Teaching objectives
1.To get students to know some information about Stephen Hawking.
2.To guide students to understand and appreciate the text.
3.To help students to master the key words, phrases and sentences.
4.To foster the four basic skills of students.
Teaching contents
1.Background information about Stephen Hawking.
2.Key words, phrases and discourses in the text.
3.Writing styles and techniques of the text.
4.Discussions and debates about the topic.
Teaching techniques
To integrate several different teaching methods and techniques: elicitation; explanation; illustration and discussion.
Teaching procedures
I. Background (50 minutes)
About Hawking, Stephen William
Hawking, Stephen William (1942- ), British theoretical physicist and mathematician whose main field of research has been the beginning of the universe, and a unified theory of physics, the nature of space and time, including irregularities in space and time known as singularities.
His name inspires awe and admiration not only because he is a great scientist, but also he has won his international renown against extremely heavy odds. Everybody has to struggle against some odds. We are not exceptions. But compared with the kind of odds Hawking has had to fight against, our difficulties and hardships must seem trivial. I believe you can draw strength from such a fine example.
Life experience:
Born on 8 January 1942 (300 years after the death of Galileo) in Oxford, England...
In 1958 he entered Oxford University.
In 1961 he attended a summer course at the Royal Observatory.
In 1962 he completed his undergraduate courses and received a bachelor’ degree in physics. Then Hawking enrolled as a research student in general relativity at the department of applied mathematics and theoretical physics at the University of Cambridge.
In 1966 Hawking earned his Ph.D. degree from Trinity College at the University of Cambridge.
In 1974 he became one of the youngest fellows of the Royal Society. In 1977 he became a professor of physics after finishing doing post-doctoral research at the University of Cambridge.
In 1979 he was appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge.
Scientific research:
In the earliest stages, Hawking has been concerned with the concept of singularities breakdowns in space and time. The most familiar example of a singularity is a black hole, (the final form of a collapsed star). During the late 1960s Hawking proved that a singularity must occur at the big bang( the explosion that marked the beginning of the universe and the birth of space-time itself).
In 1970 Hawking turned to the examination of the properties of black holes: the surface area of the event horizon (The boundary of a black hole) around a black hole could only increase or remain constant with time this area could never decrease.
From 1970 to 1974, Hawking provided mathematical proof for the hypothesis as the "No Hair Theorem”: matter entering a black hole loses its shape, its chemical composition, and its distinction as matter or antimatter.
Since 1974 Hawking has studied the behavior of matter in a black hole in quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics (量子力学)is a theory that describes black holes from which nothing was supposed to be able to escape could emit thermal radiation, or heat.
Throughout the 1990s Hawking sought to explain the universe by incorporating all four basic types of interactions between matter and energy: strong nuclear interactions, weak nuclear interactions, electromagnetic interactions, and gravitational interactions.
Current news:
Professor Hawking is currently interested in selling his hot air balloon basket, especially designed by experts for wheelchair access. This very special item is in excellent condition and ready to use
Professor Hawking has given many lectures to the general public.
Here are the more recent public lectures at Zhejiang University.
Major works:
Universe in a Nutshell/ The Illustrated Brief History of Time(1988)
Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays (1993),
The Theory of Everything: The Origin and Fate of the Universe
The Future of Spacetime
A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes
In 1992 American filmmaker Errol Morris helped make all-time best seller A Brief History of Time into a film about Hawking’s life and work.
Remarks made by Stephen Hawking
I am quite often asked: How do you feel about having ALS?
The answer is, not a lot. I try to lead as normal a life as possible, and not think about my condition, or regret the things it prevents me from doing, which are not that many. I have had motor neuron disease for practically all my adult life. I could select words from a series of menus on the screen, by pressing a switch in hands. A speech synthesizer fitted to my wheel chair allowed me to write, talk. Yet it has not prevented me from having a very attractive family, and success in my work. It gave me something to live for. I realized that there were a lot of worthwhile things I could do. I was enjoying life in the present more than before. Thanks to the help I have received from Jane, my children, and a large number of other people. I have been lucky, that my condition has progressed more slowly than is often the case. But it shows that one need not lose hope.
ALS
ALS —Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis肌萎缩侧索硬化
A = absence of ; myo = muscle; trophic = nourishment; Lateral = side(of spine); Sclerosis = hardening
The ALS Association is the only national not-for-profit health organization dedicated solely to the fight against ALS through research, patient and community services, public education, and advocacy.
II. Text Glimpse (30 minutes)
Since you have previewed the lesson before class, I’d like to ask you a few questions:
1. How did Stephen Hawking first discover that he had this disease?
2. How did Stephen Hawking take the news?
3. What helped him get out of his depression?
4. How did Hawking struggle bravely against all the physical obstructions?
5.Can you describe his married life
III. General Analysis (20 minutes)
Questions about the structure:
1. What kind of order does the text adopt? (The chronological order)
2. How many parts can this text be divided into?
3. Try to find the key sentences in each part and summarize their main ideas.
IV. Detailed Analysis (100 minutes)
A. Paraphrase
1.The strange clumsiness he had been experiencing had occurred more frequently.→
The strange clumsiness he had felt or had been going through had happened more often.
2.The body gradually wastes away.→
The body gradually becomes thinner and weaker because of illness.
3. Why should I be cut off like this? →
Why should I be removed like this?/ Why should my life be cut short like this?
