.【英译汉试题2】

PARIS—Youth unemployment across the world has climbed to a new high and is likely to climb further this year,a United Nations agency said Thursday,while warning of a“lost generation”as more young people give up the search for work.

The agency,the International Labor Organization,said in a report that of some 620million young people ages15to24in the work force,about81million were unemployed at the end of2009—the highest level in two decades of record-keeping by the organization,which is based in Geneva.

The youth unemployment rate increased to13percent in2009from11.9percent in the last assessment in2007.

“There’s never been an increase of this magnitude—both in terms of the rate and the level—since we’ve been tracking the data,”said Steven Kapsos,an economist with the organization.The agency forecast that the global youth unemployment rate would continue to increase through2010,to13.1percent,as the effects of the economic downturn continue.It should then decline to12.7percent in 2011.

The agency’s2010report found that unemployment has hit young people harder than adults during the financial crisis,from which most economies are only just emerging,and that recovery of the job market for young men and women will lag behind that of adults.The impact of the crisis also has been felt in shorter hours and reduced wages for those who maintain salaried employment.

In some especially strained European countries,including Spain and Britain, many young people have become discouraged and given up the job hunt,it said.The trend will have“significant consequences for young people,”as more and more join the ranks of the already unemployed,it said.That has the potential to create a“‘lost generation’comprised of young people who have dropped out of the labor market, having lost all hope of being able to work for a decent living.”

The report said that young people in developing economies are more vulnerable to precarious employment and poverty.

About152million young people,or a quarter of all the young workers in the world,are employed but remain in extreme poverty in households surviving on less than$1.25a person a day in2008,the report said.

“The number of young people stuck in working poverty grows,and the cycle of working poverty persists,”the agency’s director-general,Juan Somavia,said.

Young women still have more difficulty than young men in finding work,the report added.The female youth unemployment rate in2009stood at13.2percent, compared with the male rate of12.9percent.The gap of0.3percentage point was the same as in2007.The report studied the German,British,Spanish and Estonian labor markets and found that Germany had been most successful in bringing down long-term youth unemployment.In Spain and Britain,increases in unemployment were particularly pronounced for those with lower education levels.

Data from Eurostat,the European Union’s statistical agency,show Spain had a jobless rate of40.5percent in May for people under25.That was the highest level among the27members of the European Union,far greater than the9.4percent in Germany in May and19.7percent in Britain in March.

【汉译英试题1】

（出处：09年在亚太经合组织工商领导人峰会上题为《坚定合作信心振兴世界经济》演讲）

60年来特别是改革开放30年来，中国取得了举世瞩目的发展成就，经济实力和综合国力显著增强，各项社会事业全面进步，人民生活从温饱不足发展到总体小康，中国社会迸发出前所未有的活力和创造力。

同时，我们清醒地认识到，中国仍然是世界上最大的发展中国家，中国在发展进程中遇到的矛盾和问题无论规模还是复杂性都世所罕见。要全面建成惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会，进而基本实现现代化、实现全体人民，还有很长的路要走。

我们将继续从本国国情出发，坚持中国特色社会主义道路，坚持改革开放，推动科学发展，促进社会和谐，全面推进经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设以及生态文明建设，全力做到发展为了人民、发展依靠人民、发展成果由人民共享。

【汉译英试题1】

（出处：http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-02/16/content_1535844.htm）

非物质文化遗产是民族文化的精华、民族智慧的结晶。我国有56个民族，各民族在长期的历史发展进程中创造了丰富多彩的非物质文化遗产。

改革开放以来，由于工业化和城市化的加速，人们的生产生活方式发生了重大变化，也使非物质文化遗产赖以生存的环境不同程度地遭到破坏。

作为一种鲜活的文化，非物质文化遗产是民众生活的重要组成部分，在当代仍然散发着独特的光彩和魅力，仍然是传承文化、推动社会发展的不竭动力，是文化创新的基础和源泉。

因此，抢救和保护那些处于濒危和生存困境中的非物质文化遗产，已成为时代赋予我们的非常紧迫的历史任务。

文化生态保护区是以保护非物质文化遗产为核心、对历史积淀丰厚、存续状态良好、具有鲜明地域文化特色和价值的文化形态进行整体性保护，以促进经济社会全面协调可持续发展而划定的特定区域。

20201111年11月二级笔译实务真题

【英译汉试题1】

Can we have our fish and eat it too?An unusual collaboration of marine ecologists and fisheries management scientists says the answer may be yes.

