知识总结与归纳
(一)重点短语
Unit 1
1. see a film 2. hold on 3. last for 4. in a moment 5. turn right/left
6. walk along 7. on one’s right/left
Unit 2
1. hang up 2. be busy doing 3. 2000 years ago 4. be good at
5. look for l6. be born 7. interview interviewe8. be
9. be in p 10. be friendly to 11. radios 12. goose geese
13. be busy doing f 15. two months’ holiday 16. exchange
17. leave a message to 18. an honest girl 19. beauty beautiful beautifully
20. nearly almost
Unit 3
1. shopping list 2. take turns 3. a new pair of jeans
4 important 7. a pair of
Unit 4
1. fall sleep 2. in the future 3. not…any longer 4. save up 5. do some revision
6. go cycling 7. have toothache 8. do more exercise 9. used to do 10. some bad habits
Unit 5
1. take care of= look after 2. different kinds of 3. get ready for…=be ready for
4. go on an outing 5. the third tree on the right 6.a pair of gloves/shoes/socks/ear-rings
a pair of glasses/scissors
(二)重点句型
1. Hello. May I speak to Kitty Li, please?
2. Hi, Kitty. This is Peter.
3. Turkey is a popular dish which people usually eat at Christmas.
4. We are looking for someone who loves children.
5. People have eaten turkey since 1650.
6. It has been a popular Christmas meal for more than 300 years.
7. Do you prefer the jeans with the yellow belt or the ones with blue belt?
8. I prefer the one with yellow belt.
9. Do you have them in my size?
10. It is size small.
11. Why don’t we go to see a film instead?
“Why don’t we do…?”=“What about…”=“Why not do…?”表示建议。
Why don’t we go to the beach this Sunday?
What about going to the beach this Sunday?
Why not go to the beach this Sunday?
12. — I really enjoy swimming.
— So do I. So do I. 表示肯定意义的倒装句。
So+动词+主语
倒装句
So… Neither…
为了避免和前一句话的内容重复,英语中习惯用so, neither引导的倒装句。
注意:在so, neither引导的句子中,主要动词应与前一句一致。
1). So + 动词 + 主语。表示:也是如此。
e.g. :be动词:
—— Our English teacher is a young man.
—— So is our Chinese teacher.
一般现在时:
—— I like funny films.
—— So do I.
一般过去时:
—— I slept at 11 p.m. last night.
—— So did Charlie.
现在完成时:
—— I have got one ticket for the concert.
—— So has Tim.= Tim has got one ticket, too.
一般将来时:
—— John will play basketball this evening.
—— So will my brother.
2). Neither + 动词+主语,表示:也不。
be动词:
—— Our English teacher isn’t a young man.
—— Neither is our Chinese teacher.
一般现在时:
—— I don’t like funny films.
—— Neither do I.
一般过去时:
—— It didn’t rain heavily last Wednesday.
—— Neither did last Friday.
现在完成时:
—— I haven’t got the ticket for the concert.
—— Neither has Tim. = Tim hasn’t got one ticket, too.
一般将来时:
—— John will not play basketball this evening.
—— Neither will my brother.
补充内容:
So+主语+be(助动词,情态动词)。表示:果真如此(赞同)。
e.g.: A: The Lakers won the game yesterday.
B: So it did. = The Lakers did win the game yesterday.
2. —— Which film would you like to see?
—— I’d like to see _____.
It’s a/ an ____ film/ cartoon. It’s a film about _______.
e.g.:—— Which film would you like to see?
—— I’d like to see Wall E.
It’s a cartoon.
It’s a film about a robot named Wall E.
—— Which film would you like to see?
—— I’d like to see The Lord of the Ring.
It’s an adventure film.
It’s a film about the adventures of getting a ring.
13. Everything is wrong.
=Nothing is right.
14. I used to smoke.
used to 指过去的习惯动作。
When he was a young boy, he used to ask lots of questions.
15. I didn’t eat too many sweets any longer.
“not…any longer”“不再……了”
He isn’t a child any longer.