4. There seemed very little pont in continuing his research. →
There seemed to be no reason for continuing his research. It didn’t seem to make any sense to serve any useful purpose.
5. …in fact he was just hitting his stride..→
…in fact he was just becoming more comfortable with his work so he could do it continuously and well.
6. …give something to live for…→
…made life meaningful for him/…give him a purpose in life.
B. Language points
1. odd:
1) peculiar or eccentric, fantastic 奇怪的,古怪 oddball
2) number not divisible by two (≠ even) 单数的,奇数的
3) not fixed, not regular, occasional 零星,临时odd man/jobs
E.g. The odd-looking man make a living by doing odd jobs
odds: 1)the chance in favor of/against sth. 可能的机会
2) things that are not even, inequalities 不平等
E.g. The odds are against/ in favor of us.
odds and ends: small articles and pieces usu. of small value; 零碎杂物
against all odds: in spite of all difficulties
China has to overcome enormous odds in order to build socialism with Chinese characteristic.
Last year we won a good harvest against all odds.
2. prep. + doing
has difficulty /trouble/a hard time (in) doing sth.
has a good time (in) doing sth.
There is no point /use (in) doing sth.
What is the use/ point/good (of) doing sth.?
be through (with) doing sth.
3waste : to cause to lose energy, strength, or vigor; exhaust, tire, or enfeeble:
使衰弱:使失去能量、力量或精力;使耗尽精力、疲惫或衰弱:
Disease wasted his body.
疾病使他身体衰弱
waste away日益消瘦, 日渐衰弱
She is -ting away for lack of good food.
4. Worse off
Well off: to have more money or beter situation than many other people
5. only to: 结果却,不料,反而
E.g. The enemy troops rushed there only to be ambushed. 敌人扑到那里却遭到伏击。
6. recur
Leap year ~s every four years.
I shall ~to the subject later on.
The scene often ~s to his mind/memory.
recurring dreams
Recurrent再发生的, 周期性发生的, 循环的
Concurrent n.同时发生的事件 adj.并发的, 协作的, 一致的
8. Stride vi & vt. walk there with quick, long steps.大步走(过), 跨过(over, across), 大步行走
He strode across the road. Stride confidently towards the future
Stride over/across a ditch Stride over the fence
n.大步,阔步,步幅; (pl)进展,进步
Walk with vigorous/rapid strides
make great [rapid] strides in his studies
get into [hit, strike] one's stride
开始上轨道,发挥出正常水平;变得习惯、熟悉或有兴趣;专心努力地工作
If you get into your stride or hit your stride, you start to do something easily and confidently, after being slow and uncertain.
9. humiliate degrade,disgrace 使丢脸, 羞辱, 使出丑
To humiliate someone means to say or do something which makes them feel ashamed or stupid.
She had been beaten and humiliated by her husband...
His teacher continually humiliates him in maths lessons.
humiliate oneself丢脸, 出丑
The country was humiliated by defeat. 该国因战败而受辱。
形容词humiliated, humiliating
I have never felt so humiliated in my life.
9. term:
1) fixed period of time 期间 a long term of imprisonment
2) (of school) period into which academic year is divided学期
3) word to express an idea, esp a specialized concept 术语 technical term/ legal term
4) (pl.) mode of expression 措辞,说法 conditions offered or agreed to 条件
relations 关系,交情
E.g. make terms with sb./sth.
和...谈判[妥协, 规定条件, 达成协议]
come to terms
达成协议; 接受条件,妥协; 屈服; 对...采取将就态度
come to terms with one’s fate 听天由命,认命
come to terms with one's existence 安分守己
be on good /bad/ friendly terms with sb.与某人关系良好….
in terms of
As measured or indicated by; in units of:用…衡量或表示;用…的措辞:
In relation to; with reference to:根据:按照;就…而言:
He referred to your work in terms of high praise. In high terms
I didn’t know you and he were on such good terms
10. touch and go
If you say that something is touch and go, you mean that you are uncertain whether it will happen or succeed.
It was touch and go whether we'd go bankrupt.
11. If people pull together, they help each other or work together in order to deal with a difficult situation.
The nation was urged to pull together to avoid a slide into complete chaos...
If you are upset or depressed and someone tells you to pull yourself together, they are telling you to control your feelings and behave calmly again.
Pull yourself together, you stupid woman!...
If you pull together different facts or ideas, you link them to form a single theory, argument, or story.
Let me now pull together the threads of my argument...
Data exists but it needs pulling together.
= draw together
Pull together 齐心协力,使重新兴旺起来
Pull oneself together 振作起来,恢复镇定,控制自己
12. Thread
a thread of hope, a thread of white smoke
The thread of an argument, a story, or a situation is an aspect of it that connects all the different parts together.
~s 部分
hang by [(up)on] a (single) thread
千钧一发, 岌岌可危
13. When a person or thing appears on the scene, they come into being or become involved in something.
If you make a scene, you embarrass people by publicly showing your anger about something.
I'm sorry I made such a scene.
If something is done behind the scenes, it is done secretly rather than publicly.
But behind the scenes Mr Cain will be working quietly to try to get a deal done.
VI Group discussion (30minutes)
1. What made Stephan Hawking succeed in his research work? Do you believe in the power of love?
2. Can you think of anyone you know in China who has or had the same kind of courage to defy fate?
VII More Work on the Text (80 minutes)
(See exercises from P221 to P228)
Written Work (20 Minutes)
What can you learn from Stephen Hawking? Write a short passage with 100 words.