In a research paper in Friday’s issue of the journal Science,the two grou ps,long at odds with each other,offer a global assessment of the world’s salt water fish and their environments.

Their conclusions are at once gloomy—overfishing continues to threaten many species—and upbeat:a combination of steps can turn things around. But because antagonism between ecologists and fisheries management experts h as been intense,many familiar with the study say the most important factor is that it was done at all.

They say they hope the study will inspire similar collaborations between s cientists whose focus is safely exploiting specific natural resources and those in terested mainly in conserving them.

“We need to merge those two communities,”said Steve Murawski,chief f isheries scientist for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.“Th is paper starts to bridge that gap.”

The collaboration began in2006when Boris Worm,a marine ecologist at Dalhousie University in Halifax,Nova Scotia,and other scientists made an al arming prediction:if current trends continue,by2048overfishing will have des troyed most commercially important populations of saltwater fish.Ecologists ap plauded the work.But among fisheries management scientists,reactions ranged from skepticism to fury over what many called an alarmist report.

Among the most prominent critics was Ray Hilborn,a professor of aquati c and fishery sciences at the University of Washington in Seattle.Yet the disa greement did not play out in typical scientific fashion with,as Dr.Hilborn put it,“researchers firing critical papers back and forth.”Instead,he and Dr.Wor m found themselves debating the issue on National Public Radio.

“We started talking and found more common ground than we had expecte d,”Dr.Worm said.Dr.Hilborn recalled thinking that Dr.Worm“actually see med like a reasonable person.”

The two decided to work together on the issue.They sought and received financing and began organizing workshops at the National Center for Ecologic al Analysis and Synthesis,an organization sponsored by the National Science F oundation and based at the University of California,Santa Barbara.At first,Dr.Hilborn said in an interview,“the fisheries management peopl e would go to lunch and the marine ecologists would go to lunch”—separate ly.But soon they were collecting and sharing data and recruiting more colleag ues to analyze it.

【英译汉试题2】

As I mentioned last week,I’ve recently returned from Australia.While I was there,I visited a eucalyptus forest that,in February,was the scene of an a ppalling wildfire.Perhaps naively,I had expected to find that many trees had been killed.They hadn’t.They had blackened bark,but were otherwise looking rather well,many of them wreathed in new young leaves.This prompted me to consider fire and the role it plays as a force of nature.

Fossil charcoals tell us that wildfires have been part of life on Earth for as long as there have been plants on land.That’s more than400million years of fire.Fire was here long before arriviste plants like grasses;it pre-dated the first flowers.And without wanting to get mystical about it,fire is,in many r espects,a kind of animal,albeit an ethereal one.Like any animal,it consumes oxygen.Like a sheep or a slug,it eats plants.

Sometimes,it merely nibbles a few leaves;sometimes it kills grown trees. Sometimes it is more deadly and destructive than a swarm of locusts.

The shape-shifting nature of fire makes it hard to study,for it is not a si ngle entity.Some fires are infernally hot;others,relatively cool.Some stay at ground level;others climb trees.Moreover,fire is much more likely to appear in some parts of the world than in others.Satellite images of the Earth show that wildfires are rare in,say,northern Europe,and common in parts of centr al Africa and Australia.Once a fire gets started,many factors contribute to ho w it will behave.The weather obviously has a huge effect:winds can fan fla mes,rains can quench them.The lie of the land matters,too:fire runs uphill more readily than it goes down.But another crucial factor is what type of pla nts the fire has to eat.