They didn’t play computer games any longer.
16. I’ll teach you how to make scones.
动词+sb. how to do sth.
I don’t know what to buy.
Can you tell me when to leave?
I can’t decide which one to choose.
提高: 复合句与简单句的转换技巧
一、含宾语从句的复合句转换为简单句,即将宾语从句转换成相应的短语。如:
We expected that you would come. 我们希望你来。
→We expected you to come. 我们希望你来。
Now tell me what I should do. 现在告诉我该怎么办。
→Now tell me what to do. 现在告诉我该怎么办。
I remember I once met her at a party. 我记得在一次晚会上见过他。
→I remember once meeting her at a party. 我记得在一次晚会上见过他。
I ask him what I shall do. 我问他该怎么办。
→I ask him what to do. 我问他该怎么办。
I can’t decide whom I should invite. 我不能决定该邀请谁。
→I can’t decide whom to invite. 我不能决定该邀请谁。
二、含状语从句的复合句转换成简单句, 即将状语从句转换成状语短语。如:
He can’t come because he is ill.他因病不能来。
→He can’t come because of his illness.他因病不能来。
Turn off the light before you leave. 离开前请关灯
→Turn off the light before leaving. 离开前请关灯。
He went home after he finished his work. 他做完工作后就回家了。
→He went home after finishing his work. 他做完工作后就回家了。
He was so angry that he couldn’t speak. 他气得话都说不出来。
→He was too angry too speak. 他气得话都说不出来。
He studied hard in order that he could pass the exam. 他努力学习以便能考及格。
→He studied hard in order to pass the exam. 他努力学习以便能考及格
17.副词more, less的用法
“the more…, the more…”句型
表示“越……就越……”,是一个复合句,其中前面的句子是状语从句,后面的句子是主句。the用在形容词或副词的比较级前,more代表形容词或副词的比较级。
例如:
① The more he gets, the more he wants. 他越来越贪。
② The more she learns, the more she wants to learn. 她越学越想学。
“the more…, the more…”句型,主从句的时态常用一般现在时或一般过去时。例如:
①The higher the ground is, the thinner air becomes. 离地面越高,空气就越稀薄。
②The harder he worked, the more he got. 他工作越努力,得到的就越多。
若主句的谓语动词用一般将来时,从句的谓语动词要用一般现在时表示将来。
例如:
①The harder you work, the greater progress you will make. 你越用功,进步就越大。
②The longer the war lasts, the more the people there will suffer.
战争持续得越久,那里的人们受难就越多。
若比较级作表语且不位于句首时,可以不用the。
例如:
When we are more in danger, we should be braver. 越是危险,我们越应勇敢。
在这种句型中,主句在程度上随着从句变化而变化,常把被强调部分提前。
例如:
The faster you run, the better it will be. 你跑得越快越好。
这种句型的特点是前后都可以有所省略。特别是谚语、俗语,只要意义明确,越简练越好。例如:
① The more, the better.多多益善。
② The sooner, the better. 越早越好。
这种句型中的比较部分通常是状语、宾语、表语,也可以是主语。
例如:
① The more English you practise, the better your English is.
你练习英语越多,你的英语就越好。
② The busier he is, the happier he feels. 他越忙越高兴。
③ The more air there is inside the tyre, the greater pressure there is in it.
轮胎里空气越多,承受的压力就越大。
若表示“越……越不……”时,常用“the more…, the less…”句型
例如:
The more she flatters me, the less I like her. 她越逢迎我,我越不喜欢她。
若表示“越不……就越……”时,常用“the less…, the more…”句型。例如:
The less he worried, the better he worked. 他越不烦恼,工作就干得越好。
18.become, get, go, grow, turn等系动词辨析及搭配用法
常见的“变成”类系动词有become, get, come, go, grow, fall, turn, run等,都表示从一种状态到另一种状态。尽管意思都差不多,但搭配有差别。要注意以下几个方面。
1). 形容词作表语。
go和come是一对相反的词。 “go+adj.”表示令人不快的事情,而 “come+adj.”表示好的事情。如:
In hot weather, meat goes bad.