It’s common knowledge that plants regularly exposed to fire tend to have features that help them cope with it—such as thick bark,or seeds that only grow after being exposed to intense heat or smoke.

【英译汉试题1】原文出处：新浪财经(2009年)

最新情况：2007年下半年以来，中国经济的发展确实非同寻常。随着全球金融危机的爆发，中国经济从2008年一季度“过热”的结束到四季度“硬着陆”的开始，经历了一个为期6个月的短周期。中国通过前所未有的强力，终于成为第一个从“大衰退”中复苏的主要经济体。面对当前的强劲复苏，越来越

多的人开始关注这些“超级宽松”的货币和财政的潜在后果以及相关的退出战略。

结论：我们认为，高储蓄率对于理解中国经济的各种现象的演化和内在联系起着极为重要的作用。高储蓄率主要是中国人口下的人口结构、经济快速增长背景下家庭消费习惯改变缓慢等长期因素作用的结果。在“过度储蓄优点”的影响下，中国已经并可能继续保持高增长、低通胀，而且只要继续保持高储蓄率，就足以抵御来自外部的冲击。在这一背景下，挥之不去的资产价格上涨压力可能成为中国经济的一个常态现象，而非特例，从而成为制定者面临的最大、也是经常化的宏观经济挑战，而为了最大限度地防范资产价格破裂所造成的系统性风险，“降低杠杆率”很可能成为经济的一个重点。

因此，中国将有必要实施严格的房贷抵押制度，股票市场的保证金交易，严格执行银行资本充足率要求，非对称开放外部资本账户管制，引导资本流出，控制资本流入，防止对人民币汇率的单边下注导致热钱的涌入。

近期影响：我们认为，当前的态势在年底之前当基本保持不变，并在2010年初随着银行新增贷款增长率的正常化(从2009年的9.5万-10万亿元降至2010年的7万-8万亿元)，而转向中性。在明年年中之前，不大可能出现上调存款准备金率及基准利率以及人民币升值等紧缩。

中国的高储蓄率实际上是一个资产配置的问题

中国的国民储蓄约占GDP的55%，其中19%为家庭储蓄，11%为储蓄，25%为企业储蓄。国民储蓄只能用于三种用途：境内有形资产、境外有形资产和境外金融资产。境内有形资产主要通过国内固定资产投资的方式形成;境外有形资产的形成途径为中国居民的境外直接投资，或以并购方式获得现有境外有形资产的所有权;境外金融资产的形成途径为银行的官方外汇储备积累，或跨境自由流动机制(即无资本账户控制)下的私人投资。

一个反复出现的宏观主题：高投资、高增长、低通胀

高储蓄为促进国内投资的快速增长提供了充足的资金，而高投资反过来又促进了经济的快速增长。在其他条件不变的情况下，国内高储蓄支撑的高增长通常会导致紧缩压力，而非通胀压力。具体而言，实施初期的投资项目是总体需求的一部分(即需求曲线向右平移)，因而通常会增长价格上涨的压力，但是投资最终将导致产能的扩大，从而大幅增长供给(即供给曲线向右平移)。

在一个高储蓄的环境中，任何通胀压力都不可能持续很久。因为高储蓄率造成充裕的资金供应，从而使通过投资产生的供给面反应变得极为迅速。

境外金融资产的主要表现形式是外汇储备

中国的境外金融资产的主要表现形式为银行的外汇储备，约占中国境外总资产的70%。这主要是因为资本账户的管制导致国内居民不能自由进行境外投资。不过，以官方外汇储备形式体现的境外金融资产并不真正反映国内私人储蓄在境外使用的情况，因为国内的流动性(即如果没有资本账户管制，则可能已由私营部门投资于境外有形资产或金融资产所对应的那部分储蓄)正是由央行的外汇储备积累而创造的，但却被在中国国内。