Things will come right in the end.
go与come前面的主语一般是物。如:
误:She goes famous.
正:She becomes(gets) famous.
表语为mad,crazy(古怪的),blind, lame或表示颜色的词,go前面的主语可以是人。如:
He went mad.
Hearing this, she went red.
run后面接short, dry, low, deep等词,主语多为能流动,能消耗掉的东西。如:
Their money was running short.
Still waters run deep.
但wild作表语,主语可以是人,如:
Don’t let the children run wild.
grow与run相对,接表示人或物特征的静态形容词,也接表示天气的形容词,侧重于“逐渐变成”。如:
The girl grew thinner and thinner.
Soon the sky grew light.
turn多接表示颜色的形容词,也接表示天气的形容词,它侧重于变得与以前完全不同。如:
The man turned blue with fear.
The weather suddenly turned much colder.
fall接asleep, silent等静态形容词或表示疾病的形容词,但不能接形容词比较级。如:
She fell ill from cold.
(误)She fell from cold.
(正)She got worse.
fall short(没中),fall apart(散开),fall flat(没效果),可作成语记住。
‘‘get+adj.’’是口语,用得广泛,get能替代become, become较正式,get与become前面的主语既可以是人又可以是物。如:
He became(got) angry.
His coat has become(got) badly torn.
get较多地与形容词比较级连用。如:
The days are getting longer and longer.
注意:become一般不用于“将来成为”的意思。如:
(误)I hope you will become well.
(正)I hope you will get well.
2). become, turn, get, go, fall能用名词作表语,其它的则不能。如:
His dream has become (got) a reality.
He has turned scientist.
He has gone socialist.
He fell (a) victim to cancer.
注意:go, turn后面的名词通常不带冠词。
3). become, get, grow能接过去分词,并且come和go多接有否定前缀的过去分词。“get+过去分词”表示一次行为;“become+过去分词”表示事情发生的最后结果。如:
The string comes untied.
His report went unnoticed.
The fence gets white---washed every year.
She became engaged as a typist.
4). get, go, come能接现在分词,不过它们已失去“成为”的意思。如:
They went in and got chatting together.(开始)
We often go swimming.(去)
He came running in.(来)
5). come, grow, get能接不定式,这种结构表示变化过程,come表示“最终变得”,get表示“由不……变得”,grow表示“渐渐变得”如:
I’ve really come to love this place.
Mary’s growing to be more and more like her mother.
You’ll soon get to like it.
这种结构不能用于带有一段时间的完成时态。如:
(误)They have got to know each other for years.
(正)They have known each other for years.
6). 它们都可以接介词短语,固定搭配需要一个一个地记。如:
They ran out of money.
The problem will come under discussion.
They fell behind the others.
What has become of the girl?
It’s getting near tea-time.
表示状态的变化:
become,get,go,grow,run,turn都可以表示状态的变化,但要注意
1. 指人的情绪或身体状态的变化,多用become与get,两者可以互换。
1) Hearing what he said,the teacher got/became angry.听到他所说的话,老师生气了。
2) I hope you will get well soon.我希望你不久能痊愈。
2. become,get也可用于天气、社会的发展变化,两者可以互换。
1) Our country is getting/becoming stronger and stronger.我们的国家日益强大。
2) It’s becoming/getting colder and colder.天气变得越来越冷。
3. 指人的身体、精神或事物向不好的方面变化时,多用go,故它后面的形容词常是表示消极意义的。
1) Something has gone wrong with the machine.机器出了毛病。
2) The meat has gone bad in such hot weather.在如此热的天气,肉坏了。
4. 指颜色的变化时,多用turn.