挥之不去的资产价格上涨压力

一方面，央行外汇储备的积累创造了大量的国内流动性，同时金融投资的需求又很强劲。另一方面，国内资本市场不够发达，证券化投资产品不足。在中国，85%的金融中介是通过银行系统完成的，证券市场只占10%，而债券市场基本就不存在。

资本市场供需不平衡的趋势是中国股市估值偏高的一个重要原因。作为一个贴现机制，目前规模尚小的中国股市背负了为整个经济的“光明未来”进行定价的“沉重包袱”，因此很容易在短期内滋生泡沫，尤其是在投资者的情绪变得亢奋之时。

中国的高储蓄是一个人口代际现象

高储蓄率主要是中国的计划生育下的人口结构、经济快速增长背景下家庭消费习惯改变缓慢等长期因素作用的结果。

“计划生育”以人为的形式在较短时间内大幅降低了中国的人口抚养比。在其他国家，老龄化是一个自然过程。尽管家庭收入随着整体经济增长而迅速增加，但个人消费习惯可能需要好几年甚至好几十年才能改变。这是为什么“文化因素”常常被认为是高储蓄率的原因。

国有企业缺乏社会保障和公司治理等其他结构性因素，虽然对中国的高储蓄率也有所贡献，但它们要么影响甚微，要么只是上述长期影响因素的间接反应。例如，私人企业占中国工业企业利润的70%以上，而私人企业的储蓄行为实际上是个人储蓄行为的一种延伸。

总体情况：资产价格上涨压力成为常态

我们认为，在“过度储蓄优点”的影响下，中国已经并可能继续保持高增长、低通胀，而且只要继续保持高储蓄率，就足以抵御来自外部的冲击。在这一背景下，挥之不去的资产价格上涨压力可能成为中国经济的一个常态，而非特例，从而成为未来几年制定者面临的最大、也是经常化的宏观经济挑战。

首要重点：降低杠杆率同时着眼于最大限度地防范系统性风险

在中国这样“过度储蓄”的经济体，管理资产价格的持续上涨压力，可能在未来几年内成为比控制传统的CPI上涨或促进经济增长更重要的目标。不过，由于传统的货币工具并非最合适的资产价格上涨管理工具，所以当前的紧迫任务是最大限度地防范资产价格破裂带来的系统性风险。在低杠杆率下，资产价格破裂造成的损失要小得多。

“降低杠杆率”很可能成为经济系统的一个重要目标。因此，将有必要实施严格的房贷抵押制度，严格股票市场的保证金交易，严格执行银行资本充足率要求。

此外，防止对人民币汇率的单边下注也十分重要，因为强烈的人民币升值预期将导致热钱的涌入，这是境外投机者使用的另一种杠杆形式。同样，有必要非对称开放资本账户控制，引导资本流出，控制资本流入。

通过合格国内机构投资者(QDII)以及合格国内散户投资者(QDRI)的投资活动，开放对外资本账户，当有助于满足国内储蓄者直接拥有境外金融资产的需求，从而放缓银行外汇储备积累及国内流动性创造的速度。不过，对资本流入(特别是短期投资)的控制应当继续维持或逐步取消。否则资本的流入将会对国内储蓄导致的严重资产价格上涨压力起到推波助澜的作用，并使博弈进一步复杂化。

结构性改革日程：放松价格管制，发展资本市场

在宏观风险和系统性风险得到控制之后，应重点采取有助于提升投资质量的结构性改革措施。尽管“过度储蓄”有助于产生高增长、低通胀等重要数据，但“过度储蓄”所创造的资本应当得到有效的配置。因此，放松对利率、能源价格及其他重要自然资源商品价格的管制已经不容拖延了。

同时，应进一步加快国内资本市场(包括股市和固定收益证券市场)，增加证券化产品的供应以满足不断增长的投资机会需求，缓解资产价格上涨的压力。

促进消费措施效果如何?

自从危机爆发以来，通过降低储蓄率促进国内消费已经成为一个重点。不过，如果中国的高储蓄率是一个人口代际现象，在我们看来，实质降低国民储蓄率的空间将十分有限。尤其是加强社会保障系统以及国有企业的公司治理可能有助于降低家庭储蓄率，但不会有效降低国民储蓄率。

任何旨在促进消费的结构性改革可能都会比较温和，效果也将十分有限。如果采取激进的措施强行降低储蓄率，而无视其人口代际本质，则将适得其反，使得福利体系过于慷慨，超过中国这样人均收入仍然很低的国家的承受能力。

事实上，我们认为，就这一问题讨论的任何相关建议都应被视为针对收入差距而采取的措施，而非着眼于增加整体消费水平。

【汉译英试题2原文出处】

（王庆：过度储蓄的优点）

原文出处http://www.china.com.cn/news/env/2009-05/23/content_17824023_2.htm

我国控烟和禁烟形势依然严峻

尽管我们在控烟和禁烟方面做了大量工作，取得了一定成效，但控烟和禁烟形势依然严峻。

一、普遍对烟草烟雾危害性认识存在四大误区。禁烟难、难禁烟，主要是对烟草烟雾的危害不认识或认识不足，甚至把吸烟说成好处多、贡献大、危害小、不伤害他人。

这些错误的认识包括:

吸烟“好处多”。很多烟民认为，吸烟可以消除疲劳、解除烦闷、振奋精神、刺激情绪；吸烟可以防止虫叮蚊咬，以毒攻毒消除某些病害；吸烟可以社交联谊、广交朋友、潇洒浪漫；吸烟可以帮助大脑启发思考、写作带来灵气等。

吸烟“贡献大”。吸烟是为国家做贡献、创造财富、增加税收、脱贫致富、解决就业。没有烟民，国家哪能每年收入几千个亿元税收，解决上千万人的就业，国家应感谢烟民，从而为吸烟找到所谓正当理由。

吸烟“无大害”。许多烟民和社会公众认为吸烟有点害但无大害。主要是尼古丁的毒害，这种毒害也是轻微的、漫长的、潜移默化的，只要自己身体好无大害，你看某位亲人一辈子吸烟活到九十九，不影响健康长寿。

其实，一些烟民只知道吸烟对人体的呼吸系统有影响，不知道烟雾中含有4000多种化学物质；只知道吸烟可能致癌，不知道烟雾中至少有40多种致癌物质；只知道吸烟有害，不知道烟雾还有毒，烟雾中含有许多有毒有害致病物质，如烟碱、二氧化氮、氢氰酸、丙烯醛、砷、铅、汞等。烟雾对人群的危害超过工业污染的化学气体，对人体的大脑、心肺、肝、脾、胃、肾，对人体的性功能、生殖功能都有不同程度的伤害，甚至将严重影响生育繁衍质量。

吸烟“不伤害他人”。这是在公共场所和工作场所禁烟难的一个重要原因。

烟民错误地认为，吸烟是自己的权利，自己的自由，不受他人干涉。对于烟雾污染环境、污染空气质量，对二手烟、三手烟、主动吸烟、被动吸烟造成对他人健康侵害和享有清新空气的环境权的侵害不认知、不支持，我行我素。有的认为有点影响问题也不大，缺乏共同营造文明环境的思想和道德素质。

二、控烟、禁烟法律法规不健全不完善。近年来，一些地方和行政管理部门曾对吸烟的范围从维护公众健康的角度做出了一些行政规定，但对控烟与健康做出发展规划，以及对设置吸烟区(室)、禁止吸烟标志、做烟制品广告宣传等做出相应规定，执行和落实的都不够理想。