1) The leaves turn yellow in autumn.秋天树叶变黄了。
2) When she saw this,she turned red.看到这个,她的脸红了。
5. become与turn都可以接名词,become后的名词前有冠词,turn后的名词无冠词且常用单数。
1) She became a lawyer.她成了一名律师。
2) He used to be a teacher till he turned writer.成为作家之前他是一名教师。
注意:He became chairman of the party.他成了这一党派的。在此句话中,chairman前无冠词,因为它是一个表示职位的名词。如果一个职位在一定时期内由一个人担任时,这个表示职位的名词作表语、宾补和同位语时,常不用冠词。
例如:
1) He was president of the Republic at that time.
2) We elected him monitor of our class.
3) Mr. Hunter,captain of the team,loves playing football.
用作连系动词:
都可以表示“变成”的意思,但具体用法有所不同。 become通常不用来表示未来的事,而表示变化过程已经完成,用法比较正式。如:I became ill.我病倒了。
get也表示变化的过程已经完成,比become口语化,通常与形容词连用。
如:He has got rich.他变富了。
go与get用法差不多,特别是用于某些成语中。如:
go bad变坏,go blind变瞎,go hungry挨饿。
be表示“成为”的意思时,多用于将来时、祈使语气或不定式。如:
He will be a scientist.他将成为一名科学家。
I would like to be a bus-driver.我想成为一名公共汽车司机。
grow表示“逐渐变成新的状态”的含义。如:
My younger brother is growing tall.我的弟弟渐渐长高了。
turn有“成为与以前完全不同的东西”的含义。如:
The milk turned sour. 牛奶变酸了
19. I’ve got some information on my computer about fire. 我的电脑上有一些关于火的信息。
have got = have
I have got a new TV. = I have a new TV.
20. What did early men use fire for? 早期人类用火做什么?
use… for… = use…to do…
We can use fire for cooking. = We can use fire to cook.
21.instead “代替”
I didn’t use a pen, so I used a pencil instead.
instead of
We will have tea in the garden instead of in the house.
22. The wind is getting stronger and stronger.
比较级+and+比较级 “越来越……”
When summer comes, the days get longer and longer.
She became more and more interested in music.
23. What do people do to rubbish in some places? 在有些地方,人们如何处理垃圾?
What do…do to…? 怎样对待……?
Crying won’t do any good to you now.
24. Early men found fire very useful. 早期人类发现火很有用。
find sth. + adj./n. 发现……(如何)
I find the book (to be) interesting.
I find him a clever boy.
25. They also use fire to give light and keep them warm in winter.他们也用火来照明以及冬天取暖。
keep sb./ sth.+adj. 使……保持某种状态
Exercises can keep us healthy.
26. Have you ever seen workers blowing glass? 你曾经看见过工人们吹玻璃吗?
see sb. doing sth. 看见某人在做某事
I saw a boy knocking at the door when I walked past.
see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某事
I often see him pass by my house.
27. They are going to find out some more information about fire. 他们要查出更多的关于火的信息。
find out 查明
Please find out when the ship sails for New York.
some more 更多的
I need a few more people to do this work.
28. It is used for rescuing people from a tall building. 它用来从高楼上解救人。
rescue…from
He rescued the child from the burning house.
29. Some students may forget to switch off the lights and fans in their classroom.
有些学生可能会忘记关教室的灯和电扇。
forget to do sth 忘记去做……
She nearly forgot to give him a tip for his service.
switch off = turn off
switch on = turn on
30. You must not pack you bags before you leave the classroom. 在你们离开教室之前不要再整理书包了。
before
I came back before you called him.
The train had left before he arrived at the station.
31. They are about what people can see on a windy day. 它们是关于人们在刮风天看到的事物。
windy adj.
sun-sunny cloud-cloudy rain-rainy snow-snowy fog-foggy
32. Miss Guo would like them to do it again.郭老师想让他们再做一遍。
would like sb to do sth. 想要……做……
What would you like me to do?
I would like to speak a few words.
Would you like to go with me?
33. What can you see when there is a gentle breeze?当刮微风时,你看到了什么?
when
Mary always helps me when I meet trouble.
34. Think about what else you can see on a windy day? 想一下在刮风天你还能看到什么?
else
Where else will you go?
—Is there anything else in the bag?
—No, nothing else in it.
35. The wind became much stronger.风刮得更大了。
much +形容词比较级(far,even,a bit
He is much taller than me.
I feel much better.
36. Kitty and Ben went outside again.
outside
The outside of the model house is brown.
There is a fire extinguisher outside the library.
提高补充语法:
1. 现在完成时Present perfect tense
构成:助动词have (has) + 动词的过去分词
用法:
1)现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。通常与表示包括现在在内的时间副词just,already, before, yet, never, ever等状语连用.
e.g.:
I have never heard her songs before.
Have you ever taken a photo?
She has already finished her homework.
I’ve just lent my science book to Karen.
2)现在完成时表示过去已经开始,持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。可以和表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在(包括现在在内)的一段时间的状语连用。如:for和since,以及 now, today, this week(month, year) 等。
She hasn’t gone to Beijing these days.
We have learnt English for 10 years.
They have lived here since 1990.
What has happened to our country in the last 350 years?
注意:表示短暂时间动作的词,如come, go, die, marry, buy等的完成时不能与for, since等表示一段时间的短语连用。
3)have been (to)和have gone (to)的区别:
have / has been (to) 表示“曾经去过”某地,说话时此人很可能不在那里,已经回来
e.g.:
Tom has been to America twice. 汤姆已经去过美国两次了。(他现在不在美国)
We have been there.我们去过那儿。(现在不在那里)
have / has gone (to) 表示某人“已经去了”某地,说话时此人在那里,或可能在路上。
e.g.:
—Where is your father? —你父亲在哪里?
—He’s gone to the cinema. —他去电影院了。(现在不在这里)
比较:
He has been to Beijing. 他曾去过北京。(人已回来,不在北京)
He has gone to Beijing. 他已经去了北京。(人已走,不在这儿)。
注意:延续性动词和瞬间动词
英语动词根据词义可分为两种, 一种是延续性的动词, 一种是终止性的瞬间动词(也可称为非延续性动词, 终止动词或点动词), 如begin, start, die, buy, leave, come等,表示动作的发生与结束于一瞬间完成,不能再延续,所以在现在完成时的句子中,通常用延续性动词代替瞬间动词。
e.g.:
I’ve left Shanghai for three days.(×)
I’ve been away from Shanghai for three days.( √ ).
I left Shanghai three days ago. ( √ )
It is /has been three days since I left Shanghai.( √ )
初中英语课本中常见的瞬间动词有:leave, go, come, arrive, begin, buy, borrow, die, join, become等。终止性动词要表示持续时, 可用以下方法:
1)将时间状语改为时间段 + ago,句中谓语动词用一般过去时.
e.g.:
My brother joined the army two years ago. 我弟弟参军两年了。
2)若保留for+时间段, since+时间点/从句, 或用在 how long 句型中,则需将瞬间动词改为相应的状态动词或延续性动词
常见终止性动词与延续性动词(或状态动词)的对应关系如下:
come/ go/ arrive/ get/ reach/ move—be in/ at
open—be open die—be dead
close—be closed become—be
borrow—keep begin/start—be on
put on—wear leave—be away (from)
buy—have fall asleep—be asleep
end/finish—be over catch a cold—have a cold
I bought that computer 3 years ago.
I have had that computer for 3 years.
补充:. since 和 for 的用法
表示过去已经开始并持续到现在的动作或状态常用的时间状语有:for, since, how long, so far, these days等。
1) since+过去的一个时间点
since短语或从句表示过去的动作延续至今,since之后的时间为某个时间点。
e.g.:
since yesterday since 2002 since last time I saw him
Mr. Smith has worked here since 1984. 1984年以来,史密斯先生一直在这里工作。
He’s learned about 5,000 English words since he went to college.