2007年～2008年，为了迎接绿色奥运、创建无烟奥运，在奥运馆所、公共场所禁止吸烟，各个奥运主办和协办城市(北京、上海、天津、沈阳、青岛、秦皇岛)部门都做出了行政规定，有的地方常委会还做出立法规定，同时进行广泛宣传教育。在奥运会期间，应该说执行得很好，基本上实行无烟奥运，受到各国运动员的好评。但是在奥运会、残奥会结束后，这些规定的执行没有很好延续下来，巩固发扬成效，反而出现反弹。

在控烟、禁烟的执法过程中经常遇到4个突出问题:一是行政执法主体不明确，执行范围界定不严格，执法部门的力量、经费等不能适应执法要求；二是执法的惩罚规定不明确，对违法违规者不能执行惩罚影响执法力度和法规的权威性；三是社会监督没有形成氛围；四是执法效果不明显。

三、履约后采取的措施和工作力度不够。2003年11月10日，中国签订加入了世界卫生组织《烟草控制框架公约》(以下简称《公约》)；2005年8月28日全国批准同意；2006年1月9日在我国正式生效。根据《公约》，我国庄重承诺:2011年，即《公约》生效5年后，对公众提供防止接触烟草烟雾的普遍保护，并全面禁止烟草广告、促销和赞助。根据《公约》，缔约国需要通过立法行成规定在公共场所无烟。现在，我们距实现庄重承诺的时间只有一年多了，迫切需要做好立法准备、宣传工作，以及法律知识、烟草知识、吸烟危害等方面的教育工作，形成在公共场所无烟的社会氛围。

四、公众参与控烟活动不广泛不深入，尚未引起社会的高度关注。控烟和在公共场所禁烟，不只是对烟民而言，要烟民戒烟需要社会、烟制品行业、每个社会公民的共同努力才能实现，更多的是关爱、理解、支持和帮助，和谐共建无烟公共场所。

中国的控烟禁烟工作开展的比较晚，但通过立法来实施公共场所无烟化已是大势所趋，并得到社会和公众的共识。目前，一些少数省市从行规的角度提出控烟和禁烟的规定。但国家尚无一部在一定范围内实行控烟、禁烟的法律。据了解，国家已在做这方面的准备工作，我们相信到2011年国家承诺到期时间会有相应的法律出台，推动中国禁烟工作深入开展。

2012年5月二级笔译实务真题

【英译汉试题1】

The runaway success of Stieg Larsson’s“Millennium”trilogy suggests that when it comes to contemporary literature in translation,Americans are at least willing to read Scandinavian detective fiction.But for work from other regions,in other genres, winning the interest of big publishing houses and readers in the United States remains a steep uphill struggle.

Among foreign cultural institutes and publishers,the traditional American aversion to literature in translation is known as“the3percent problem.”But now, hoping to increase their minuscule share of the American book market—about3 percent—foreign governments and foundations,especially those on the margins of Europe,are taking matters into their own hands and plunging into the publishing fray in the United States.

Increasingly,that campaign is no longer limited to widely spoken languages like French and German.From Romania to Catalonia to Iceland,cultural institutes and agencies are subsidizing publication of books in English,underwriting the training of translators,encouraging their writers to tour in the United States,submitting to American marketing and promotional techniques they may have previously shunned and exploiting existing niches in the publishing industry.

“We have established this as a strategic objective,a long-term commitment to break through the American market,”said Corina Suteu,who leads the New York branch of the European Union National Institutes for Culture and directs the Romanian Cultural Institute.“For nations in Europe,be they small or large,literature will always be one of the keys of their cultural existence,and we recognize that this is the only way we are going to be able to make that literature present in the United States.”

For instance,the Dalkey Archive Press,a small publishing house in Champaign, Ill.,that for more than25years has specialized in translated works,this year began a Slovenian Literature Series,underwritten by official groups in Slovenia,once part of Yugoslavia.The series’s first book,“Necropolis,”by Boris Pahor,is a powerful World War II concentration-camp memoir that has been compared to the best of Elie Wiesel and Primo Levi,and has been followed by Andrej Blatnik’s“You Do Understand,”a rather absurdist but still touching collection of sketches and parables about love and intimacy.