他上大学以来大约学了五千个英语单词。
2)for + 一段时间(数词+量词),此划线部分用how long提问
for短语表示动作延续多长时间,for的宾语为时间段
e.g.:
We have known each other for twenty years. 我们认识有二十年了。
I haven’t seen her for a long time. 我好久没有见到她了。
2. one/ ones
可作不定代词使用。经常用来替代前文中已经提过的事物,因此也叫做替代词。
1)one只能替代单数名词,ones只能替代复数名词。
e.g.:
The baby doesn’t like this toy. Give her a better one. (one指代单数名词toy)
= The baby doesn’t like this toy. Give her a better toy.
I have sweet dumplings. Do you have salty ones? (ones指代复数名词dumplings)
2) one/ ones必须有一个限定或者修饰词,它们和所替代的名词中心词不一定是指同一对象。
e.g.:
I don’t like this computer. I’d like a more useful one.
more useful是one的修饰词,但并不是指先前的那部电脑。
3) 当one/ ones带有后置修饰语时,它们前面一定有定冠词。
e.g.:
Our TV set is more expensive than the one we had before.
we had before是one的后置修饰语,one前的定冠词the必须要加上。
4) 当one或ones在形容词比较级、最高级以及某些限定词如this, that, which和序数词之后,可以省略。
e.g.: This book is much better than that (one).
5) one或ones通常不用在代词和名词所有格之后。不可说my one(s), his one(s)等。
但是如果有形容词,one/ ones可以和物主代词及名词所有格连用。
e.g.: My cheap bicycle seems to be just as good as your expensive one.
3. need的用法
1)实义动词 此时need为及物动词,如果主语是第三人称单数,则需要在need后加s。
A. 肯定句形式:need + 名词/ 代词表示“需要某物”
e.g.: I need some help from my teacher.
Where is the doctor? The patient needs him.
否定句的形式为:not need + 名词/ 代词
e.g.: I don’t need any help.
一般疑问句的形式为: Does/Do…need…?
e.g.: Does he need it?
B. 肯定句形式need + to do 需要做……
e.g.:They need to buy some chairs.
否定句:not +need+ to
e.g.:They don’t need to buy any chairs.
一般疑问句:Does/Do…need to…?
e.g.: Does he need to buy any chairs? Do they need to buy any chairs?
2) 情态动词, need做情态动词时,不随主语的变化而改变。
此时形式只有need + 动词原形(肯定句)
e.g.: You need study.
否定句:needn’t + 动词原形
e.g.: You needn’t study.
一般疑问句:Need…do…?
e.g.: Need he study? Need I study?
4. 动词+双宾语结构
1) buy somebody something 给某人买某物= buy something for somebody
e.g.: My mother bought me a good basketball.=My mother bought a good basketball for me.
类似结构的动词还有make, get等。
2) make somebody something = make something for somebody
e.g.:Can you make me a birthday cake?= Can you make a birthday cake for me?
3) get somebody something = get something for somebody
e.g.:Get me a brush.= Get a brush for me.
其他动词后跟双宾语时,多用介词to
4) pass somebody something = pass something to somebody
e.g.:Can you pass me the sugar?=Can you pass the sugar to me?
5) give somebody something = give something to somebody
e.g.:He gave me a cup.=He gave a cup to me.
5.use的用法
1)be used for doing被动语态(某物)被用来做……
e.g.:
A watch is used for telling the time.
The sticks(拐杖)are used for helping old people when they’re walking.
注意:当一个物品作主语时,常用be used for doing something表示,而不是用be used to do something.
e.g.:A fireman uses a hose to put out fires. (正确)
A hose is used to put out fires. (错误)
A hose is used for putting out fires. (正确)
2). use … to do 主动语态 用……来做
e.g.: People use umbrellas to keep off from the rain.
Birds use their wings to fly in the sky.
3). used to do 表示过去常做的动作或事 过去常做(现在已经不做此事了)
e.g.: My father used to smoke . (现在不抽烟了)
Their teachers used to give them a lot of homework. (现在没有那么多作业了)
Did you used to walk to school?
Used you walk to school?