Dalkey has also begun or is about to begin similar series in Hebrew and Catalan, and with Switzerland and Mexico,the last of which will consist of four books yearly for six years.In each case a financing agency in the host country is subsidizing

publication and participating in promotion and marketing in the United States,an effort that can easily require$10,000or more a book.

【英译汉试题2】

Just east of Argentina’s Andean foothills,an oil field called the Vaca Muerta—“dead cow”in English—has finally come to life.

In May,the Argentine oil company YPF announced that it had found150million barrels of oil in the Patagonian field,and President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner rushed onto national television to praise the discovery as something that could give new impetus to the country’s long-stagnant economy.

“The importance of this discovery goes well beyond the volume,”said Sebastián Eskenazi,YPF’s chief executive,as he announced the find.“The important thing is it is something new:new energy,a new future,new expectations.”

Although there are significant hurdles,geologists say that the Vaca Muerta is a harbinger of a possible major expansion of global petroleum supplies over the next two decades as the industry uses advanced techniques to extract oil from shale and other tightly packed rocks.

Oil experts caution that geologists have only just begun to study shale fields in much of the world,and thus can only guess at their potential.Little seismic work has been completed,and core samples need to be retrieved from thousands of feet below the surface to judge how much oil or gas can be retrieved.

Argentina certainly has high hopes for shale oil from the southern Patagonian province of Neuquén.The150million barrels of recoverable shale oil found in the Vaca Muerta represents an increase of8percent in Argentina’s reserves,and the find was the biggest discovery of oil in the country since the late1980s.

Oil experts say the Vaca Muerta is probably just a start for Argentina,long a middle-ranked oil producer.Mr.Lynch noted that YPF had explored only100square miles out of5,000square miles in the whole shale deposit,and other oil companies working in the area had not announced any discoveries yet.

So far,nearly all of the oil exploration in the shale fields in Argentina and elsewhere has been pursued with traditional vertical wells.Plans are just beginning for horizontal drilling.

Some experts caution that the fast advance of oil production from shale in the United States is no guarantee of similar successes abroad,at least not in the near future.【汉译英试题1】

和平稳定是发展的前提和基础。上个世纪，人类经历了两次世界大战，生灵涂炭，经济社会发展遭受严重挫折。第二次世界大战结束以来，世界经济能够快速增长，主要得益于相对和平稳定的国际环境。

我们应该恪守联合国宪章宗旨和原则，充分发挥联合国及其安理会在维护和平、缔造和平、建设和平方面的核心作用。坚持通过对话和协商，以和平方式解决国际争端。

我们应该坚持国家不论大小、强弱、都是国际社会平等一员，以民主、包容、合作、共赢的精神实现共同安全，做到一国内部的事情一国自主办、大家共同的事情大家商量办，坚定不移奉行多边主义和国际合作，推进国际关系民主化。

我们应该营造支持各国根据本国国情实现和平、稳定、繁荣的国际环境。应该本着求同存异的原则，尊重各国主权和选择发展道路和发展模式的权利，尊重文明多样性，在交流互鉴、取长补短中相得益彰、共同进步。

【汉译英试题2】

1882年中国第一盏电灯在上海点亮，这使得中国逐渐告别了油灯和蜡烛照明的历史，当时使用的电灯就是白炽灯，这一用就是130年，中国也成为白炽灯的生产和消费大国。

早在1996年，中国就启动实施了“绿色照明工程”，中国绿色照明工程的实施，推动了照明电器行业结构的优化升级和产品质量的整体提升，经过多年努力，中国节能灯产品质量水平日益提高，一些企业产品质量和工艺水平已达到世界领先水平。高效照明产品及技术的日益成熟为逐步淘汰白炽灯提供了重要保障。

中国节能灯的全球市场占有率由1996年的20%提高到2010年的85%。